General Anatomy Lecture Notes PDF

‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫قالوا سبحانك ال علم لنا إال ما علمتنا إنك”‬ ‫“أنت العليم الحكيم‬ ‫سورة البقرة آية (‪)32‬‬  General anatomy Introduction By: Dr. Elsayed Aly Metwally Professor of Anatomy & Embry...

‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫قالوا سبحانك ال علم لنا إال ما علمتنا إنك”‬ ‫“أنت العليم الحكيم‬ ‫سورة البقرة آية (‪)32‬‬  General anatomy Introduction By: Dr. Elsayed Aly Metwally Professor of Anatomy & Embryology Master Degree in tropical medicine - Nutrition Diploma Faculty of Medicine - Alexandria University Anatomical position Anatomy: is the science of the structure of the body. Anatomical Position: the person is standing upright, with the upper limbs hanging by the sides and the face and the palms of the hands are facing forwards. Anatomical planes The median sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into equal right & left halves. The paramedian planes: are planes parallel to the median plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts. The coronal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. The horizontal or the transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower parts. Superior (cranial) & Medial & lateral: inferior(caudal): -Medial: nearer to the middle -Superior: nearer to the head. line. -Inferior: nearer to the feet. -Lateral: far away from the middle line. Anterior (ventral) & posterior Superficial & deep: (dorsal): -Superficial: nearer to the -Anterior: nearer to the skin. front. -Deep: far away from the -Posterior: nearer to the skin. back. Layers of the body  What are the layers of the body? 1. Skin 2. Superficial fascia 3. Deep fascia 4. Muscles 5. Bones  Skin Thickness a. Thick skin Example: - Palm of hand - Sole of foot b. Thin skin Example: Eyelids  Skin Hair a. Hairy skin Example: Scalp b. Non-hairy skin Example: Palm of hand or sole of foot  Skin Color It is determined by the number of melanocytes. a. If increased -------- Dark skin b. If decreased ------- White skin  Skin Structure The skin is formed of two layers: a. Epidermis b. Dermis  Skin Appendages The skin has 4 appendages which are developed from epidermis. These are: 1. Nails 2. Hair 3. Sebaceous glands 4. Sweat glands.  Skin Connective Tissue {LL Rule} The collagen fibers have certain direction in each area of the skin of the body. Langer’s This is marked by the skin creases or lines Generally they are arranged transversely in the trunk and neck, but  Characters of Superficial Fascia It lies under the skin. It is formed of superficial fatty layer and deep membranous layer.  Characters of the Deep Fascia It lies deep to superficial fascia. It is a strong dense white fibrous membrane. Bones and vertebral column There are more than 200 separate bones forming the skeleton. It is divided into: 1- Axial skeleton 2- Appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton 1. Skull 2.Vertebrae 3.Sternum 4. Ribs  Appendicular skeleton Upper limb Lower limb I. Upper Limb skeleton - Pectoral girdle (clavicle & scapula) - Bone of arm (humerus) - Bones of forearm (radius & ulna) - Bones of hand (carpus, metacarpus, phalanges) 8 5 14 I. Lower Limb skeleton - Pelvic girdle (hip bone) - Bone of the thigh (femur) - Bones of the leg (tibia & fibula) - Bones of foot (tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges) 7 5 14 Vertebral column It is formed of 33 Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. It protects the spinal cord in its spinal canal. It is divided into regions: 7 cervical , 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae. Joint s Definition: It is a point of meeting of two or more bones. Types: Joints are divided according to the material separating the bones into: 1- Fibrous 2- Cartilaginous 3- Synovial I-Fibrous Joints: The bones are separated by fibrous tissue. There is no movement in fibrous joints. Example: sutures of the skull. In which the bones have serrated edges. II- Cartilaginous Joints: The bones are separated by cartilage. Example: intervertebral disc  Subdivided into: IlI. Synovial Joints: 1- Uniaxial The bones are separated by synovial fluid. 2- Biaxial It has wide range of mobility. 3- Polyaxial Most joints of the limbs are synovial 4- Plane  I. Uniaxial joints The joint moves around one axis. a. Hinge joint: b. Pivot joint: The axis is horizontal axis. The axis is longitudinal Example: Elbow joint. Example: Superior radio-ulnar joint.  II. Biaxial joints The joint moves around two axes. a. Ellipsoid joint: b. Saddle joint: Example: Wrist joint. Example: 1st carpometacarpal joint. 3. Polyaxial Ball & Socket": 4. Plane joint: Ball articulates with a socket. 2 smooth flat surfaces. Example: shoulder joint. Example: Intercarpal joints. Muscular System  40% of our body weight. I. skeletal muscles: II. smooth muscles: III. cardiac muscle:  Skeletal Muscles Parts : A. belly (middle reddish fleshy part) B. Tendon (whitish rounded part) C. Aponeurosis (flat tendon) Attachments : a. Origin (proximal fixed part) b. Insertion (distal mobile pat)  Skeletal Muscles Paralle Unipennat Bipennate multipennat l e e