Counseling In Al Quran Dan Al Sunnah Lecture 11 PDF

Counseling In Al Quran dan Al Sunnah Lecture 11 Nature of Maladjusment / Psychological Adjustment Problems  Introduction In helping client counselor needs to get an explanation of client’s problems. It may include an explanation of the nature a...

Counseling In Al Quran dan Al Sunnah Lecture 11 Nature of Maladjusment / Psychological Adjustment Problems  Introduction In helping client counselor needs to get an explanation of client’s problems. It may include an explanation of the nature and causes of the client’s difficulties, an account of how these problems developed over time and a classification of any disorders, a specification of prefered treatment procedures, and an estimate of the chances for a successful resolution. This description, however, from a psychotherapeutic procedures.  Nature of maladjustment From the western perspective The nature of maladjustment from western perspective are viewed from various main theory of counseling / psychotherapy such as psychoanalysis psychotherapy, humanistic therapy, behaviour therapy, cognitive therapy, control therapy and transactional anaylysis theory.  Psychoanalysis : - Human beings are the victim of unconscious determinants, which motivate them to seek immediate fullfillment of basic needs. As such, human beings were seen in a negative light often tending to act irrationally and impulsively to satisfy selfish interests.  continuition - The psychic process in neurosis and psychosis had a fundamental unity. The symptom of the psychotic are explainable by the same unconscious mental processes that give rise to the symptoms of the neurotic client and the dreams of a normal person. The psychotic withdraws from the world and people, often thinking that the world has changed and that people are unreal. Thus the psychotic has a break with reality. Person Centred Counseling Whenever an individual’s perception of his or her experience is distorted or denied a state of psychological maladjusment and vulnerability exists. Distortation or denial occurs when an experience is held to be incongruent with one’s self structure.  Example: If a young woman’s concept of self include “I am not popular with guys” she can distort the experience of obtaining a date to make it congruent with the self by stating “He must really be terrible, awful, ugly to ask me out” or deny it by stating, “He can’t relly like me, and once he sees me he’ll leave, vomit, tell everybody what a loser I am.” The incongruence between self concept and experience is never accurately identified by the individual.  Gestalt Therapy Perls viewed neurosis is the major manifestation of maladjusted behaviour. The development of neurotic behaviour is related to the three concepts of agression, maintenance of homeostasis, and the interaction of a person and the environment. Because an individual is both an individual and a social creature, the person’s life is the interaction between him/her and the environment, which is contantly changing.  continuition The individual must be able to change his or her techniques of manipulation and interaction in response. Neurosis arises when the individual become incapable of doing this. His or her behaviour become the same regardless of the demands of the situation. People are neurotic when their attempts to maintain equilibrium lead them to withdraw farther and farther from society.  Behaviour Therapy Maladaptive behaviour like the adaptive behaviour are learned. This being the case they can also be unlearned. For example people become “sick” because he/she receives treatment (attention) and causes considerable attention among significant others. Conversely, the adversive stimuli the client encounters may play an even greater part in the development of maladjustment. By escaping or avoiding a situation, one strenghtens behaviour by removing the aversive stimuli.  continuition A second group of maladaptive behaviours may be learned through operant conditioning. Patterns of maladaptive behaviours in operant conditioning are shaped, increased, and maintained through reinforcement. For example the stomachache and the camping trip may be taken a step further Cognitive Therapy Maladjustment stems from distorted cognitions. One of the systematic errors in cognitive reasoning is selective abstraction (viewing the event out of context). A great deal of client behavioural dysfunction derives from systematic errors, distorted thinking or expectations, and/or maladaptive cognitions.  Maladaptive cognition springs from several cognition deficits : (1) selective attention- ignoring relevant stimuli and attending to irrelevant stimuli; (2) misperception – mislabeling certain stimuli, both internal and external; (3) maladaptive focusing – focusing on irrelevant external events or stimuli; (4) maladaptive self arousal – focusing on irrelevant internal cues and or stimuli; and (5) repertory deficiencies – limited or maladaptive behaviour caused by deficiencies in cognitive (covert) and/or behavioural (overt) skills.  Transactional Analysis Emotional disturbance reflects learned behaviours based on early decisions children make. One aspect of the script decision involves adopting a life position. One possible choice is an “I’m OK – You’re OK” life position, in which case the child has chosen a winner’s script. On the other hand the child may decide “I’m OK – You’re not OK”, “I’m not Ok – You’re OK”, or “I’m not OK – You’re not OK”, all of which continuition are unhealthy life position leading to “loser” scripts. Such “loser” script decisions commonly take three general forms: 1. “I’m sad – a depressive decision by persons who believe they are “not OK” in relation to others 2. “I’m mad” – a paranoid decision by persons who have decided they will be “OK” at the expence of others being “not OK”; 3. “I’m scared” – a shizophrenic decision by persons who have decided that they are “not OK” nor is anyone else. Thus one way of viewing pathology is to consider the maladadjusted individual as having opted for a “loser” script Almost all major models of western psychoterapy /counseling that we have discussed ; make somewhat different assumption about nature of human maladjustment. Although there are many variation on most models of human maladptive behaviour the basic models remain relatively distinct and are to some extent contradictary. Their view of human maladjustment are basically incomplete taking the parts as a whole and secular. All these approaches deliberately ignore the spiritual aspect in man, an aspect without which one cannot hope to understand man’s nature of maladjustment. Consequently they failed to arrive at a logical conclusion in describing the nature of man. The western psychotherapy have been developed and used yet the number of maladjusted and mentally disturbed people increased anually.  The Nature Of Human Maladjustment From The Islamic Perspective 1. Islam stresses from the beginning that although man is created pure and good and in the state of fitrah whereby he knows God, he is endowed, on the other hand , with animal impulses attached both to his soul and his body which might lead him to deviate from the “fitrah”. The environment plays a major role in this respect. Moreover Islam adds that although it is possible for God to force all people to be good , He decides to give them freedom of choice; Al Quran : “ Say, the truth is from your Lord; Let him who will believe, and let him who will reject it” (Quran , 18: 29)  Thus for a man to be a true vicegerent of Allah on this earth and to quality for eternal bliss in the hereafter, he should make his choices properly.  2. The Quran mentions that man is naturally weak, both physically and spiritually “……For man was created weak in flesh.” ( Quran, 4:28) Thus , he should not be overburdened with very heavy tasks. There is need to properly understand each individual capacity, ability and difference. In addition, related to man’s inclination and proness to do evil, 2.1. Man is very hasty in nature and always seek to achieve quick results “Man is a creature of haste: soon (enough) will I show you My Signs ; then ye will not ask me to hasten them (Quran , Al Ambia:37).  This may be the reason why Allah stressed the importance of patience and perseverance: “Those who persevere in patience, and put their trust, in their Lord and their cherisher” (Quran, Al Ankabut :59).  2.2. By nature man very easily become ungrateful and forgets the good things someone has done for him: “It is He Who gave you life, will cause you to die, and will again give you life: Truly man man is a most ungrateful creature” (Quran, Al Hajj :66) 2.3. man like to harden his heart as describe in Al Quran “Give a little, then hardens (his heart) (Al Najm:34) Likewise, when he suffers from any problem or loss or if he is unable to attained the desired results, he very easily fall into despair: “When We gave men a taste of mercy, they exult threat : and when some evils afflicts them because of what their (own) hands have sent forth, behold, they are in despair !” (Quran Al Rum: 36) 2.4 man when he gets something and becomes better than others in one way or another he can become foolishly proud: “Now as for man, when his Lord trieth him, giving him honour and gifts, then saith he, (puffed up), “my Lord hath honoured me” (Quran , Al Fajr :15) “ But when He trieth him, restricting his subsistence for him, then saith he (in despair),“My lord hath humiliated me” (Quran , Al Fajr: 16) 2.5. Man is ignorant : he only knows by the grace of Allah very little of the (ghayb), unseen but acts as if he knows everything, They ask these concerning the Spirits (of inspirition) Say : “The Spirit (cometh) by command of my lord : of knowledge, it is only a little that is communicated to you” ( Quran, Al Isra :85) 2.6. Man can very easily become unjust an ingrate “Truly man , to his Lord, ungrateful” (Quran Al Adiyat :6) “And violent is he in his love of wealth” (Ouran Al Adiyat : 8)  3. Disbelieve in Allah and Lack of Faith It has been pointed out that faith fills the heart with comfort, security, reassurance and contentment and makes man free that God supports him in time of adversity. Thus a deviation from that path is one of the biggest barriers to real happiness both in this world and the hereafter. Thus a client who feel desperate or frustrated of life could be diagnosed to a problem of lack of faith in God.  3.1. Hopelessness One of the major precipitating causes of mental ill health is the feeling of frustration and despair. This is due to envy and jealousy. As a result of these negative emotion man’s life is shadowed by such unhealthy psychic states such as anxiety and depression. In this situation, Quran directed him not to compare himself with others. The Holy Quran says: Al Quran : “ And covet not those things in which Allah has bestowed his gifts more freely on some of you than on others, but ask Allah for His Bounty” (Quran 4: 32) Thus counselors must encourage clients to have self confidence in themselvs and never to lose hope even when they are not performing well in their undertakings. 3.2. Excessive anger Anger often leads to awful results when it gets hold of people and scatters the bonds of affection among them (Tabbarrah, 1978). Anger has been responsible for certain psychosomatic illness. The Holy Prophet reapeated the statement “Do not get angry”. 3 times to the man that requested the Prophet to counsel him. Similarly the Holy Quran has directed Muslims to control their emotions, it states: “ Those who are refrains their anger and are forgiving toward mankind, Allah loves those who do good” ( Quran, 3 : 134) 3.3. Suspicion In its call for the respect of others, the Holy Quran says: “ Oh ye who believe ! Avoid suspicion as much as possible, for suspicion in some cases is a sin; and spy not on each other, nor backbite one another” (Quran, 49:13) Therefore clients ought to be encouraged to have (hasnuz-zon) good feelings towards their fellow brothers 3.4. Back biting and rumour mongering Islam makes people withhold from backbiting,condemning the back bitter as one who eats the flesh of his dead brother. The Quran as quoted above explains that if believers abhor eating the flesh of a dead brother, they should therefore abhor speaking ill of him in the back. 3.5 Arrogance Arrogance is a social vice that sows the seeds of separation and hostility among individuals. The Quran as well mentions that arrogant people have always been the most obstinate to comply with the the call of Allah’s messengers. Quran :  Quran: “The leaders of the arrogant party among his people said to those who were reckoned powerless – those among them who believed : “Know ye indeed that Salih is an apostle from his Lord?”. They said “We do indeed believe in the revelation which hath been sent through him” Al Araf :75  Another example is the people of: “ ‘Ad who insolently refused God’s Guidance, and their punishment was a grievious suffering in the present life and the hereafter (Quran 41:15) It is clear from the Quran verses cited above that arrogance could to man’s suffering physically, mentally and spiritually 3.6. Forgetful As man is naturally weak, both physically and spiritually he always become forgetful especially when man is burdened with lots of work, responsibilities and conflicts. 3.7 Restless / fidgety Man can easily become nervous and uneasy when they experience difficulties in their life such as failure, sickness, disaster and misfortune. Allah says “Truly man was created very impatient. Fretful when evil touches him” ( Al Maarij 19-20 )  3.8. Poor relation with others It is the obligation of every man to keep normal relations with other human beings, especially those who are closely related to him by relations of blood or neighbourhood. Scholars argue that the secret of mental health lies in observing certain rights and obligations. These includes right of other people upon him. They argue further that a healthy person is one who fullfills his personal as well as social duties to the best of his ability. The following beautiful verse is his code of conduct : Al Quran : “ Allah commands justice, and the doing of good (i.e kindness) to kith and kin, and he forbids shameful deeds and injustice and rebellion.. …… ( Quran 16: 90)  Once the above attributes are strictly followed, the person will remain free from worries and anxieties. Paychologists agree on this point that a well adjusted person is one whose social life is well regulated. We have seen from the previous discussion that unless man shuns those vices such as envy, rumour mongering, hopelessness and the like he will continue to be psychologically sick. Therefore, it is in the recognition of this that the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.) counseling the believers Thus ; “Do not envy one another; do not outbid one another, do not shun one another, and don’t enter into a transaction when the others have entered into that transaction; and be as fellow brothers and servants of Allah” (narrated by Muslim) Theory of Human Problem by Ibn Qayim NEGATIVE WHISPER (SUSPICIOUS) NEGATIVE EMOTION NEGATIVE NEGATIVE SHAHWAH BAHAVIOUR NEGATIVE NAGATIVE HABITS: HABITS - PHYSICAL - COGNITIVE - EMOTION  According to Ibn Qayim the development of human problems stems from the negative whisper from inside man’s mind or the whisper of shaytan that leads man to become suspicious or do not confident in himself / herself. This will cause man to have negative emotion / feeling which then leads man to have negative shahwah or feel the pleasure / satisfaction. The feeling of pleasure will motivate man to do something negative (behaviour). If this behaviour is repeated it become habits in man According to Yusof Hussein (1993), men have problems with : Allah - do not believe - do not obey Allah - ungrateful Other Human Beings - hate / envy - become enemy Self - do not cinfident in self - do not know in self World / nature - scared of darkness - poluted the earth - greedy  Conclusion Islam teaches that every human being is no more no less than a creation of Allah, and all are born equal. Sadly the worth of individuals as they grow into adults becomes spolied by the extent to which they fall away from the standards set for humanity by the Creator. Natural reason enables any person whose mind is not damaged to ‘see’ the evidence for the existence of Allah, but no person is forced to accept it or act upon it.It is purely a matter of choice. Thank you