Lecture-1-History-and-School-of-Thought-of-Psychology (1).pptx

HISTORY & SCHOOL OF THOUGHT OF PSYCHOLOGY MS. KARMELA DAWN F. BANLAYGAS, RPM INSTRUCTOR | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  TRUE OR FALSE 1.Men receive the majority of doctoral degrees in psychology. 2.More than 2,000 years ago, Aristotle wrote a book on psychology...

HISTORY & SCHOOL OF THOUGHT OF PSYCHOLOGY MS. KARMELA DAWN F. BANLAYGAS, RPM INSTRUCTOR | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  TRUE OR FALSE 1.Men receive the majority of doctoral degrees in psychology. 2.More than 2,000 years ago, Aristotle wrote a book on psychology with contents similar to those in the book you’re now reading. 3.The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates suggested a research method that is still used in psychology. 4.Even though she had worked to complete all the degree requirements, the first female president of the American Psychological Association turned down the doctoral degree that was offered to her.  The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental Psychology processes. Theories propose reasons for as a Science relationships among events, as in perception of a threat can arouse feelings of anxiety. ⚬ They allow us to derive explanations and predictions.  Psychologists share a keen interest in behavior, but they may differ markedly in other ways. WHAT Psychologists engage in research, practice, and teaching. PSYCHOLOGISTS Pure research is undertaken because the researcher is DO? interested in the research topic. Applied research is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems  Clinical psychologists help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life. FIELDS IN Counseling psychologist use interviews and tests to define PSYCHOLOGY their clients’ problems in which typically have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders.  School psychologists are employed by school systems to identify and assist students who FIELDS IN have problems that interfere with learning. PSYCHOLOGY Educational psychologists attempt to facilitate learning, but they usually focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children.  Developmental psychologists study the changes— physical, cognitive, social, and emotional— FIELDS IN that occur throughout the life span. PSYCHOLOGY Personality psychologists identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.  Social psychologists are concerned with the nature and causes of individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social FIELDS IN situations. PSYCHOLOGY Environmental psychologists study the ways that people and the environment—the natural environment and the human- made environment—influence one another.  Experimental psychologists specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, FIELDS IN thought, motivation, and emotion. PSYCHOLOGY Forensic psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system. They deal with legal matters such as whether a defendant was sane when he or she committed a crime.  Sport psychologists help athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd, FIELDS IN Industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and PSYCHOLOGY work. Organizational psychologists study the behavior of people in organizations such as businesses.  Human factors psychologists make technical systems such as automobile dashboards and FIELDS IN computer keyboards more user- friendly. PSYCHOLOGY Consumer psychologists study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior. Health psychologists study the effects of stress on health problems. HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY  SOCRATES Know Thyself Psychology, which is in large part the endeavor to know ourselves, is as old as history and as modern as today. People should rely on rational thought and introspection—careful examination of one’s own thoughts and emotions—to gain self-  ARISTOTLE He argued that science could rationally treat only information gathered by the senses. He enumerated the so-called five senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. He explored the nature of cause and effect. He pointed out that people differ from other living things in their capacity for rational thought. He also declared that people are  DEMOCRITUS He suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of a body and a mind. He pointed out that our behavior is influenced by external stimulation. Democritus was one of the first to raise the question of whether there is free will or choice. GUSTAV FECHNER Published his landmark book Elements of Psychophysics, which showed how physical events (such as lights and sounds) stimulate psychological sensations and perception. He showed how we can scientifically measure the effect of these events. SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN PSYCHOLOGY  STRUCTURALISM Wilhelm Wundt Father of Experimental Psychology He used introspection to try to discover the basic elements of experience. The founder of structuralism, attempted to break down conscious experience into sensations such as sight and taste, emotions, and mental imagery  STRUCTURALISM Structuralism attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams. He believed that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience.  FUNCTIONALISM William James He focused on the relation between conscious experience and behavior. Functionalists looked at how our experience helps us function more adaptively in our environments. ⚬ how habits help us cope with common situations  FUNCTIONALISM Adapted Darwin’s theory and proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained. Maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive. STRUCTURALISM VS FUNCTIONALISM “How do behavior and “What are the pieces mental processes help that make up thinking people adapt to the and experience?” requirements of their lives?”  BEHAVIORISM John Broadus Watson Founder of American behaviorism. Watson was asked to consider the contents of a rat’s “mind” as one of the requirements for his doctoral degree. Believed that if psychology were to be a natural science, it must limit itself to observable, measurable events—that is, to behavior alone.  BEHAVIORISM Behaviorism focuses on learning observable behavior. The term observable refers to behaviors that are observable by means of specialized instruments, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and brain waves.  BEHAVIORISM Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning is a type of unconscious or automatic learning. Associations between an unconditioned stimulus (food, command, etc.) and a neutral stimulus (bell)  BEHAVIORISM Burrhus Frederic Skinner He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so—that is, their behavior has a positive outcome. Through reinforcement, a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response  GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler left Europe to escape the Nazi threat. They carried on their work in the United States, giving further impetus to the growing American ascendance in psychology. focused on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solving. The German word Gestalt translates roughly to “pattern” or “organized whole.” Gestalt psychologists showed that we tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur.  INSIGHT OF LEARNING “flash of insight.” Köhler’s findings suggest that we often manipulate the elements of problems until we group them in such a way that we can reach a goal. The manipulations may take quite some time as mental trial and error proceeds. But once the proper grouping has been found, we seem to perceive it all of a sudden.  PSYCHOANALYSIS Sigmund Freud As a theory of personality, psychoanalysis proposes that much of our lives is governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts. Psychoanalysis aims to help patients gain insight into their conflicts and to find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Charles Darwin Psychologists seek the relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes on the other. Study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.  COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Venture into the realm of mental processes to understand human nature. They investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language. The cognitive tradition has roots in Socrates’ advice to “Know thyself” and in his suggested method of introspection Structuralism, Functionalism, and Gestalt Psychology. HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE Cognitive in flavor, yet it emphasizes the role of subjective (personal) experience. Humanism stresses the human capacity for selffulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, selfawareness, and decision making. ⚬ Consciousness— our sense of being in the world—is seen as the force that unifies our personalities. Existentialism views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing ethical conduct. ⚬ Carl Rogers’ Person-centered Theory ⚬ Abraham Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs  PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE Dominated the practice of psychotherapy and was influential in scientific psychology and the arts. Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction.  PERSPECTIVES ON LEARNING Learning is the essential factor in describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior. The term learning has different meanings to psychologists of different persuasions, however. Some students of learning find roles for consciousness and insight. Social cognitive theorists suggest that people can modify and create their environments. ⚬ They also grant cognition a key role. They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.  SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Addresses many of the ways that people differ from one another. It studies the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes (Comas-Diaz & Greene, 2013). One kind of diversity involves ethnicity. ⚬ Members of an ethnic group share their cultural heritage, race, language, or history.  SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Gender refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity. ⚬ Gender is not fully defined by anatomic sex. It involves a complex web of cultural expectations and social roles that affect people’s self-concepts and hopes and dreams as well as their behavior.  SHORT QUIZ https://forms.gle/ZJSxkg9KnrNeMgkU8