LEC 6_241027_AM_Print Veterinary Medicine PDF

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Level 4: Animal Theriogenology (STG 411) LEC 6: Pathological Affections of the Female Genital System Dr. AHMED HASSANEEN Date: 27/10/2024 (AM) Pathological Affections 1-Ovaritis (oophoritis) Ovary Definition and cause...

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Level 4: Animal Theriogenology (STG 411) LEC 6: Pathological Affections of the Female Genital System Dr. AHMED HASSANEEN Date: 27/10/2024 (AM) Pathological Affections 1-Ovaritis (oophoritis) Ovary Definition and causes: Inflammation of the ovary resulted from trauma caused by: ❑ Rough handling. ❑ Manual enucleation of CL. ❑ Manual rupture of the cyst. ❑ Extension of infection from uterus through oviduct or through the uterine wall in combination with peri- and para- metritis. The common infecting agents are streptococci, and clostridium pyogenes or tuberculosis. 2  1-Ovaritis (oophoritis) Symptoms: doesn’t occur due to either defect in the structure of Fertilization the ovum or failure of ovulation and ovum transportation. Thus, the animal returns to heat and repeat breeder. Lesions: Unilateral or bilateral and varies according to the condition, -In acute stage, Ovary is oedematous and may contain abscess. -In chronic stage, Ovary is hard, indurated or calcified with extensive adhesions between the ovary and surrounding tissues. 3 1-Ovaritis (oophoritis) Lesions: Perioophoritis (arrow). (a) Ultrasound image (b) Ovarian abscess on ovary. (a) Ultrasound image (b) Laparoscopic image. Laparoscopic image 4 1-Ovaritis (oophoritis) Prognosis: Ovary Depends on the extent of adhesions ❑ Bilateral affection, prognosis is poor. ❑ Bilateral affection with partial involvement, fertility is reduced and the prognosis is questionable. ❑ Unilateral affection, prognosis is relatively good. Treatment Depends on the extent of adhesions ❑ Manual breakdown of the adhesions. ❑ Intrauterine infusions with antibiotics. 5 ❑ Preventive precautions. CASE REPORT: Ovarian abscessation and oophoritis In a dairy cow (2021) Ovary ❑ A 28-month-old first lactation dairy cow ❑ “oestrus not observed” Anoestrus ❑ A right ovarian mass ❑ History of metritis at 21 days post calving (treated with I/M amoxicillin for 3 days) Rectal findings: LO: Small with no palpable structures RO: 4-cm firm mass on the RO (echo: 35 mm hyperechoic structure with hypoechoic center) Ovarian abscessation and oophoritis In a dairy cow (2021) Ovary Treated with PGF2α 2 injections with 2 weeks interval…… No response with increase the mass size. 8 weeks later, LO: Remained small inactive RO: Grown to an estimated 8 cm in diameter with a lobulated texture on palpation (Echo: hyperechoic on ultrasound with number of fluid filled chambers) Ovarian abscessation and oophoritis In a dairy cow (2021) Ovary Differential Diagnosis for the ovarian mass/increase the size of the ovary: ❑Cystic ovarian disease ❑Ovarian tumour (likely granulosa cell tumour (GCT)) ❑Ovarian abscess Gross description: ❑Oophoritis A single large cavitated ovarian mass. A sheet of attached adipose tissue is seen on the dorsal aspect (arrow). 2- Ovarian Tumors: Different types of tumors affect the ovary, and commonly unilateral of variable diameter up to 20 cm. the most common is the Ovary granulosa cell tumour. Clinical symptoms: A. Hormone secreting-tumors: as granulosa and theca cell tumour which secrete high E2 (nymphomania) and luteal cell tumour which secrete high P4 (Anestrum). Note: Sertoli-leydig cell tumor ------------reported 2017 B. Non-secreting tumors: it cause destruction of ovarian 9 tissues (anestrus) as carcinoma, sarcoma, fibroma  2-Ovarian tumors. Diagnosis: -Easily diagnosed by rectal examination; -The surface is smooth or coarsely lobulated. -Large tumor tends to drop in the abdominal cavity. Treatment: Ovariectomy should be performed either through flank region in large tumor or through vaginal fornix. 10 Granulosa cell tumor.  3-Ovarian Degeneration. Causes: The ovaries are subjected to degenerative changes due to one of the following causes; ❑Exposure to x rays or other radiation. ❑Poisoning with certain minerals as mercury, arsenic, brome, iodine. ❑Bacterial toxins. ❑Overfeeding with proteins 11  3-Ovarian Degeneration. Diagnosis: Ovarian degenerations results in anestrus due to a defect in the ovum structure and atresia of the Graafian follicle. The clinical findings are similar to the extreme form of ovarian inactivity (small-sized, hard and smooth ovary). Treatment is directed to the real cause 12  Path. affections of the oviducts Salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and pyosalpinx Definition: The inflammation of the oviduct, accumulation of fluid and pus, respectively. They are usually extended as secondary affections to the uterine infections. Causes: Most commonly Campylobacter fetus and Trichomonas fetus (mild) and Corynebacterium pyogenes and brucella (sever). Diagnosis and prognosis: Difficult to be diagnosed rectally except in severe forms. Path. affections of oviducts are considered incurable. 13  Path. affections of the oviducts Salpingitis is usually caused by the infections in the uterus, cervix or vagina. The infections spread from these organs and produce salpingitis. It is also seen in cases of peritonitis. Mild forms of salpingitis are difficult to diagnose and usually detected after slaughtering of the animal. It may be unilateral or bilateral. 14  Path. affections of the oviducts Clinical symptoms In severe form, it becomes thick, hard and swollen. It appears as a cord-like. When there is large accumulation of fluid (Hydrosalpinx), it appears as a cyst. Prevention is more advantageous than treatment. If uterine infection is treated early, it prevents the spread of the disease to the tubes. In bilateral case, the animal is sterile and has to be culled. 15  Path. affections of the oviducts Clinical symptoms 16  Path. affections of the oviducts The most significant causes of infertility in cattle and buffaloes leading to major economic losses. Long-term affections are suffering from infertility due to low conception rates and repeat breeding, higher costs of insemination and replacement of dams are the major causes of economic losses. 17  Patency of the oviducts A. Rubin test (Air inflation): Not recommended B. McDonald test: 30 gm starch in 500 ml distilled water ---------- prepared sterile -------------intraperitoneal (flank)------------ 12-24 hrs later, vaginal mucous is tested with diluted iodine -----Blue Note: Modified McDonald test C. Phenol Sulphophthalin (PSP) test: Intrauterine 20 ml 0.1% PSP ------- Then 10 mL urine is collected after 1 hour --------------- 0.2 mL trisodium orthophosphate 10% ---------------- +ve red/pink 18  5.A- Endometritis. Definition: It means inflammation of the endometrium, and is considered as a common problem in the cow. It affects the fertility of the animal due to failure of conception without effect on the general health condition Causes: Ascending infections: The organisms usually reach the uterus from the vagina following coitus, insemination, or parturition. The common pathogens are Campylobacter and Trichomonas during mating (Venereal), Corynebacterium and clostridium during or after parturition 19 5.A- Endometritis. Pathogenesis: 20 5.A- Endometritis. Pathogenesis: 21  5.A- Endometritis. Symptoms and clinical findings: Repeat breeder syndrome (Regular), due to failure of conception, is the common sign of endometritis. The animal rarely shows signs of systemic illness. Milk yield and appetite may be slightly decreased. In severe cases, there may be a mucopurulent discharge and flakes of pus. Estral mucus at heat is turbid or cloudy. 22 5.A- Endometritis. Diagnosis: Case history of breeding and condition of previous calving, Clinical findings: as previously stated. Rectal findings: uterus elongated, smooth and turgid. And enlarged cervix (cervicitis) Vaginal examination and metricheck: enlarged portio- vaginalis if cervicitis exist, and turbid estral mucous. Ultrasonography. 23 5.A- Endometritis. Diagnosis: Metricheck 1 2 3 4 4 24 5.A- Endometritis. Diagnosis: 25 5.A- Endometritis. Diagnosis: 26 5.A- Endometritis. Treatment: Intrauterine infusion with an irritant antiseptic such as lugol's solution (5 ml from the stock solution in 100 ml of distilled water) or lotagen 2 %, Povidone iodine 1-2%. Intrauterine infusion of 0.5 - 1.0 gm of streptomycin (in DW) or oxytetracycline dissolved (in 15 to 40 ml saline) In presence of CL, PGF2α together with intrauterine infusion of lugol's or lotagen solution. Recently, immunomodulators (lipo-polysacharides) in a dose of 100 µg dissolved in 40 ml of phosphate buffer saline Passive immunization by intrauterine infusion of autogenous serum or plasma derived from the affected animal (15-40 ml) or Platelet-Rich Plasma  5.A- Endometritis. Treatment: Elmetwally et al., 2020 Combination of PGF2 and Gentamicin