Cytology (Cells) + Cellular Respiration - Lecture Notes PDF

Ch2 Cytology cells Cellular Respiration cytology retunctionsanatomyasharecharacteristics netipishtithing of dispose wasteproducewaste cellwilldie internalmicroscopic external neutr...

Ch2 Cytology cells Cellular Respiration cytology retunctionsanatomyasharecharacteristics netipishtithing of dispose wasteproducewaste cellwilldie internalmicroscopic external neutronsseenw nakedeye shapeinfluence Cell bloodneuronsdon'tundergo Level 1: List & give examples of cellular function ering Keratinocyteprovideprotectivebarrier Skinorgan in That interggainside ofhollowedorgans frage adipocyteprovideenergy fatcell energy adiposetissue fibershortentomovebonefoodfluidsloweringcollegenfiber vement muscle musclestissue nection fibroblasts createcollogen fibro bonetobone ligaments connectbonetobone enseWBCwhitebloodcells attack pathogens munication neutronscontrolbodyfunction nervos roduction gametsastemcells createbabies of growthrepair cellsneeded List 3 basic components all cells share to typicalcellnonexistentgeneralizedcells 3basicparts plasma cellmembrane cytoplasm nucleus Describe the function of the plasma membrane hysicalbarrierflexiblefluidmolecularlayer extracellulara intracellular selectivelypermeable volumelesscytoplasmtotravethruamoresurfacearea List the 3 components of the plasma membrane pidsmainstructurethatcreatesmajorityofmmbrne oteinsdeterminesfunction ofmembrane calyxglucose externalcarbcoatcreatesfuzzyforlips yco  List & describe the 3 types it lipids found in the cell membrane Membranelipids 2insolubleinHill 3 Types: Phospholipidsarrangedin 2layersw headfacingout tailsfacingin head polarhydrophili HO phosphate groups a cnoefetii.iepsftrehgtiehhPm'bin in émp makessuredoesntfallapart win hydrophobicregionofMmbrn intracellular adhesion List & describe the 2 proteins found in the cell membrane Proteinsmade ofaminoacidschainsthatdeterminecellfunction Integralinsidethrummbrne transportsoluteactastransportproteins enzymes Peripheral lineoutsideofmmbrnthathelpsw intercellur connection anchor cytoskeleton signaltransduction Describe the overall anatomy of the cell membrane, including the arrangement of: Lipids, proteins, glycocalyx outsideHio Peripheralprotein cellIDglycolipid Headpolarhydrophiliclipid lipid 88 gagging giggrophobic in temp Eileen hit hesitatedTith dhsportation interigham Proteinstransportssolutesenzymes aglycoprotein insideHio Describe the difference between passive & active transport Factors of Transport Across the Membrane: oftransportproteins soluteeithersideofmmbrn Plasmamembranestructure foughtlife ftp.gpiffam.ggstn8t m lÑ smaller moleculecan ones easilytransierthanbigger 2 Types of Transportation: assive O ftp.T YcohYenMleacnequalibriu Ctive RQoiesenergy.hneenkhinfa concentrationgradient Changmmbrnshape n List & describe the different types of passive & active transport 4 Types Passive Transport: simplediffusionnonpolarsmallsolutesgoH L concen W NOATP Whynon poplarsoluteswon'tberepelledbylipidsmajMmbrn needstobesmallenoughto squeezebetPhospolip gasexchange inlungs osmosis HOH LconcenW NOATPthruintegralproteinscalledaquaporins WhyHO ispolar willberepelledbylipidsaquaporinswillpreventinteractiontocrossundected facilitated diffusion large orpolarsolutes H L concen W NOATPhelpofintegralprotein Whylargesolutesaretoobig tosqueezebet phospolipid polarornonpolar willberepelledby phospholipids BulkFiltrationpassivetransportofHOandsolutesacrossmmbrnusinghydrostaticpressure cellgrowth bulkfiltration Whysolutesaretoobigforfacilitateddiffussionathepressure generatedfromosmosispushedtheproteinthrummbrn cell causesHiomoveout hypertonic soluteconcenoutside 1k um cellshrinks as 9h0 hypotonic soluteconcenOutsidecell causes tomovein OSMOSISwhen acellisplaced cellgrows inhypotonicsolution atO canleadtobulkfiltration ketophilii bite concen in out H2omoves inbothdirection 2 Types of Active Transport: ionpumpintegralproteinstopumpionsfrom L H bulktransportanactivetransportof bigmoleculessubstancesacrossmmbrnusingvesicles V9ATP extocytosissolutemovesout of cell endoyagsfitomsisesgeinetan.EE nonspecific cellulareatingbycreatingpseudopia invagination I p.to hEaiaieaeniiiciiesisainderingi a 1mn List the components of the cytoplasm cytoplasm allmaterials solidaliquid bett mmbrnanucleus cytosolthickfluidthatfillstells ahasHOions molecules 2Inclusionslargecollectionofaspecificsolute 2typesmmbrnbound a nonmmbrn bound 3organellesspecializedstructionsthatperformvariousfunctions List all membrane bound and non-membrane bound organelles Membrane Bound: Non-Membrane Bound: nucleus lysosome freeafixed ribosomes RoughasmoothER peroxisome centrioles golgiapparatus mitochondrain Ckto skeleton  Level 2: List the functions of membrane proteins transport movementofsubstancesacrossmmbrnTprotein solute intercellorconnection anchorageforcytoskeleton cellshape enzymeactivity ion pump cellcellrecognitionglycoproteins signaltransductionoutsidemolecule insidecell changefunction Describe the factors that affect transport across the cell membrane: Concentration Gradient, Lipid Solubility, Molecular Size, Number of Transport Proteins concentrationarea diffamountofsoluteconcenbett 2areas largergradient more transportwilloccuras solutestry to reachequalibrium lipidsolubility ftp.hpj can'tpassmmbrnfreely a needtransportproteinsto helpthemmove canpassmmbrn molecularsize isgafiitira ettergYYransterthru oftransportproteinsdetermineshoweffectivelymolecule exita entercell usetransportproteinsduringpassivetransport facilitated Tproteins Ian thats I it it if veggites Describe the 3 components of the cytoplasm: organelles, cytosol, & inclusions cytosolthickfluidthatfillstellsahasHOions molecules againYesiéiaiéa in.inthatnertoritarioustheniin9 9 1es mmornbound nonmmorn bound Describe the function of each organelle smoothendoplasmicreticulumsynthesislipidsmetabolizescarbohydratesdetoxitiesdrugs alcohol iii attain lysosomedigestsmaterialbroughtintocellawornoutorganelles mail.iintosomaemme causesautolysis peroxisomeconverts hydrogenperoxide Hio mitochondriaproducesATP bycellularrespiration nucleuscontainsDNAa acts ascontrol center nucleoussynthesizesrRNA a assembles ribosomes fixedribosomesassembles proteinsforcellmmbrn orforsecretionoutsideofcell freeribosomesassembles proteins thatstay w incell microvilli mmbrnsurfaceareafor absorption orsecretion ciliamovesfluidmucus materialsoverthecell'ssurface centrosomedirectsformation of mitoicspindle in cells cytoskeletonprovidesstructuralsupportforcellahelps organelles flagellumpropels spermcellsinmales  Level 3: Describe what type of transport is occurring & does the cell membrane allow or does not allow for it to occur. A cell containing a solution with a red small polar solute is placed in a beaker containing a blue large non- polar solute. After 5 min, you notice both the inside of the cell and the beaker water are purple (the color blue & red make when mixed). The cell has also maintained its’ weight & volume. What Specific type(s) of passive transport, if any, occurred? What cellular anatomy allowed, or did not allow, for this to occur? Red solute: activetransportoffacilitateddiffusionwhere large or polarsolutesusingtransportproteinsmoving H Iconcen Is smallenoughtosqueezebettphospholipidbutit'spolar awillberepelledbynonpolarlipids Blue solute:activetransportoffacilitateddiffusionwheresmallsolutesfromH Lconcen although nonpolarlipids ofmmbrnitstoobigtosqueezebett willneedhelpfromintegralprotein Describe what organelles would need to work together to accomplish the following: Create a protein that would stay in the cell nucleusDNAainstructions nucleousproducesribosomesneededforsythesis freeribosomessynthesizedproteinsthatwillstayincytoplasm cytoplasmfreeribosomesfunctiona proteinsareused Create a protein that would leave the cell nucleusMRNAforproteinsynthesis nucleusproducesribosomesforassembly fixedribosomestoassembleaminoacidchainthatgoestoRER RERsynthesizeproteinsfor secretion golgiapparatusmodifiespackages asortssynthesizedproteinsforsecretion Create a lipid that would leave the cell nucleusDNAainstructions gigapptanravi.nlaife paiiiaEsasortssynthesizedlipidsforsecretion Breakdown material brought into the cell cellmmbrnallowssubstancesenterthruendocytosis vesiclescarrymaterialinside lysosomesdigestiveenzymesbreakdownmaterial peroxisomes helpbreaktoxins cytoskeletonprovidesstructralsupportforcellahelps organelles BioG 220 Crescimanno Golden West College 5b. List and describe the 2 types (and subcategories) of Active Transport: 1._______________________________ Important notes: 2._______________________________ Important notes (include notes on exocytosis and endocytosis including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis): To complete at home: 1. Cellular anatomy: Label the organelles below: BioG 220 Crescimanno Golden West College 2. Cellular anatomy: Label the cell membrane components below: 3. Cell Organelles: Place and “M” next to the organelle if it is membrane-bound and a “NM” next to the organelle if it is nonmembrane-bound. ____ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ____ Ribosomes ____ Golgi Apparatus ____ Lysosome ____Smooth E. R ____ Nucleus ____ Centrosome ____ Mitochondria ____ Peroxisome ____ Cytoskeleton 4. Cell Organelles: Match the organelle to it’s function. Organelles” Function: ___ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum a. Provides structural support for the cell and helps organelles to move. ___ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum b. Digests material brought into cell & worn-out organelles, causes autolysis ___ Golgi Apparatus c. Produces ATP by cellular respiration ___ Lysosome d. Directs formation of mitotic spindles in dividing cells ___ Peroxisome e. Acts as control center; contains all DNA ___Mitochondria f. Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and alcohol ___Nucleus g. Converts hydrogen peroxide into water ___Nucleolus h. Move fluid, mucus, and materials over cells surface ___ Fixed Ribosome i. Synthesizes rRNa and assembles ribosomes ___Free Ribosome j. Synthesizes proteins for secretion, cell membrane, and lysosomal enzymes ___Microvilli k. Assembles proteins that stay within the cell ___Cilia l. Propels sperm cells in human male ___Centrosome m. Increases membrane surface area for increased absorption or secretion ___ Cytoskeleton n. Assembles proteins for the cell membrane or for secretion outside of cell ___ Flagellum o. Modifies, packages, and sorts synthesized proteins for secretion