Microbial Biotechnology Lecture PDF

Microbial Biotechnology Hussein Sabit, PhD  Lecture Objectives Recognize the basics and impact of microbial biotechnology.  Introduction.. Microorganisms are used in industrial settings to produce many important chemicals, antibiotics, organic compounds, and pha...

Microbial Biotechnology Hussein Sabit, PhD  Lecture Objectives Recognize the basics and impact of microbial biotechnology.  Introduction.. Microorganisms are used in industrial settings to produce many important chemicals, antibiotics, organic compounds, and pharmaceuticals. Using living organisms as chemical synthesis factories is a less expensive processes. The by-products of biosynthetic reactions are usually less toxic and hazardous than those of industrial.  Microbes have existed on the earth for over 3.6 billion years. 60% of the living matter is comprised of microorganisms. Less than 1% of all bacteria have been identified, cultivated and studied in the laboratory. Yet we are literally surrounded by microbes all the time. Bacteria can talk via quorum sensing, where they release signaling molecules to coordinate group behaviors like biofilm formation and virulence.  Using microorganisms In: Biological products Biological processes Biological solutions Is referred to as Industrial Biotechnology White Biotechnology Is an emerging field within modern Biotechnology that serves industry. It uses living cells like yeasts or bacteria, as well as enzymes to produce goods and services. Living cells can be used as they are or improved to work as "cell factories" to produce enzymes for industry. White Biotech can help realize substantial gains for both environment, consumers and industry.  Microbial Biotechnology Cell factories Biofuels Sugars Biomaterials Biochemicals  How bacteria grown? Bacteria are grown on nutrient media containing the main elements required for its duplication. How do bacteria appear?  Single cell protein ▪ Microbes have been used as food and food supplements for several thousands of years. For example: ▪ As a supplement in soups. ▪ Animal feed to contribute additional protein, minerals and vitamins. ▪ A monoculture of algal, bacterial, or fungal cells has a protein content that is 70%-80% of its dry weight. When such a monoculture is growing in large volumes for use as human or livestock feed supplements it is called Single Cell Protein or SCP.  Products from microorganisms ▪ Antibiotics through fermentation with important uses in medicine. ▪ Nutrients ▪ Coloring for a wide variety of food, fungus Penicillium gives blue cheese and flavor. ▪ Amino acids are used as flavor enhancers such as alanine, asparatic acid and glutamic Acid and nutritional supplements such as therionine, methionine, and lysine. ▪ Pharmaceutical active compounds such as antinflamatory, antidepressants, and anti-coagulants. Ordinary vs. Biotechnology-based products  Organic acids lactic acid: building block chemical, polymers succinic acid: building block chemical Products from White citric acid: food, detergents, industry Biotechnology Amino acids Lysin: food, feed Amino acid precursers: building block chemicals, polymers Alcohols Ethanol: biofuels Butanol: biofuels, solvents Propanediol: building block chemical, polymers  Applications of Microbial biotechnology I Pharmaceuticals 1. Manufacture of Vitamin B2 Substituted multi-step chemical process with a one step biological process using a genetically modified organism. 2. Production of cephalosporin Converted chemical synthesis to biological process. Old chemical route – used chlorinated solvents, hazardous chemicals. Biological process – no toxic ingredients. Reduced air, water and land pollution discharges. 3. Vaccine development Vaccine development through microbial biotechnology involves using microorganisms or their components to stimulate the immune system and confer immunity against specific pathogens. Examples: Hepatitis B Vaccine Ebola Vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Vaccine  Types of vaccines 1. Inactivated vaccines The pathogen is killed using heat or formalin, as for example, typhoid vaccines. 2. Toxoids The toxin from the pathogen is used as an antigen to produce the vaccine. 3. Acellular vaccines Only the antigenic component of the organism is used instead of the whole organism, as in Haemophilus influenza B vaccine. Types of vaccines 4. Attenuated vaccines The pathogen is weakened (attenuated) by aging or altering growth conditions, but is alive, as in the case of measles, mumps and rubella vaccines. 5. Avirulent organisms A non-pathogenic strain of a pathogenic organism is used as a vaccine, as in BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the tuberculosis bacterium. Types of vaccines 6. DNA vaccines Selected segments of DNA, when introduced into the patient's system synthesize and deliver proteins that are needed to replace the defective enzyme system or tag a cell for destruction. Viruses or lipid vehicles are used to deliver the DNA into the cells. This recent technology is being tried to produce vaccines against HIV, by a direct injection of plasmid borne DNA  Industrial Biotechnology II 4. Synthesis of Polyester Adhesives New enzyme process more energy efficient. New process eliminated the need to use organic solvents and inorganic acids. Environmental improvements were realized along with improved product quality. 5. Bio-Polymer Production Production of Poly-lactic acid (PLA polymer) from corn sugar replaces petroleum feedstock. PLA can replace Polyester and polystyrene. PLA is compostable. PLA is carbon neutral-Co2 is recycled. In the future, PLA will be made from oligo cellulosic biomass.  6. Enzyme production 1. Amylase: Used in the food industry for starch breakdown, in brewing, and in detergents. Produced by Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis. 2. Protease: Used in laundry detergents, leather processing, meat tenderizing, and pharmaceuticals. Produced by Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus oryzae. 3. Cellulase: Used in the textile industry, paper production, and biofuel production for breaking down cellulose. Produced by Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus niger. 4. Lipase: Used in food processing (for fat breakdown), detergent formulation, and biodiesel production. Produced by Candida lipolytica, Aspergillus niger. 5. Lactase: Used in the dairy industry to hydrolyze lactose, making it digestible for lactose-intolerant individuals. Produced by Aspergillus oryzae, Kluyveromyces lactis.  Energy Production III 7. Ethanol from Biomass Ethanol currently produced by fermenting grain (old technology). Cellulose enzyme technology allows conversion of crop residues (stems, leaves and hulls) to ethanol. Results in reduced CO2 emissions by more than 90% (compared to oil). Allows for greater domestic energy production and it uses a renewable feedstock.  Food and Beverage IV Industry 8. Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation in Beer and Wine Production. Microorganisms Used: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Lactic Acid Fermentation in Yogurt Production. Microorganisms Used: Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. 9. Probiotics Probiotic Yogurt. Microorganisms Used: Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Kefir. Microorganisms Used: A mixture of bacteria (such as Lactobacillus species) and yeasts (such as Saccharomyces species). 10. Food Preservation Pickling (Lactic Acid Fermentation). Microorganisms Used: Lactobacillus species. Fermented Sauerkraut. Microorganisms Used: Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus species.