Lect_2_IT_Operating_Systems PDF

Course: Applications of Information Technology in Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture Lecture 2 Operating Systems and Utility Programs Dr. Ali G. M. Mahmoud Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University IS Vs IT An info...

Course: Applications of Information Technology in Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture Lecture 2 Operating Systems and Utility Programs Dr. Ali G. M. Mahmoud Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University IS Vs IT An information System (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, Communications, and Information Technology that interact to support and improve day to day operation of an organization as well as support the problem-solving and decision-making needs of management & Users. Information technology(IT) is a contemporary term that describe the combination of Computer Technology (hardware & Software) with telecommunication technology (data, Image and voice network) 3 IS vs. IT industry comparison One of the key differences between IS and IT is the involvement of business concepts. Information systems professionals are well-versed in business concepts and applications. Information technology professionals tend to focus more on the technology that supports those business initiatives. Nearly every industry requires both IT and IS professionals. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), occupations in the computer and technology industry are expected to grow 15 percent between 2021 and 2031. Subcategories of IT include: Health information technology Cybersecurity Business information technology (BIT) 4 Software Software System Application software software Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions, often broken into two major categories: 1. System software that provides the basic non- task-specific functions of the computer, and 2. Application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks. 5 What is an Operating System? Computer System = Hardware + Software Software = Application Software + System Software(OS) An Operating System is a system Software that acts as an intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. Operating system goals: Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier Make the computer system convenient to use Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner 6 Software System software System software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system so that other software and the users of the system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the low-level details such as transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display. Generally, system software consists of an operating system and some fundamental utilities such as disk formatters, file managers, display managers, text editors, user authentication (login) and management tools, and networking and device control software. 7 Software Application software Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system. Application software may consist of a single program, such as an image viewer; a small collection of programs (often called a software package) that work closely together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet or text processing system; A larger collection (often called a software suite) of related but independent programs and packages that have a common user interface or shared data format, such as Microsoft Office, which consists of closely integrated word processor, spreadsheet, database, etc.; or a software system, such as a database management system, which is a collection of fundamental programs that may provide some service to a variety of other independent applications. 8 Software System and Application Software Comparison: Application Software and System Software System Software Application Software Computer software, or just software is a general term primarily used for digitally stored data such as Application software, also known as an application or an computer programs and other kinds of information "app", is computer software designed to help the user to read and written by computers. App comes under perform specific tasks. computer software though it has a wide scope now. 1) Opera (Web Browser) 1) Microsoft Windows 2) Microsoft Word (Word Processing) 2) Linux 3) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software) Example: 3) Unix 4) MySQL (Database Software) 4) Mac OSX 5) Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation Software) 5) DOS 6) Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software) Generally, users do not interact with system software Users always interact with application software while Interaction: as it works in the background. doing different activities. System software can run independently of the Application software cannot run without the Dependency: application software. presence of the system software. 9 Microsoft Windows The graphical Microsoft operating system designed for Intel-platform desktop and notebook computers. Best known, greatest selection of applications available. Current editions include Windows 7, 8, 10 and 11. 10 Windows Server 11 The Structure of Computer Systems Accessing computer resources is divided into layers. Each layer is isolated and only interacts directly with the layer below or above it. If we install a new hardware device ✓ No need to change anything about the user/applications. ✓ However, you do need to make changes to the operating system. ✓ You need to install the device drivers that the operating system will use to control the new device. If we install a new software application ✓ No need to make any changes to your hardware. ✓ But we need to make sure the application is supported by the operating system ✓ user will need to learn how to use the new application. If we change the operating system ✓ Need to make sure that both applications and hardware will be compatible with the new operating system. 12 Operating System Mode ❖ The User Mode is concerned with the actual interface between the user and the system. ❖ It controls things like running applications and accessing files. ❖ The Kernel Mode is concerned with everything running in the background. ❖ It controls things like accessing system resources, controlling hardware functions and processing program instructions. ❖ System calls are used to change mode from User to Kernel. 13 Starting an Operating System (Booting) ✓ Power On Switch sends electricity to the ✓ BIOS will then look for a small sector at the very beginning of your motherboard on a wire called the Voltage Good primary hard disk called MBR. line. ✓ The MBR contains a list, or map, of all of the partitions on your ✓ If the power supply is good, then the BIOS computer‘s hard disk (or disks). (Basic Input/Output System) chip takes over. ✓ After the MBR is found the Bootstrap Loader follows basic instructions ✓ In Real Mode, CPU is only capable of using for starting up the rest of the computer, including the operating system. approximately 1 MB of memory built into the ✓ In Early Kernel Initialization stage, a smaller core of the Kernel is motherboard. activated. ✓ The BIOS will do a Power-On Self Test (POST) ✓ This core includes the device drivers needed to use computer‘s RAM to make sure that all hardware are working. chips. 14 Functions of Operating System File Management I/O management Memory Management Operating System Function Security and Protection Process Management User Interface 15 Functions of Operating System 1. Process Management A process is a program in execution. A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices to accomplish its task. Simultaneous execution leads to multiple processes. Hence creation, execution and termination of a process are the most basic functionality of an OS If processes are dependent, then they may try to share same resources. thus, task of process synchronization comes to the picture. If processes are independent, then a due care needs to be taken to avoid their overlapping in memory area. Based on priority, it is important to allow more important processes to execute first than others. 16 Functions of Operating System 2. Memory management Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices. Main memory is a volatile storage device. When the computer made turn off everything stored in RAM will be erased automatically. In addition to the physical RAM installed in your computer, most modern operating systems allow your computer to use a virtual memory system. Virtual memory allows your computer to use part of a permanent storage device (such as a hard disk) as extra memory. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with memory management: Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom. Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available. Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed. 17 Functions of Operating System 3. File Management A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. File systems provide the conventions for the encoding, storage and management of data on a storage device such as a hard disk. FAT12 (floppy disks) FAT16 (DOS and older versions of Windows) FAT32 (older versions of Windows) NTFS (newer versions of Windows) EXT3 (Unix/Linux) HFS+ (Max OS X) The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management: ✦ File creation and deletion. ✦ Directory creation and deletion. ✦ Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories. ✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage. ✦ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media. 18 Functions of Operating System 4. Device Management or I/O Management Device controllers are components on the motherboard (or on expansion cards) that act as an interface between the CPU and the actual device. Device drivers, which are the operating system software components that interact with the devices controllers. A special device (inside CPU) called the Interrupt Controller handles the task of receiving interrupt requests and prioritizes them to be forwarded to the processor. Deadlocks can occur when two (or more) processes have control of different I/O resources that are needed by the other processes, and they are unwilling to give up control of the device. It performs the following activities for device management. Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system. Designates a program responsible for every device known as Input/output controller. Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way. Deallocates devices when they are no longer required. 19 Functions of Operating System 5. Security & Protection The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. It also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data by assigning access right permission to files and directories. The owners of information stored in a multiuser or networked computer system may want to control use of that information, concurrent processes should not interfere with each other. 20 Functions of Operating System 6. User Interface Mechanism A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen There are two types of user interfaces 1. Command Line Interface 2. Graphical user Interface 21 Functions of Operating System 6. User Interface Mechanism 1. Command-line interface In a command-line interface, a user types commands represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions 22 Functions of Operating System 6. User Interface Mechanism 2. Graphical User Interface With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images 23 User Interface and Command Execution Services ▪ Types of user interfaces ▪ CLI - Command Line Interface ▪ GUI - Graphical User Interface ▪ Menu environment ▪ Shell ▪ User interface and command processor that interacts with the kernel ▪ UNIX: C, Bourne and Korn shells ▪ Command Languages ▪ IBM Mainframes – JCL ▪ MS Windows – BAT files, Windows Scripting Host ▪ UNIX – shell scripts 24 History of Operating System ❖ The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's) No Operating System All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug-boards to control the machine’s basic functions. ❖ The Second Generation (1955-1965) First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701. Single-stream batch processing systems ❖ The Third Generation (1965-1980) Introduction of multiprogramming Development of Minicomputer ❖ The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day) Development of PCs Birth of Windows/MaC OS 25 Types of Operating Systems 1. Batch Operating System 2. Multiprogramming Operating System 3. Time-Sharing OS 4. Multiprocessing OS 5. Distributed OS 6. Network OS 7. Real Time OS 8. Embedded OS 26 Types of Operating Systems 1. Batch Operating System The users of this type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and group them into batches. 27 Types of Operating Systems 1. Batch Operating System cont.. Advantages of Batch Operating System: Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in queue Multiple users can share the batch systems The idle time for the batch system is very less It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems Disadvantages of Batch Operating System: The computer operators should be well known with batch systems Batch systems are hard to debug It is sometimes costly The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails Examples of Batch based Operating System: IBM's MVS 28 Types of Operating Systems 2. Multiprogramming Operating System: This type of OS is used to execute more than one jobs simultaneously by a single processor. It increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one job to execute. Multiprogramming operating systems use the mechanism of job scheduling and CPU scheduling. 29 Types of Operating Systems 3. Time-Sharing Operating Systems Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. These systems are also known as Multi-tasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task. 30 Types of Operating Systems 3. Time-Sharing Operating Systems cont.. Advantages of Time-Sharing OS: Each task gets an equal opportunity Fewer chances of duplication of software CPU idle time can be reduced Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS: Reliability problem One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data Data communication problem Examples of Time-Sharing Oss Multics, Unix, etc. 31 Types of Operating Systems 4. Multiprocessor operating systems Multiprocessor operating systems are also known as parallel OS or tightly coupled OS. Such operating systems have more than one processor in close communication that sharing the computer bus, the clock and sometimes memory and peripheral devices. It executes multiple jobs at the same time and makes the processing faster. It supports large physical address space and larger virtual address space. If one processor fails then other processor should retrieve the interrupted process state so execution of process can continue. Inter-processes communication mechanism is provided and implemented in hardware. 32 Types of Operating Systems 5. Distributed Operating System Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems. Examples:- Locus, DYSEAC 33 Types of Operating Systems 6. Network Operating System These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private network. The “ other" computers arc called client computers, and each computer that connects to a network server must be running client software designed to request a specific service. popularly known as tightly coupled systems. 34 Types of Operating Systems 6. Network Operating System Advantages of Network Operating System: Highly stable centralized servers Security concerns are handled through servers New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems Disadvantages of Network Operating System: Servers are costly User has to depend on a central location for most operations Maintenance and updates are required regularly Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft Windows Server 2003/2008/2012, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc. 35 Types of Operating Systems 7. Real-Time Operating System These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time. Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc. 36 Types of Operating Systems 8. Embedded Operating System An embedded operating system is one that is built into the circuitry of an electronic device. Embedded operating systems are now found in automobiles, bar-code scanners, cell phones, medical equipment, and personal digital assistants. An embedded system on a plug-in card with processor, memory, power supply, and external interfaces 37 Types of Operating Systems 8. Embedded Operating System The most popular embedded operating systems for consumer products, such as PDAs, include the following: Windows XP Embedded Windows CE.NET:- it supports wireless communications, multimedia and Web browsing. It also allows for the use of smaller versions of Microsoft Word, Excel, and Outlook. Palm OS:- It is the standard operating system for Palm-brand PDAs as well as other proprietary handheld devices. Symbian:- OS found in “ smart” cell phones from Nokia and Sony Ericsson 38 Types of Operating Systems 8. Embedded Operating System 39 Types of Operating Systems 8. Embedded Operating System Wearable cell-free synthetic biology. Validation of CRISPR-based FDCF wearable sensors. 40 Types of Operating Systems 8. Embedded Operating System 41 Popular types of OS Windows Version Year of Release Desktop Class ❖ Windows Windows NT family 1993-1996 ❖ OS X Windows 95 1995 ❖ Unix/Linux Windows 98 1998 ❖ Chrome OS Windows ME 2000 Server Class Windows 2000 2000 ❖ Windows Server Windows Server 2000 2000 ❖ Mac OS X Server Windows XP 2001 ❖ Unix/Linux Windows Server 2003 2003 Mobile Class Windows Vista 2007 ❖ Android Windows Server 2008 2008 ❖ iOS Windows 7 2009 ❖ Windows Phone Windows Server 2012 2012 Windows 8 2012 42 Software Advantages of Windows OS Compatibility: Almost every application, driver or game will work on Windows. Technical support: Having so many users, you can always find someone (either online or offline) who can help you with Windows. Huge quantity of function: When you get to know Windows well, you'll find out that there are so many functions that you can do almost anything quite easily. 43 Software Disadvantages of Windows OS Viruses: You may need to buy an antivirus program, although free ones exist. Slow: Windows, especially Vista and 7, requires a lot of computer resources (memory, processor, disk space), and thus, runs slower. Price: It is a commercial operating system and therefore in order to use a genuine one, you need to buy it. 44 Desktop Class Operating Systems Platform: the hardware required to run a particular operating system Intel platform (IBM-compatible) Windows DOS UNIX Linux Macintosh platform Mac OS iPad and iPhone platform iOS 45 Ms-DOS Single User Single Tasking OS. It had no built-in support for networking, and users had to manually install drivers any time they added a new hardware component to their PC. DOS supports only 16-bit programs. Command line user interface. So, why is DOS still in use? Two reasons are its size and simplicity. It does not require much memory or storage space for the system, and it docs not require a powerful computer. 46 Microsoft Windows The graphical Microsoft operating system designed for Intel-platform desktop and notebook computers. Best known, greatest selection of applications available. Current editions include Windows 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. 47 Mac OS User-friendly, runs on Mac hardware. Many applications available. Current editions include: Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave, Catalina & Big Sur—Version XI(Released in Nov 2020) 48 Linux Linux: An open-source, cross-platform operating system that runs on desktops, notebooks, tablets, and smartphones. – The name Linux is a combination Linus (the first name of the first developer) and UNIX (another operating system. Users are free to modify the code, improve it, and redistribute it, Developers are not allowed to charge money for the Linux kernel itself (the main part of the operating system), but they can charge money for distributions (distros for short). 49 Linux Linux is a free client operating system based on the UNIX operating system. Linux provides a graphical Windows-like interface, which most experienced Windows users wouldn’t have trouble using. Linux runs on most PCs from popular PC manufacturers. Although Linux does have a graphical user interface, many system administration tasks are performed at the command line. Commonly used Linux distributions are listed below. Ubuntu Linux Mint Fedora RedHat OpenSUSE 50 Google Chrome OS Chrome OS. Is a popular thin client operating system. Thin client A computer with minimal hardware, designed for a specific task. For example, a thin web client is designed for using the Internet. 51 Server Operating Systems Windows Server – Familiar GUI interface for those experienced with Windows UNIX – Very mature server capabilities, time-tested, large user community, stable Linux – Free, customizable, many free services and utilities available 52 Windows Server 53 UNIX 54 Tablet and Phone Operating Systems System-on-chip (SoC): An operating system that comes preinstalled on a chip on a portable device such as a smartphone. Popular SoC operating systems: ▪ iOS: for iPad, iPhone ▪ Android: for a variety of tablets and phones Downloadable applications (apps) from an App store, for example: ▪ Apple App Store ▪ Google Play Store 55 iOS on the iPhone and iPad The Apple-created operating system for Apple tablets and phones. The current stable version, iOS 14, was released to the public on September 16, 2020. 56 Android Android, a popular OS for smartphones and tablets, is based on Linux Kernel. – Developed by Google Current versions include: – Android 8 Oreo – Android 9 Pie – Android 10 – Android 11 (released on Sep, 2020) 57 Advantage of Linux Operating System 1. Open Source As it is open-source, its source code is easily available. Anyone having programming knowledge can customize the operating system. One can contribute, modify, distribute, and enhance the code for any purpose. 2. Security The Linux security feature is the main reason that it is the most favourable option for developers. It is not completely safe, but it is less vulnerable than others. Each application needs to authorize by the admin user. Linux systems do not require any antivirus program. 3. Free Certainly, the biggest advantage of the Linux system is that it is free to use. We can easily download it, and there is no need to buy the license for it. It is distributed under GPL (General Public License). Comparatively, we have to pay a huge amount for the license of the other OS 58 Advantage of Linux Operating System 4. Lightweight The requirements for running Linux are much less than other operating system In Linux, the memory footprint and disk space are also lower. Generally, most of the Linux distributions required as little as 128MB of RAM around the same amount for disk space. 5. Stability Linux is more stable than other operating systems. Linux does not require to reboot the system to maintain performance levels. It rarely hangs up or slow down. It has big up-times. 59 Advantage of Linux Operating System 6. Performance Linux system provides high performance over different networks. It is capable of handling a large number of users simultaneously. 7. Flexibility Linux operating system is very flexible. It can be used for desktop applications, embedded systems, and server applications too. It also provides various restriction options for specific computers. We can install only necessary components for a system. 8. Software Updates In Linux, the software updates are in user control. We can select the required updates. There a large number of system updates are available. These updates are much faster than other operating systems. So, the system updates can be installed easily without facing any issue. 60 Advantage of Linux Operating System 9. Distributions/ Distros There are many Linux distributions available in the market. It provides various options and flavors of Linux to the users. We can choose any distros according to our needs. Some popular distros are Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Linux Mint, Arch Linux, For the beginners, Ubuntu and Linux Mint would be useful. Debian and Fedora would be good choices for proficient programmers. 10. Live CD/USB Almost all Linux distributions have a Live CD/USB option. It allows us to try or run the Linux operating system without installing it. 11. Graphical User Interface Linux is a command-line based OS but it provides an interactive user interface like Windows. 61 Advantage of Linux Operating System 12. Suitable for programmers It supports almost all of the most used programming languages such as C/C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and more. Further, it offers a vast range of useful applications for development. The programmers prefer the Linux terminal over the Windows command line. The package manager on Linux system helps programmers to understand how things are done. Bash scripting is also a functional feature for the programmers. It also provides support for SSH, which helps in managing the servers quickly. 13. Community Support Linux provides large community support. We can find support from various sources. There are many forums available on the web to assist users. Further, developers from the various open source communities are ready to help us. 62 Advantage of Linux Operating System 14. Privacy Linux always takes care of user privacy as it never takes much private data from the user. Comparatively, other operating systems ask for the user's private data. 15. Networking Linux facilitates with powerful support for networking. The client-server systems can be easily set to a Linux system. It provides various command-line tools such as ssh, ip, mail, telnet, and more for connectivity with the other systems and servers. Tasks such as network backup are much faster than others. 16. Compatibility Linux is compatible with a large number of file formats as it supports almost all file formats. 17. Installation Linux installation process takes less time than other operating systems such as Windows. Further, its installation process is much easy as it requires less user input. It does not require much more system configuration even it can be easily installed on old machines having less configuration. 63 Advantage of Linux Operating System 18. Multiple Desktop Support Linux system provides multiple desktop environment support for its enhanced use. The desktop environment option can be selected during installation. We can select any desktop environment such as GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) or KDE (K Desktop Environment) as both have their specific environment. 19. Multitasking It is a multitasking operating system as it can run multiple tasks simultaneously without affecting the system speed. 20. Heavily Documented for beginners There are many command-line options that provide documentation on commands, libraries, standards such as manual pages and info pages. Also, there are plenty of documents available on the internet in different formats, such as Linux tutorials, Linux documentation project, Serverfault, and more. To help the beginners, several communities are available such as Ask Ubuntu, Reddit, and StackOverflow. 64 Application Software Application Software consists of programs that tell a computer how to produce information. Some of the more commonly used packages are: ◼ Word processing ◼ Electronic spreadsheet ◼ Database ◼ Presentation graphics ◼Project Management Software 65 Utility Programs Utility Programs perform a specialized task that enhances the computer’s operation or safeguards data. Utilities augment functionality of operating systems. Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities. Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or renaming a file. Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that can recover deleted files. Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection for all system and data files. 66  Thank you for your time! Dr. Ali G. M. Mahmoud Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University 67