PRELIM_ Introduction to Counseling.pdf

PRELIM: Introduction to Counseling BS Psychology | 3-Y1-1 | Mr. Antonio Rodil, RPm | 1st | 2024 Mandatory Ethics - minimum professional standards Lesson 1: Guidance and Counseling Aspirational Ethics - str...

PRELIM: Introduction to Counseling BS Psychology | 3-Y1-1 | Mr. Antonio Rodil, RPm | 1st | 2024 Mandatory Ethics - minimum professional standards Lesson 1: Guidance and Counseling Aspirational Ethics - striving for the best interests of clients Positive Ethics - focus on doing good, not just Internalizing Counseling as a Professional avoiding harm Discipline Counseling Psyhcology integrates theory, Informed Consent research, and practice Focus: Addresses emotional, social, and Client’s right to be informed and involved in decisions developmental concerns Content includes: Emphasis on developmental, preventative, Goals of counseling and wellness approaches Rights and responsibilities Confidentiality limits Therapist qualification The Counselor as a Therapeutic Person Promotes collaboration and trust The counselor’s personal development is key Confidentiality Self-awareness and psychological well-being are crucial Core to the therapist-client relationship Important Traits: Authenticity, empathy, Exceptions: genuineness Threat to self or others Abuse cases Legal requests Personal Therapy for the Counselor Ethical Dilemma: balancing privacy with duty to report Personal therapy helps process the counselor’s own experiences Cultural Considerations Maintains the counselor’s mental health Enhances empathy and self-awareness, Ethical couseling must consider the client’s cultural improving effectiveness context Challenges: traditional theories may not be relevant to all cultural groups The Counselor’s Values and the Therapeutic Goal: create culturally congruent therapeutic Process strategies Counselors must be aware of their values Avoid imposing personal values on clients Dual and Multiple Relationships Maintaining a nonjudgmental attitude is essential When therapists hold more than one role with Becoming an Effective Multicultural Counselor a client Cultural competence is crucial Examples: therapist-teacher, social Understand and respect cultural differences involvement Ethical Risks: power imbalances, potential Adapt counseling approaches accordingly exploitation Best Practice: avoid or manage these Issues Faced by Beginning Therapists relationships with integrity Common Challenges: Anxiety, confidence, ethical Evidence-Based Practice dilemmas Using empirically supported methods for Supervision, mentorship, and self-care are key supports treatment Goal: improve effectiveness and public health Challenge: balancing standardized treatments Conclusion: with indivudual client needs ‘ Counseling Psychology requires self-awareness, cultural competence, and ongoing development Conclusion These aspects enhance the counselor’s ability to Ethical dilemmas require continuous reflection support clients effectively Being an ethical counselor involves ongoing self-awareness and a commitment to client Lesson 2: Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice welfare Ethical Principles guide professional conduct Goal: Encourage ethical reflection to aid Lesson 3: Psychoanalytic Therapy decision-making Overview of Psychoanalytic Therapy Consider laws, values, and the impact on clients Developed by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century Levels of Ethics Other contributors: Alfred Adler and Carl Jung Focuses on unconscious motives, conflicts, and early childhood experiences 1 toti 🦊 PRELIM: Introduction to Counseling BS Psychology | 3-Y1-1 | Mr. Antonio Rodil, RPm | 1st | 2024 Goal: bring the unconscious to the conscious to resolve inner conflicts Key Ideas of Jung Sigmund Freud’s Key Concepts Shadow - the shadow represents the unconscious, repressed parts of an individual’s personality, often the Unconscious Mind - the driving force behind behavior aspects they find undesirable or socially unacceptable Psychosexual Stages of Development Key Points: the shadow can include both Oral (0-1 year) - dependency and trust negative traits (e.g., anger, greed) and Anal (1-3 years) - control and independence positive qualities that a person might deny due to societal norms integrating the shadow Phallic (3-6 years) - oedipus complex, is essential for personal growth identification In Therapy: understanding and confronting Latency (6-12 years) - socialization the shadow allows individuals to accept and Genital (12+ years) - mature sexual integrate their whole self, leading to a more relationships balanced personality Id, Ego, Superego Anima/Animus - these are the unconscious feminine Id - instinctual desires (anima) and masculine (animus) aspects within each individual. Jung believed that men have an inner Ego - reality principle anima (feminine aspect) and women have an inner Superego - morality and conscience animus (masculine aspect) Defense Mechanism Key Point: the anima and animus represents Repression - blocking unacceptable thoughts the opposite gender qualities within each from consciousness person, in a healthy psyche, there’s a balance Denial - refusing to accept reality between these forces Projection - attributing one’s own unacceptable Anima - represents sensitivity, emotions, intuition (femininity) feelings to others Animus - represents logic, assertiveness, Displacement - shifting emotions from a rational thinking (masculinity) threatening target to a safer one In Therapy: exploring the anima/animus helps Rationalization - creating logical reason for individuals connect with parts of themselves unacceptable behavior they may have neglected due to societal Sublimation - channeling unacceptable gender roles, fostering greater self-awareness and psychological balance impulses into socially acceptable behavior Individuation - is the process of integrating the conscious and unconscious parts of the psyche, The Therapeutic Process leading to the development of a unique, fully realized self Therapist’s Role Key Point: it involves the reconciliation of the Neutral Stance - acts as a blank slate to persona (the outward mask) with the shadow, encourage transference the anima/animus, and other unconscious Interpretation of dreams and free association elements. The goal is to achieve wholeness Client’s Role and self-actualization Engage in free association In Therapy: the individuation process helps Bring unconscious material to the surface individuals move beyond societal expectations Work through resistance and confront internal and embrace their true, authentic self. It’s conflicts considered the central theme of Jungian therapy and a lifelong process of personal development Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy Free Association - clients speak freely to uncover Contemporary Psychoanalytic Theories unconscious thoughts Dream Analysis - analyzing dreams’ latent content Object-Relations Theory (unconscious meaning) vs. manifest content Focus on early relationships (especially with (storyline) primary caregivers) Transference - clients project feelings about others Key Concept: Separation-Individuation onto the therapist Self Psychology (Hein Kohut) Countertransference - therapist’s emotional Emphasis on self-esteem and self-cohesion reactions to the client Importance of empathy and mirroring Interpretation - therapist provides insight into Relational Psychoanalysis unconscious material Focuses on the dynamic relationship between Analysis of Resistance - understanding why the therapist and client client resists certain topics Therapy as a two-person rather than one-sided analysis Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology Psychoanalysis in Multicultural Context Carl Jung’s Departure from Freud Emphasis on archetypes and the collective Strengths unconscious Can be applied universally to explore core Key Ideas: shadow, anima/animus, individuation human experiences (e.g., family dynamics, Personality Development: Moving toward identity formation) Challenges self-realization 2 toti 🦊 PRELIM: Introduction to Counseling BS Psychology | 3-Y1-1 | Mr. Antonio Rodil, RPm | 1st | 2024 Psychoanalysis may overemphasize Inferiority and Compensation individualism and Western values (e.g., the nuclear family structure) Concept: Alfred Adler believed that all individuals Adaptation to collectivist cultures may require experience feelings of inferiority from early childhood, modifications which stem from our initial dependency and helplessness. These feelings of inadequacy can motivate personal growth and achievement as people Brief Psychodynamic Therapy (BPT) - time-limited, strive to overcome them goal-oriented therapy derived from psychoanalysis Compensation: Individuals respond to inferiority - focuses on specific issues rather than the entire feelings by compensating in areas where they feel personality structure weaker. If these efforts are constructive, they lead to - encourages quick insights and behavioral personal growth. However, if the person overcompensates (e.g., through excessive ambition or change while still exploring the unconscious seeking power over others), it can lead to unhealthy behaviors Contributions of Psychoanalytic Therapy Example: A child who feels inferior in academic performance may work harder to excel in sports, or Historical Influence later in life may strive to become an intellectual leader Laid the foundation for all modern forms of therapy Concepts of the unconscious, transference, Social Interest and defense mechanisms have permeated many school of thoughts Concept: Social interest refers to an individual's Modern Relevance sense of belonging and their drive to contribute Continues to influence therapies like positively to society. Adler saw this as a crucial psychodynamic approaches, rational therapy, element of mental health and attachment theory Importance: Those with a well-developed social interest feel more connected to others, fostering cooperation and empathy. A lack of social interest can Criticisms and Limitations of Psychoanalytic result in isolation, selfishness, and social alienation. Therapy Example: A person who volunteers in community Time-consuming and costly service feels a sense of purpose and connection, Criticized for its lack of empirical validation while someone focused only on personal gain may May not suit clients needing immediate struggle with loneliness and dissatisfaction symptoms relief Cultural Limitations: its origins in Western Lifestyle thought may not align with non-Western values and relational models Concept: Adler viewed "lifestyle" as a person's unique way of striving toward life goals. This is not just about Conclusion behavior but also includes how a person interprets Psychoanalytic therapy continues to be a their experiences and constructs their worldviews. cornerstone of psychological theory and Formation: Lifestyle is developed early in life, influenced by family dynamics, social environment, practice, providing a deep exploration of the and personal choices. It includes attitudes, beliefs, human kind and ways of interacting with the world. Its influence on a subsequent therapeutic Example: A person who grew up in a competitive modalities and psychological concepts is family may develop a lifestyle focused on achievement undeniable and success, while someone raised in a nurturing environment may prioritize relationships and emotional support. Lesson 4: Adlerian Therapy Alfred Adler - Individual Psychology “Adler envisioned a psychology of growth, where people Birth Order could strive to overcome difficulties and actually change Concept: Adler emphasized the role of birth order in their lives.” (Adlerian Psychotherapy) shaping personality. He believed that each position in “They may be my enemies—that I cannot help—but I will the family (oldest, middle, youngest, only child) comes not be theirs. ” —Alfred Adler with unique challenges and experiences that influence one's development. Impact: For example, the oldest child may develop Key Concepts leadership skills but also feel the pressure to meet high expectations, while the youngest child may be Inferiority and Compensation: Overcoming more rebellious or attention-seeking. feelings of inferiority Example: An oldest child might become a Social Interest: The drive to contribute to responsible, achievement-driven adult, while a middle society child may adopt a peacemaking role in family Lifestyle: A person’s unique way of striving dynamics for goals Birth Order: Impact on personality Fictional Finalism: Guiding self-ideals Fictional Finalism Creative Power: Shaping one’s own life Concept: Fictional finalism refers to the guiding 3 toti 🦊 PRELIM: Introduction to Counseling BS Psychology | 3-Y1-1 | Mr. Antonio Rodil, RPm | 1st | 2024 self-ideals or personal fictions that people create to Partnership: Adlerian therapy is based on a navigate their lives. These are the goals, often cooperative and egalitarian relationship between the unconscious, that people strive toward, based on their therapist and client. Both work together as equals to perception of success or fulfillment. explore the client’s life and find ways to overcome Example: A person may hold the belief that "if I challenges. become wealthy, I will be happy, " and this fictional Mutual Respect: The therapist respects the client’s finalism shapes their behavior and choices, even if the autonomy and unique experiences, fostering a sense pursuit of wealth doesn’t lead to true happiness. of empowerment and trust. Example: The therapist may use open-ended questions and reflective listening to guide the client Creative Power toward self-discovery, rather than imposing interpretations or solutions. Concept: Adler emphasized that individuals have the creative power to shape their own lives. This means that people are not passive victims of their Application of Therapeutic Techniques circumstances but active agents in constructing their Early Recollections: Gaining insight into one’s lifestyle reality and future. Application: Through this creative power, individuals Family Constellation: Exploring birth order and sibling can decide how to interpret life events and how to dynamics respond to challenges, empowering them to create Encouragement: Key intervention technique meaningful lives. Reorientation: Developing new perceptions and goals Example: A person raised in poverty may creatively shape their life by developing resilience and striving Lifestyle - the Adlerian lifestyle refers to the collection of for education, seeing challenges as opportunities rather than limitations convictions that the person has developed and uses to navigate life. - These convictions serve many purposes Therapeutic Process in Adlerian Therapy including giving the person a sense of identity, it helps you understand the world, helps you Goals: Identify and change mistaken beliefs maintain control in your life. Role of the Therapist: Encouraging and guiding the client Early Recollections Client-Therapist Relationship: Cooperative partnership Early Recollections: Gaining insight into one’s lifestyle Goals of Adlerian Therapy Technique: Early recollections involve asking the client to recall their earliest memories. These Goals: Identify and change mistaken beliefs recollections are not just seen as random events but Focus: One of the primary goals of Adlerian therapy is as windows into the client’s current lifestyle and to help clients identify and change mistaken beliefs guiding beliefs. about themselves, others, and life. These mistaken Purpose: By examining early memories, therapists beliefs often develop in childhood and can lead to can gain insight into the client’s unconscious maladaptive behaviors and thoughts in adulthood. motivations, lifestyle, and self-concept. Example: A person might believe that they are Example: A client recalls being left out of a childhood unworthy of love because they were neglected as a game, which reveals a long-standing belief of feeling child. Therapy helps the individual recognize this unworthy of attention or inclusion. mistaken belief and replace it with healthier, more constructive views. Family Constellation Role of the Therapist Family Constellation: Exploring Birth Order and Sibling Dynamics Role of the Therapist: Encouraging and guiding the Technique: The therapist explores the client’s family client constellation, including birth order, sibling Role: The therapist acts as a guide and encourager, relationships, and family dynamics. Understanding helping the client explore their life, make sense of their these relationships provides insight into how the experiences, and develop more constructive client’s personality and behavior were shaped. behaviors and attitudes. Instead of being an authority Impact: This exploration helps uncover patterns and figure, the therapist works collaboratively with the roles that the client may still be playing in adulthood. client. Example: A client who was the middle child may have Encouragement: Adlerian therapy relies heavily on developed a strong need for approval from peers, the principle of encouragement. By affirming the which affects their current relationships. client’s strengths and potential, the therapist helps the individual build confidence and motivation to change. Example: Rather than giving direct advice, the Encouragement therapist encourages the client to explore their own solutions, reinforcing their ability to effect change. Encouragement: Key Intervention Technique Technique: Encouragement is a central intervention in Adlerian therapy. The therapist uses encouragement Client-Therapist Relationship to help clients recognize their strengths, build self-confidence, and motivate them to take positive Client-Therapist Relationship: Cooperative actions. partnership Purpose: The goal is to foster a sense of competence 4 toti 🦊 PRELIM: Introduction to Counseling BS Psychology | 3-Y1-1 | Mr. Antonio Rodil, RPm | 1st | 2024 and self-worth in the client, allowing them to face reorientation makes Adlerian therapy practical and challenges and pursue meaningful goals. empowering, as it helps clients work toward Example: A therapist might highlight small successes meaningful life goals. in the client’s life to build their confidence, even if the Flexible and Integrative: Adlerian therapy can be client perceives those successes as insignificant. integrated into various therapeutic approaches (cognitive-behavioral, family therapy, etc.), making it versatile and adaptable. Reorientation Client Empowerment: By emphasizing personal responsibility and the ability to change one’s lifestyle, Reorientation: Developing new perceptions and Adlerian therapy empowers clients to take an active goals role in shaping their lives. Technique: Reorientation involves helping the client develop new, healthier perceptions of themselves and the world. This also includes setting new, realistic, and Criticisms meaningful life goals. Process: The therapist helps the client shift away Lack of Empirical Evidence: While Adlerian therapy from faulty beliefs or maladaptive behaviors and has a solid theoretical foundation, it lacks the supports them in adopting new perspectives that extensive empirical research support that other promote well-being and social interest. therapies like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Example: A client who once believed they had to be Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) have. This makes perfect to be accepted may begin to embrace the idea it less appealing in settings that emphasize that vulnerability and imperfection are part of being evidence-based practices. Difficult to Operationalize: Concepts like social interest and fictional finalism are abstract and Adlerian Therapy in a Multicultural Setting challenging to measure or standardize across clients. This makes it difficult to apply Adlerian techniques in a Sensitivity to Social Contexts: Adlerian therapy consistent and scientific manner, potentially reducing emphasizes understanding individuals within their its reliability in clinical settings. social context, making it adaptable across different Overemphasis on Inferiority: Critics argue that the cultural settings. focus on feelings of inferiority and compensation may Adler’s concept of social interest not address other key psychological issues such as (Gemeinschaftsgefühl) aligns well with collectivist trauma, biological factors, or severe mental health cultures that prioritize community well-being over disorders. It may overlook the complexity of other individual goals. underlying emotional issues, like anxiety or Application to Diverse Backgrounds: Adlerian depression. therapy can address how cultural, ethnic, and Cultural Limitations: Though flexible, Adlerian socio-economic factors shape a person’s sense of therapy’s focus on individual striving for success may inferiority or superiority not align with collectivist cultures, where community Example: In collectivist cultures, therapists and family goals often take precedence over personal may emphasize how individual contributions ambition. The therapy’s Westernized emphasis on strengthen family and community bonds, selfactualization can sometimes conflict with clients aligning Adler's social interest with cultural from non-Western backgrounds. values Therapist-Dependent: Success in Adlerian therapy Challenges with Multiculturalism: relies heavily on the therapist's skill and ability to Certain Western concepts like individual foster a strong therapeutic alliance. Without a skilled striving may not resonate with more therapist, the collaborative and client-centered nature community-oriented or interdependent of the therapy can be less effective. cultures. Not Suitable for Severe Mental Disorders: Adlerian Therapists must ensure they don’t impose therapy may be less effective for clients with severe Westernized ideals of self-actualization that mental illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia or bipolar conflict with a client’s cultural beliefs. disorder), where more structured or biologically Strengths in Promoting Equity: The focus on focused treatments may be needed. egalitarianism and cooperation in the client-therapist relationship can help balance power dynamics, making Adlerian therapy an Contributions to Contemporary Therapy inclusive framework for marginalized populations Influence on Modern Approaches: Adler’s concepts, such as holism and goal-directed behavior, influenced various contemporary therapies, especially Evaluation of Adlerian Therapy cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and family systems therapy. Strengths Strength-Based Approach: Emphasizing a client’s Criticisms and Limitations capabilities over their deficits, Adlerian therapy aligns Contributions to contemporary therapy with positive psychology, which focuses on strengths and well-being rather than dysfunction. Birth Order and Family Dynamics: Adler’s work on Strengths of Adlerian Therapy birth order has permeated popular psychology and is often referenced in understanding family systems and Holistic Approach: Adlerian therapy views individuals dynamics. as whole beings, considering their social, familial, and Emphasis on Encouragement: This is a foundational cultural influences. This aligns well with modern aspect in many forms of motivational interviewing and psychotherapy's biopsycho-social model. strength-based counseling, making Adlerian principles Goal-Oriented: The focus on encouragement and valuable in modern therapeutic contexts. 5 toti 🦊 PRELIM: Introduction to Counseling BS Psychology | 3-Y1-1 | Mr. Antonio Rodil, RPm | 1st | 2024 Conclusion Holistic View of the Individual: Adlerian therapy emphasizes that a person must be understood as a whole, taking into account their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and social environment. Key Point: This holistic view integrates not just the individual’s inner world but also their social context, which includes family, work, and community dynamics Social Interest: Adler’s concept of social interest involves a sense of belonging and contributing to society. It highlights the importance of community and interpersonal relationships in personal growth. Key Point: Encouraging clients to foster empathy and cooperation within their communities can help them develop a sense of purpose and connection Inferiority and Striving for Success: Adler posits that feelings of inferiority drive individuals to compensate by striving for personal and social success. Key Point: The therapist helps clients identify how these feelings of inferiority impact their lives and guides them toward constructive goals Lifestyle and Goal Orientation: Adlerian therapy views lifestyle as a person’s unique way of striving toward personal goals. This includes both conscious and unconscious patterns of behavior Key Point: Therapy involves helping clients become aware of their lifestyle and how it aligns or misaligns with their goals Birth Order and Family Constellation: Adler believed that birth order plays a significant role in shaping personality, as well as family dynamics. Key Point: Examining family background and dynamics helps therapists understand the client’s current behavior and worldview Encouragement: One of the primary techniques in Adlerian therapy is fostering a supportive, encouraging environment that empowers the client to develop confidence. Key Point: Through encouragement, clients are motivated to face challenges, overcome feelings of inferiority, and make positive life changes. 6 toti 🦊