Lect-1_Energy_Exam PDF

MENOUFIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPT. OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 1 What is energy?  Energy: Scientists define energy as the ability to do work.  Energy: Measure of the ability of a body or system to do work or...

MENOUFIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPT. OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 1 What is energy?  Energy: Scientists define energy as the ability to do work.  Energy: Measure of the ability of a body or system to do work or produce a change, expressed usually in joules or kilowatt hours (kWh).  No activity is possible without energy and its total amount in the universe is fixed. In other words, it cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one type to another. Dr. Omar Shaheen Ch1: Introduction to Renewable Energy 2 The two basic types of energy are: (1) Potential Energy: energy associated with the nature, position, or state (such as chemical energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy). (2) Kinetic Energy: energy associated with motion (such as a moving car or a spinning wheel). Power is defined as ability to do work.  Many different forms of energy, including: Thermal Energy, Electrical Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electromagnetic Energy, Mechanical Energy, Chemical Energy, Sound Energy, Motion Energy, Gravitational Energy Dr. Omar Shaheen Ch1: Introduction to Renewable Energy 3  Following types of resources are available for generating electrical energy. The following list, however, gives the popular and potential resources). 1. Conventional Sources of Energy a. Fossil Fuel Energy (Coal, petroleum and Natural gas ) b. Hydraulic Energy c. Nuclear Energy 1. Non- Conventional Sources of Energy a) Solar Energy b) Wind Energy c) Tidal Energy d) Wave Energy e) Geothermal Energy f) Biomass Energy Dr. Omar Shaheen Ch1: Introduction to Renewable Energy 4 While selecting a method of generating electricity, following factors are taken into account for purposes of comparison: (a) Initial cost: For a given rating of a unit (in the minds of planners), investment must be known. Naturally, lower the initial cost, better it is. (b) Running Cost: To produce a given amount of electrical energy, the cost of conversion process (including proportional cost of maintenance/repairs of the system) has to be known. (c) Limitations: Whether a particular resource is available, whether a unit size of required rating is available from a single unit or from an array of large number of units, and whether a particular method of generation is techno-economically viable and is time-proven, are typical queries related to the limitations of the concerned method. Dr. Omar Shaheen Ch1: Introduction to Renewable Energy 5 (d) (1) perpetuity, (2) efficiency, (3) reliability, (4) cleanliness and (5) simplicity. It is naturally desirable that the source must have perpetuity (= be of endless duration), high conversion efficiency, and reliability (in terms of availability in appropriate quantity). The energy conversion must be through a cleaner process (specially from the view- points of toxicity, pollution or any other hazardous side effects). Further, a simpler overall system is always preferred with regards to maintenance/repairs problems and is supposed to be more reliable. Dr. Omar Shaheen Ch1: Introduction to Renewable Energy 6  Fuels formed by natural processes such as decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years.  They contain high percentages of carbon.  Fossil fuels include: Coal Oil (Petroleum) Natural Gas Diesel Dr. Omar Shaheen Ch1: Introduction to Renewable Energy 7  Disadvantages of fossil fuels Environmental pollution: They contribute to global warming and acid rain. Possible depletion: They are non-renewable resources, and thus, will deplete in some locations. Fluctuating prices: They are affected by political problems and their scarcity will increase their prices. Dr. Omar Shaheen Ch1: Introduction to Renewable Energy 8 When we look at the energy sources, four main categories can be mentioned as fossil fuels, nuclear, renewables, as well as others Dr. Omar Shaheen Ch1: Introduction to Renewable Energy 9