Lect 1-3 Introduction to IT Lecture Notes PDF

Computers Tools for Information Age Lecture 1-3 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad September 2024 1  Objectives Introduction to IT IT usages and Applications Computer Architecture Computer Networks Internet Ethical Computing , Security and Privac...

Computers Tools for Information Age Lecture 1-3 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad September 2024 1  Objectives Introduction to IT IT usages and Applications Computer Architecture Computer Networks Internet Ethical Computing , Security and Privacy Flow Chart and Computer Programming Databases Artificial Intelligence 2 3  Information societies are very much based onIT They characterize by the large volume of ICTs. The interaction between individuals approves through these ICTs. Participating in ICTs is much easier. Communication is immediate and effective. The information is accessible to everyone. 4 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 5 Computer Components ‫ وحدة تحكم – وحدة تخزين‬-‫وحدة حساب ومنطق‬ Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad 6 Dr. Shady EL Mashad Main Characteristics Speed GHz Reliability Capacity GB Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 7  Information System pillars Hardware The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and circuits Software the instructions and data People Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad 8 Dr. Shady EL Mashad  Applications 1. Healthcare 2.Communication 3.Education(OL exams-eResources 4.Employment (S/W, data scientists, cloud analysts, designers), and developers 5. National Security (pw-Face Recognition- fingerprint 6. Governance 7. Entertainment (watch it-Flex-Shahed-3-7D 8. Finance: 9. Transportation (GPS-Uber-smart-autopilot-ATC 10. Virtual and Augmented Reality: 9  Computer A machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away (in secondary storage device) for safekeeping or later reuse Process is directed by software but performed by the hardware Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 10  PARTS OF A COMPUTER Central processing unit (CPU) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Registers Instruction fetcher Instruction decoder Random access memory (RAM) Read only memory (ROM) Cache Bus Peripheral devices Memory: Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. Mass storage device: Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives. Input device: Usually a keyboard and mouse. Output device: A display screen, printer,… Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions., MPU) Information: in any business or science is the core of the operations. Information in the computer business is usually called data, a Latin word meaning information. In addition, you have: Temporary Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM): where the temporary information to carry out the immediate commands are stored. Data Buses: where the information flows between different parts of the mainboard and the storage devices Expansion slots/ports: where you can connect your extra TV-card ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory: memory that can only be read from and not written to. Disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on which data can be stored Disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk Hard Disk Drive (HDD): where you save your results permanently after you finish your work CDROM Drive: where you can read the data stored on a CDROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) DVD Drive: where you can read the data stored on a DVDROM (much larger capacity than a CDROM) Floppy Drive (FDD): where you save the information which you would give to your instructor after your lab sessions  Processor Central Processing Unit (CPU) Converts data to useful information Interpret and execute instructions Communicate with input, output and storage Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 16  Types of Storage Secondary storage - long-term storage Primary storage or memory temporary storage Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 17  Memory / Primary Storage Temporary storage Holds input to be processed Holds results of processing Contains the programs to control the computer and manipulate input into output Volatile Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 18  Secondary Storage Long-term Non-volatile Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 19  Secondary Storage Magnetic disks – read and written by magnetic disk drive – Hard disk – Diskette Optical disks – read and written by optical disk drives – CD-ROM – DVD-ROM Magnetic tape – read and written by magnetic tape drives – Primarily used for back-up Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 20  Input devices Accept data or commands and convert them to electronic form Getting data into the computer – Typing on a keyboard – Pointing with a mouse Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code reader terminal Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 21  Output devices Convert from electronic form to some other form. May display the processed results Usable information Monitor or screen Text Numbers Symbols Art Photographs Video Printer Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 22  Network Definition – A system that uses communications equipment to connect computers and their resources. Types – Local area network (LAN) – connects computers in close proximity – Metropolitan area network (MAN) – connect computers between buildings in the same geographic area – Wide are network (WAN) – connects computers over great distances Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 23  Internet Collection of networks No ownership No central source for services available No comprehensive index of what information is available Connects Everyone! Individuals Libraries Businesses Research labs Organizations Government Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 24  Getting Connected ‫التوصيل‬ User’s computer must connect to a server Server must communicate using TCP/IP The user can purchase access to a server from an ISP (Internet Service Provider) Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 25  Internet WWW – World Wide Web FTP – File Transfer Protocol E-mail UseNet IRC – Internet Relay Chat Bulletin Boards Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 26  World Wide Web Browser – program that allows the user to move around and explore the Internet Use the mouse to point and click on text and graphics Web page Web site Home page Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 27  Classifications of Computers Use the computer that fits your needs ‫التصنيف‬ Based upon ‫وفقـــــا‬ – Size ‫الحجم‬ – Speed ‫السرعة‬ – Cost ‫التكلفة‬ – Portability ‫النقل‬ – Number of simultaneous users supported ‫عدد‬ ‫المستخدمين‬ – Available software ‫البرمجيات المتاحة‬ – Typical use ‫االستخدام‬ Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 28  Desktop Computers Laptop Computers Tablets Smart Phones Phone Camera (including video) GPS Touch Screen Servers Mainframe Computers Embedded Systems Aircraft Weapon systems Automobiles Gaming systems GPS systems Robotic systems Manufacturing systems Vision systems Wearable Devices Fitbit Apple Watch Google Glass Body Cams Computer Classification Notebook Super PC Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 30 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 31 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 32  Price/Performance Pyramid Super $Millions Mainframe $100s Ks Differences in scale, Server $10s Ks not in substance Workstation $1000s Personal $100s Embedded $10s Classifying computers by computational power and price range. Prof. Dr. Yehia EL mashad 33 Dr. Shady EL Mashad Computers can be generally classified by size and power Personal computer : A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. workstation : A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher- quality monitor. Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 34 minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 35  Top Ten Inventions 36 1. The Reality of Drone Technologies Go Public Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 37 2. 3D Printers Are Taken To The Next Level Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 38 4. Voice Recognition Finally Gets Good 3. First Flying Car Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 39  6. Virtual Reality Gets Real 5. The First Lab-Grown Burger Is Eaten 40  7. Wearable Technology Really is The Next Big Thing Google Glass, the Pebble Smartwatch, the Samsung Galaxy Gear and the Nike+ , it just might be time to finally crown wearables as the official “next big thing” Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 41  8. Displays Get Insanely High Definition Oh you thought your 1080p television looked good? Wait till you take a look at the 4K displays that companies have been flaunting all year. Now that prices have gone down and more content has become available, 4K displays might become the new standard sooner Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 42 9. Hard Drives Filled With Helium The new helium-filled hard drives introduced by Western Digital this year are a game-changer in storage technology. These new highly efficient hard drives are filled with helium rather than air. They can now store 6 TB of capacity into a single drive. Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 43  10 The Argus Retinal Prosthesis The Argus Retinal Prosthesis is the first of its kind—a bionic retinal implant that helps people see in the same way a hearing aid helps people hear. The Argus II was approved and released commercially in the United States soon and received a firmware update that granted users color vision. 44 45 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 46 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 47 48 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 49 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 50 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 51 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 52 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 53 Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 54 Artificial intelligence , is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems. It includes development and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals simulating human learning, comprehension, problem solving, decision making, creativity and autonomy.. Such machines may be called AIs. Prof. Dr. Yehia EL Mashad Dr. Shady EL Mashad 55