Lecture 1- Business Law PDF

Introduction To Commercial Law DR.NEDAL ELNAZER The History of Commercial Law:  People of the Mediterranean basin considered the first to practice trade due to their geographical location.  The ancient Egyptians began trading with neighboring countries such as Yemen until their...

Introduction To Commercial Law DR.NEDAL ELNAZER The History of Commercial Law:  People of the Mediterranean basin considered the first to practice trade due to their geographical location.  The ancient Egyptians began trading with neighboring countries such as Yemen until their trade reached north of the Crete island.  The ancient Egyptians organized trade through bookkeeping, writing contracts, and mortgages and interest-bearing loans systems. The History of Commercial Law:  In the Middle Ages, several independent cities were established such as Venice, Florence and Genoa, which were known as the Italian Republics The merchants controlled these cities and divided some of them into groups, each of them was ruled by a person called the consul, who was responsible for settling disputes between merchants according to custom and commercial traditions. This was the beginning of the emergence of independent commercial law.  The Arabs also knew trade and practiced it before the advent of Islam and after its advent. The Arab tribes would go on a winter journey to Yemen and a summer journey to the Levant. Commercial customs and traditions were formed and applied to these transactions. The History of Commercial Law:  In modern times Trade flourished with the beginning of the era of colonial expansions by European countries to control the wealth of different countries, especially African and Asian countries. The East India Company was established in England to control the Indian economy, and in France the Saint Christophe Company was established to control the wealth of the colonies. During the reign of King Louis XIV, the first commercial legislation appeared, known as the Savray Code.  In Egypt, the mixed group established the commercial group, which was a literal translation of the French commercial group known as the Savary Code. The merchant sects-controlled money in an era when the fiefdoms-controlled land ownership. Since the merchant gatherings were held near the castles or towers in the cities, the merchant inhabitants in cities were called “the people of the tower,” and from that word “bourgeoisie” was derived, meaning men of trade and industry. The Definition of Commercial Law:  A set of legal rules that regulate commercial activities and the activity of the merchant in practicing the profession of trade, the commercial establishment, commercial obligations, banking operations, commercial papers, bankruptcy, and various fields related to trade. Concept Of Trade:  From an economic perspective, trade means everything related to trading and distribution of goods and wealth.  The concept of trade from a legal perspective means the trading and distribution of goods and wealth, in addition to industrial processes related to production.  Trade is one of the topics that are regulated by many legal branches when the constitution regulates freedoms, it excludes freedom of trade. Concept Of Trade:  The general tax laws in countries consider it as one of the most important sources of revenue that enable them to meet their financial obligations of paying wages and salaries.  It also falls within the scope of criminal law when it contains penalties that combat fraud, high prices, monopoly and illegal practices. Sources of Commercial Law: A. Legislation: The commercial legislation issued on 17/5/1999 considered the primary source of Egyptian commercial law, and the judge must apply its texts and provisions, also the individuals must know its provisions so their agreements and obligations do not conflict with its provisions. B. Custom and business practices Customs and commercial practices are a set of rules that merchants are accustomed to applying in their commercial transactions, with a sense of their obligation. Also Commercial customs are important in filling the legislative gap and interpreting some ambiguous legal texts.  ‫أحكام النقض المدني ‪ -‬الطعن رقم ‪ 2824‬لسنة ‪92‬‬ ‫ق ‪ -‬بتاريخ ‪2024 / 1 / 28‬‬ ‫لم&ا ك&ان من المق&رر أن اإلع&ذار ه&و وض&ع الم&دين في موض&ع‬ ‫ك بإن&ذ&اره&بو&رق&ة رس&مي&ة‬ ‫ن ذل& &‬‫مت&أخر&&ف&ي تنفي&ذ الت&زام&ه&و&يك&و &‬ ‫ال &‬ ‫&ة‬ ‫ه ‪ ،‬و&تعت&ب&ر ا&ل&مط&الب &‬ ‫ق ال&مح&ض&ر&ين& أو م&ا&ي&ق&وم&مقا&م& &‬ ‫من &أو&را &‬ ‫ل‬‫األو& &‬ ‫ن ض&ده &‬ ‫و &‬‫ن ا &لب&ن&ك&&ال&مطع& &‬ ‫ة ذا&ت&ه& &ا إع&ذ&اًر &ا&‪ ،‬وك& &ا &‬ ‫ا&لقض&ائي &‬ ‫دع&وى&ب&ط &لب&&إل&ز&ام& ا&ل&ط& &اع&ن و&آخ&ر&ين&&ب&المديون&ي&ة‬ ‫د&أ&ق&ام ا&ل& &‬ ‫ق& &‬ ‫ن&ق&د& تح&ق&ق ‪&&،‬ف&ض&اًل ع&ن‬ ‫اإلع&ذار&يك&و &‬ ‫ط &‬‫ن ش&ر &‬ ‫ع ف&إ &‬ ‫ل ال&ن&زا& &‬ ‫مح& &‬ ‫اإلع&&ذا&ر بو&رق&&ة‬‫ن يك &و&ن &‬ ‫ة أ& &‬ ‫ج&ار&ي & &‬ ‫ئ&الت &‬ ‫أ&ن&&ه&يج&&وز& ف&ي ال&مس&&ا &‬ ‫م‬‫ه الع&رف&&التج& &ار&ي ‪ ،‬ومن& ث &‬ ‫عرفي&ة أ&و ش&فوًيا وه&و م&ا ج&رى ب& &‬ ‫ه ا&ألول&من الس&& &بب& األول على غ&&ير&‬ ‫ي&ض&&حى&النع&ي& ب&الو&ج&& &‬ ‫أس&اس ‪،‬‬ Sources of Commercial Law: C. Judicial rulings: - Judicial rulings are considered a source of commercial law. They are rulings issued by different levels of litigation that address a commercial dispute for which there is no legal text or customary rules. D. Jurisprudence: - The opinion of jurisprudence and researchers is considered as non-binding sources of commercial law, and legal writings and research are considered important in clarifying commercial legal texts. General structure of Egyptian commercial law 1. Trade in general 2. Contracts and Commercial Obligations 3. Banking Operations 4. Commercial papers 5. Bankruptcy and protective settlement Distinctive features of commercial law  Achieving the unity of commercial law with all its rules in one codification  Taking into consideration what consistent with the country's traditions and customs without being bound by specific theories or doctrines.  Taking into consideration international agreements and provisions compiled by international organizations.  Simplify procedures according to the nature of business.  Achieving a degree of flexibility and leaving some details to interpretation to prevent the texts from being frozen and not keeping pace with rapid developments in the field of trade. Is commercial law independent from civil law?  Civil law is considered the general principle, but commercial law is independent from it, due to the speed of commercial transactions and their ability to keep pace with technological development in modern means of communication With simplifying procedures and freedom of proof, which is stipulated in the articles of the Egyptian Commercial Law No. 17 of 1999.  If the commercial law does not contain legal texts that handle a problem we refer to the general rules in the civil law.  ‫الطعن رقم ‪ 3125‬لسنة ‪ 82‬ق ‪ -‬بتاريخ ‪/ 4 / 10‬‬ ‫‪ - 2014‬مكتب فني ‪ - 65‬صـ ‪ - 536‬ق ‪88‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ذل&ك أن م&ؤدى نص الم&اده ‪ 109‬من ق&انون المرافع&ات أن مس&أله‬ ‫ى أو ق&ي&مته&ا من& ا&لن&ظ&ام& ا&لع&ا&م فت&عت&بر‬ ‫و &‬ ‫االخ&تص&اص بس&بب& ن&و&ع ال&دع &‬ ‫&‬ ‫حك&م‬ ‫ر ا&ل &‬ ‫ة د&ا&ئم&ا ع&لى&ا&لم&حكم&ة&‪ &,‬و&يعت&ب &‬‫وم&ة&و&مط&روح& &‬ ‫خص& &‬‫قائم&ه&ف&ى ا &ل &‬ ‫ى ف&يه&ا&‪&&,‬وك&ان‬ ‫حت&م&ا&عل&ى ق&ض&ا&ء ض&م&ن &‬ ‫مش&تم&ال &‬ ‫وض&وع& &‬ ‫ى&ا&ل&م &‬‫ال&ص&اد&ر&ف &‬ ‫ء ه&ذ&ه ا &لم&حكم&ه ‪ -‬أن&&تك&ييف&ا&لعال ق&ه ب&ين& ط&رف&ى‬ ‫ا&ل&مق&رر& ‪&-‬فى&ق&ض& &ا &‬ ‫جب&ة الت&ط&بي&ق‬ ‫الخص&ومة&يع&د& ش&ر&طا &الز&م&ا& لتحد&ي&د& القاع&د&ة الق&انو&ني&ة&وا& &‬ ‫ى ا&خت&ص&اص&المحكم&ه&بن&ظ&ر ال&دعو&ى ‪ ,‬وأ&ن&‬ ‫ف&ي&ه&ا ‪ ,‬و&للوق&وف ع&ل&ى م&د &‬ ‫الع&&بر&ه فى ه&&ذ&ا الص&&دد بحق&يق&&ه المقص&&ود من& الطلب&&ات و&ليس‬ ‫باأللفاظ أو العبارات التى تصاغ فيها هذه الطلبات ‪,‬‬  ‫وك&ان المش&رع من خالل نص&وص الق&انون رقم ‪ 120‬لس&نه ‪ 2008‬بانش&اء‬ ‫خالل&ه&ا ا&ن&ج&از& ال&ق&ض&ايا&ال&ت&ى‬ ‫ال&م&ح&اك&م ا&القت&ص&ادي&ه و&ض&ع م&ن&ظوم&ه&&أرا&د&م&ن &‬ ‫&البالد&‬ ‫&القتص&ا&دى ف&ى &‬ ‫عل&ى&&المن&اخ ا&‬ ‫طل&ق& علي&ه&ا& ب&ع&ض&&ال&د&عا&و&ى& ال&تى&له&ا& ت&أث&ير& &‬ ‫أ &‬ ‫ن&ثم&&أنش&ا&&ب&دائ&ر&ه&ا&خ&تص&ا&ص&ك&ل&م&ح&ك&م&ه اس&تئ&نا&ف&مح&كم&ه&&تس&مى& &"‬ ‫‪&&,‬وم& &‬ ‫دا&ئي&ه&و&اس&تئ&نا&فيه& ‪&,‬ثم&ل&ج&أ ا&لى&‬ ‫ر ا&بت &‬ ‫ن د&وا&ئ& &‬ ‫ال&مح&كم&ه&االقت&ص&ا &دي&ه& "&و&تش&كل& م &‬ ‫عل&ى&‬ ‫خت&صاص&يه&ا&&ا&لقيم&ى&و&الن&وع&ى ف&ى ه&ذا&&ا&لش&أ&ن& ‪&,‬وذل&ك& ب&أ&ن ح&دد& &‬ ‫ض&م&&ا &‬ ‫مت&عل&ق&ه&ب&ه&ا&‬ ‫س&بيل& ال&حص&ر&الق&و&ان&ين ا&ل&وا&جب&ت&ط&بيقه&ا عل&ى ال&منا&زع&ا&ت ال& &‬ ‫ذه&‬ ‫بالم&اد&ه&ال&سادس&ه&م&ن&ه وم&نه&ا&ا&لبن&د ا&لس&اد&س ال&ذى ن&ص&على&ا&ختص&اص ه& &‬ ‫الم&حكم&ه& بنظ&ر ال&دعا&وى الناش&ئه عن ت&ط&بيق " ق&ا&نون التج&اره ف&ى ش&أن‬ ‫نق&ل التكنولوجي&ا والوكال&ه ‪ ,‬وعملي&ات البن&وك واالفالس والص&لح ال&واقى من&ه‬ ‫"‬ ‫اذ ك&ان ذل&ك ‪ ,‬وك&ان م&ؤدى نص الفق&ره االولى من الم&اده الثاني&ه من ق&انون التج&اره رقم ‪17‬‬ ‫&دم‬ ‫ف ‪&&,‬وف&ى ح&ال&ه ع &‬ ‫ن ا&الط&را &‬ ‫ه ت&س&رى&&عليه&ا أ&حك&ام&االتف&ا&ق&بي& &‬ ‫ل&ا&&لت&جار&ي& &‬‫ه&‪ -&1999‬أ&ن& &األعم&ا &‬ ‫لس&ن &‬ ‫م ا&&لى& أحك&ام ق&ان&و&ن &ا&&لت&ج&ار&ه أ&و غ&ي&ره م&ن ال&ق&وا&ن&ين ا&لخا&ص&ه‬ ‫&ألتف&ا&ق ف&ا&ن&ه ي&حتك& &‬ ‫و&ج&و&د م&ث&ل&ه&ذ&ا ا&‬ ‫ل‬‫ه ف&ا&ذا& &خل&ت ه&ذ&ه ا&الع&م&ا &‬‫جا&ري& &‬‫ا&&لم&تع&لق&ه ب&ه&ذه&&ا&الع&م&ا&ل ث&م قو&اع&د& ال&ع&ر&ف ا&لتج&ا&رى&و&ا&لع&ا&دات&ا&لت& &‬ ‫ن م&ن&ه‬ ‫األم&ر ا&ل&ذى ي&ب&ي &‬ ‫حت&كم ا&ل&ى&ق&واع&د& الق&ا&نو&ن& الم&دن&ى& &‬ ‫ه ‪ &,‬فأن&ه&ي &‬ ‫م&ن&ع&ر&ف ت&ج&ا&رى&أ&و ع&اده&&تج&ار&ي& &‬ ‫ل‬‫ن&الخ&اص&ة&ع&لى األع&م&ا &‬ ‫م&ال&ق&واني &‬ ‫&الل&ة&على&&ت&ط&ب&ي&ق&أح&ك&&ا &‬ ‫ص ه&ذه&&الم&&اد&ة ص&ر&ي&ح&ا&لد&‬ ‫&الء أ&ن&ن &‬ ‫ب&ج&‬ ‫ل&‪&,‬وك&&ان& &ق&انو&ن الت&ج&ارة&الم&ا&ر&‬ ‫ن ت&نظي&م&بع&ض ه&ذ&ه& ا&ألعم&&ا &‬ ‫خل&ى&ق&انون& ال&تج&&ار&ه&م &‬ ‫ا&&لت&جار&ي&ة ا&ذا& &‬ ‫ه االو&ل‬ ‫ه&وأف&ر& &د له&&ا&فى&فر&ع& &‬ ‫ة ف&ى&ال&فص&ل ا&&لخ&ا&مس م&ن& &‬ ‫ج&ار&ي& &‬ ‫م&ال&و &ك&ال&ة ا&ل&ت &‬ ‫&ذك&ره&&ق&د& تن&او&ل ب&ا&لت&نظ&ي &‬ ‫ل&ف&ى&ال&ف&ر&ع ا&لث&انى&&بعض أن&واع&الو&كال&ه‬ ‫م تن&او &‬ ‫ن ‪ 148‬الى ‪&165‬ث& &‬ ‫ه&فى ا&ل&م&وا &د&م &‬ ‫أحك&&ام&ه&ا ا&لعا&م& &‬ ‫ه ال&عق&ود‬ ‫م&و&كال& &‬ ‫ن ‪ 166‬ال&ى ‪&176‬ث &‬ ‫ص منه&ا&أحك&ا&م " ا&لو& &ك&ال&ه&ب&ا&لع&مول&ه& &" ف&ى& ا&لم&واد&م& &‬ ‫ا&لت&ج&ار&ي&ه&وخ &‬ ‫&ه‬ ‫ن&‪ 177‬ا&ل&ى&‪&,&191‬وب&ه&ذا& ف&&ان& ه&ذا& ا&لق&ا&نو&ن ي&ك&ون &ق&د&&اق&تص&ر&&على ن&و&عى& الوك&ال &‬ ‫&"&ف&ى& ا&لم&وا& &د م& &‬ ‫&طه‬ ‫ه ا&لع&مول&ه وو&ك&ال&ه&الع&ق&و&د ‪ &,‬و&لم يتن&او&ل ب&الت&ن&ظيم ا&لوس&ا &‬ ‫ه س&ا&لفت&ى&ال&بي&&ان& &وهم&ا&وك&ال& &‬ ‫جا&ري& &‬ ‫ا&لت& &‬ ‫التجار&ي&ة&باعت&ب&اره&&ا&ن&وع م&ن أ&ن&وع&الوك&ال&ه&التجا&ري&ه&وال&تى س&بق أ&ن& نظ&مت& أحك&ام&ه&ا م&واد ا&&لق&انون‬ ‫ه‬‫ه ا&لتجار&ي&&ه وبع&ض&أع&م&&ال ا&لوس&&اط &‬ ‫ل ال&و &كا&ل&& &‬ ‫رقم ‪&120‬ل&س&&نه ‪ 1982‬فى& ش&&أن& ت&ن&ظيم&أ&عم&&ا &‬ ‫ن الم&ا&دة&األو&لى& من&ه عل&ى&أن&ه "&‪&....‬كم&ا يق&ص&د&بالوس&يط‬ ‫ا&ل&تجاري&ه وال&ذ&ى& نص&ت ا&لف&ق&رة الثان&ي&ة م &‬ ‫التج&ارى من اقتص&ر نش&اطه ‪ ,‬ول&و عن ص&فقه واح&ده على البحث عن متعاق&د او التف&اوض مع&ه‬ ‫القناعه بالتعاقد ‪. "...‬‬ Difference between commercial and civil business  Egyptian law has determined the standard for commercial activities that must be carried out professionally or in the form of a project, such as industrial projects, building construction projects, and service projects.  ‫الطعن رقم ‪ 20343‬لسنة ‪ 89‬ق ‪ -‬بتاريخ‬ ‫‪* 2024 / 1 / 16‬‬ ‫وحيث إن ه&ذا النعي س&ديد‪ ،‬ذل&ك ب&أن المق&رر ‪ -‬في قض&اء ه&ذه المحكم&ة ‪ -‬أن ك&ل م&ا‬ ‫يق&وم ب&ه الت&اجر بمناس&بة مزاولت&ه ألعمال&ه التجاري&ة الُمبين&ة بالم&ادة الثامن&ة من ق&انون‬ ‫التج&&ارة رقم ‪ ۱۷‬لس&&نة ‪ - ۱۹۹۹‬المنطب&&ق على واقع&&ة ال&&نزاع ‪ -‬يكتس&&ب الص&&فة‬ ‫التجاري&ة على أس&اس حرف&ة الق&ائم به&ا م&ا دامت تتعل&ق بأعم&ال تجاري&ة‪ ،‬وه&و م&ا‬ ‫يف&ترض في أعم&ال الت&اجر ح&تى يق&دم ال&دليل على ع&دم تعلقه&ا بتل&ك األعم&ال‪ ،‬وك&انت‬ ‫نس&بة الفائ&دة القانوني&ة عن الت&أخر فى الوف&اء ب&االلتزام ‪ -‬م&تى ك&ان محل&ه مبلًغ ا من‬ ‫النق&ود معل&وم المق&دار وقت الطلب وت&أخر الم&دين في الوف&اء ب&ه ‪ -‬تق&در وفًق ا لنص‬ ‫الم&&ادة ‪ ۲۲٦‬من الق&&انون الم&&دني بواق&&ع ‪ %4‬فى المس&&ائل المدني&&ة و‪ %5‬في‬ ‫المس&&ائل التجاري&&ة‪ ،‬وك&&انت الع&&برة فى التمي&&يز بين المس&&ائل المدني&&ة‬ ‫والمس&&ائل التجاري&&ة هى بالم&&دين‪ ،‬ف&&إذا ك&&ان ت&&اجًر ا حس&&بت الفائ&&دة‬ ‫بالس&عر الق&انونى في المس&ائل التجاري&ة ول&و ك&ان ال&دائن غ&ير ت&اجر‪.‬لم&ا‬ ‫ك&ان ذل&ك‪ ،‬وك&ان ال&نزاع وعلى م&ا انتهى إلي&ه الحكم المطع&ون في&ه نزاًع ا تجارًي ا‬ ‫لتعلق&ه بعملي&ة توري&د ال&تزمت به&ا المطع&ون ض&دها بمناس&بة مزاولته&ا ألعم&ال تجارته&ا‬ ‫فيك&&ون التزامه&&ا ب&&أداء المبل&&غ المقض&&ي ب&&ه تعويًض ا عن إخالله&&ا بتنفي&&ذ التزامه&&ا‬ ‫التعاق&دي م&ع الطاعن&ة التزاًم ا ب&دين تج&اري بالتبعي&ة تحتس&ب الفوائ&د التأخيري&ة علي&ه‬