CivE153: Earth Engineering Lecture 1 - Introduction PDF

CivE153: Earth Engineering Winter 2025 Lecture 1: Introduction © Keith B. Delaney Ph.D. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Waterloo, Canada 1 CivE 153 – Course Schedules - LEC...

CivE153: Earth Engineering Winter 2025 Lecture 1: Introduction © Keith B. Delaney Ph.D. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Waterloo, Canada 1 CivE 153 – Course Schedules - LEC 2 ALL LECTURES RCH 302 TERM TESTS RCH 302 & DC1351 CivE 153 – Course Schedules - LAB SOILS LABS – DWE 1427 Anne Allen [email protected] GEOLOGY LABS – EIT 1013 Jen Parks [email protected] TAs: Madeleine Myles (Geology) Mohammad Zaid (Soils) CAs: Azi Zebarjadian Ryulri Kim (Term Tests marking) 3  Who Am I? Dr. Keith Delaney Associate Professor Earth and Environmental Sciences Dept. University of Waterloo Email: [email protected] Office: EIT 2041 Past Courses Taught: Dr. Delaney at Atamina Mine, Peru EARTH 121/121L, 122/122L, 123, 270, 438 CivE/EnvE/GeoE 153 SCI 250 Dr. Delaney at the Oso Landslide Washington USA, 2014 4 Dr. Delaney and EES Students at Elora Gorge, 2024  How to “A”ce this Class Read associated chapter before coming to class; Come to class (!); Pay attention! Take notes! Focus on emphasized subjects. Read assigned chapter again emphasizing material covered in lecture; Material from lectures, and textbook will be on term tests; Be sure to review definitions in each chapter; Don’t procrastinate (keep up with material). Basic Rules and Considerations Talking is disruptive to your classmates and your professor!! Textbook(s) reference only (do not purchase) purchase through link via LEARN *Options* 7 Geology and the project site.. Why CivE 153? Everything a CivE/GeoE/EnvE engineer is likely to build will be from Earth materials, as well as sitting on or within the Earth! What can you say about the Earth beneath our feet? Subsurface regions can be very heterogeneous material Drilling, sampling and testing is very expensive but effective! Need some understanding of the origin and geologic history of the rocks and soils present to “interpret” drill cores & logs 8 Why study earth engineering? How does this piece of infrastructure interact with: 1. soil/rock 2. water 3. Atmosphere 4. people https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/china- longest-bridge-hong-kong-mainland- 1.4874340 9 Challenges of the 21st Century 1. Population growth 2. Energy 3. Water 4. Climate change 5. Geohazards Pamplona, Spain − 10,000 years ago Pamplona, Spain − today 10  1. Population growth N0 is the population at time t0 Global Pop. Estimates: 1800 – 1 billion 1900 – 1.65 billion 1999 – 6 billion 2024 – 8.1 billion! *We currently double population ~48 years! 11  World population growth Currently, the world population “𝑁𝑁” is approximately 7 billion … 2024 – 8.1 billion … and it seems the rate of exponential growth “𝑟𝑟” is declining as time increases ( i.e. 𝑟𝑟 → 𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡 ) e.g. Demographic Transition 12  Where are all of these people going to live? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth 100 years ago, the world population was largely rural (2007 is noted as the switch between majority rural and urban) Today, over 54% of the world population lives in an urban environment − huge expansion of urban infrastructure and demands − concentration of population increases exposure to natural hazards 13  2. Energy Is the growth in world population matched by a growth in energy consumption? Who is consuming all this energy? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ per-capita-energy-use 14  Peak Oil? Not really… Currently ~$74 $49 bbl “wishful thinking” projects…there is LOTS of oil left to extract – at right price 15  …its about supply and demand economics. “boots-on-the-ground” projects depend on the price of a barrel of oil (highly variable) CO2 emissions are becoming part of the economics 16 What is the future of energy? 17 Regions vary greatly in energy consumption 18 GDP and Energy Consumption Canada’s GDP Sources… Contribution to Canadian GDP 2022 20 20  3. Water Resources What do these places have in common? Lake Oroville, CA, 2014 City of Petra, Jordan 21 Pyramids, Egypt  Fresh Water We can only afford to consume fresh water (surface & ground water) Desalination of ocean water consumes too much energy and creates hazardous wastes Total fresh water available is: 33.4 × 106 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘3 Most useable source is shallow groundwater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources 22  How is the fresh (ground)water distributed? http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137 23 Water is food! With careful engineering Exponential growth practice we can always 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁0 𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 recycle water for consumption from “other 𝑁𝑁 is the tons of food after time 𝑡𝑡 uses” time at 𝑁𝑁00 is the tons N oftime food𝑡𝑡0at time t0 Finite amount of fresh water 𝑒𝑒 is the exponential function on earth! (33.4 × 106 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘3 ) 𝑟𝑟 is the rate of growth 24 4. Climate Change Mexico Beach, Florida after Hurricane Michael, October 2018 Why is this house still standing and not the others? https://youtu.be/eLjsDQyW5Y8 25 4. Climate Change 26 Are we all gonna die? 419 For reference, dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago Volcanic eruptions are not a significant source of CO2 Humans release about 60x more CO2 per year than all eruptions combined! The real question is: “What is sustainable?” 27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere 5. Geohazards What sort of geohazards can impact an engineering structure? How can engineers mitigate hazards via infrastructure? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockfall Flooding, Landslides, Rock Falls, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Hurricanes Volcanoes, Windstorms… etc. 28  PATTERNS IN GEOLOGICAL TIME – POWER LAW RELATIONS 1. The concept of magnitude (M) 100 1000 and frequency (F) 100 2. Power Law form : F = aM-b 10 Cumulative frequency (greater or equal to M) 3. Example – Geohazards 1 10 0.1 (landslides, earthquakes, 0.01 thickness of sedimentary beds, 0.001 volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, etc.) 0.0001 Mystery Creek rock avalanche 1E-005 1 4. TLDR: Small events are much 0.01 1 100 10 1000000 100 Magnitude (M) in cu. metres more common than large events 1 EVENT IN 10,000 YEARS EXAMPLE: Aluminum Refinery Reservoir Dam Failure – Hungary (Oct 2010) BEFORE – Google Earth Satellite Imagery AFTER – Google Earth Satellite Imagery Approx. 700,000 cubic metres of toxic mud released Damage from the 12 foot high flood wave  Earthquake Damage, Iceland Source: AP Photo/Morgunbladid, Sverrir Vilhelmsson Total Building Destruction – Mexico (1985) 41 Tsunami Wave Inundation and Runups, Japan, 2011 -- WOW! Mt. St. Helens: Before 43 Southwestern Washington State  Mt. St. Helens: During (May 1980) Pyroclastic material 44 Mt. St. Helens: After 45 ? Quantifying and Understanding Risk ? ASTEROID IMPACT : VERY LOW PROBABILITY BUT EXTREMELY HIGH CONSEQUENCES = ?  Apophis: “Our World Ender?” Discovered June 19th 2004 Approx 400 m on longest axis Travelling through space at ~31 km/sec !! Fly Bys: 2029 and 2036* Economics of engineering design An engineer must design any structure to withstand 1. The known-knowns 2. The known-unknowns 3. The unknown-unknowns 1. is really just the expected design performance given established design standards, while 2. and 3. represent an over-design to compensate for risk of failure – “Using your Engineering Judgement” Subsurface issues contribute disproportionally to 2. and 3.! 48