Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science PDF

Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED Biochemistry of the Cell Historical Notes He is mo...

Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED Biochemistry of the Cell Historical Notes He is monk that lives in monastery At the end of the learning session, the students  Robert Hooke was the first person to use the term must be able to: “cell”. He referred to the small empty chambers in the structure of cork as cells.  Define correctly the cell and its organelles.  1600, he is the first person who identify cell  Compare accordingly the eukaryotic cell and from a plant tissue. prokaryotic cell.  He saw some cube like structures that  Know in details the different organelles and reminded him of the long rows of monk’s discuss their structures and functions. rooms (or cells) at the monastery, so he  Distinguish properly the various membrane named these structures “cells.” transport mechanism and their function.  Know correctly the cell life cycle.  Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann concluded that all plant and animal tissues were TOPIC OUTLINE composed of cells. 1 Historical Notes  Matthias Schleiden concluded that plant He describe and introduce the plant cell 2 Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cell tissue is primarily is composed of cell.  He is a German botanist. Primarily composed of cell 3 Molecular Composition of Cell  Cell is the basic building blocks of all plant 4 Important Notes in Prokaryotic Cell matters. 5 Cell Membrane Transport  Theodor Schwann demonstrated the same 6 Cell Life Cycle Animal tissue path like Matthias.  Lead now with the foundation of cell Cell theory.  Biochemistry explores molecular mechanisms  Rudolf Virchow proposed the theory of of normal cellular processes as well as biogenesis where cells only arise from pre-existing diseases. cells.  He is a doctor and a pathologist.  All higher living organisms including humans  1858, he proposed the theory of are made up of cells. biogenesis.  Explained the present of animal cull. Two major classes: 1. Prokaryotes Cell Theory 2. Eukaryotes  A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.  The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells.  According to the principle of complementarity, the activities of cells are dictated by their structure (anatomy), which determines function (physiology). Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotes Prokaryotes  DNA is found in  DNA is not the nucleus of the enclosed within cell. the membrane.  Contain  Lack membrane- membrane-bound enclosed organelles which organelles TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 1 Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex  Cell division  Usually divide by involves mitosis. binary fission.  Process where  Aka asexual in a single reproduction, cell divides it is a into two separation of identical the body into daughter cell. two new bodies.  Genetic material is Deoxyribonuc leic Acid 1. PLASMA MEMBRANE aka as Cell (DNA) Membrane and Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure: Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins and some Molecular Composition of Cell carbohydrates; forms a selectively permeable boundary of the cell.  Water accounts for about 70-75% of the weight of  It can be flexible, fragile and the cell. transparent barrier.  Essential within our life.  It contains the cell contents.  Organic compounds accounts for 25-30% of the  As barrier, separates cell weight. them from surrounding environment.  They are nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides (carbohydrates) and Different Carbohydrates in Plasma lipids. Membrane:  Glycoproteins and Glycolipids  Inorganic compounds account for the rest of the cell weight. Types of Lipids in Plasma Membrane:  Phospholipid  It can be cation and anion.  Antipathic in nature-  Some electrolytes that have function in means having both our body. hydrophilic and hydrophobic.  Hydrophilic Composition of the Eukaryotic Cell means “water- loving”; it is the  Eukaryotic Cells have a Membrane-Bound polar head Nucleus and a number of other Membrane-Bound Subcellular (Internal) Organelles, each of which has a  Hydrophobic specific function. means “water- fearing”; it is the tail nd  Protein is the 2 major components scattered in the TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 2  Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED membrane.  When a cell is dividing to  Acts as enzymes, receptors and form two daughter cells, respond to hormones. the chromatin threads coil  They binds to the structure inside and condense to form and outside of the cell dense, rod like bodies GLYCOPROTEIN called chromosome. proteins containing glycans attached to amino acid side chains  Glycoprotein considered as “sugar protein”, acts  All body cells have nucleus except GLYCOLIPID carbohydrate that is covalently linked to a lipid as a receptor for bacteria, RBCs. viruses and toxins.  A muscle tissue that contains containing one or more monosaccharide residues linked by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid part.  Also determine our blood several tissues is skeletal muscle. type.  Cholesterol helps for the stabilization of the membrane.  Keeps the plasma membrane flexible. Function: It contains the DNA that serves as the genetic material for directing protein synthesis.  Control center of the cell or Functions: Acts as a physical barrier to the headquarters of the cell. enclose cell contents; regulates material  It contains genetic material movement into and out of the cell; functions which is the DNA. in cell communication.  DNA is serves as a 2. NUCLEUS < Control center of the blueprint because it cell/ Head quarter contains all the Structure: It is enclosed within a double instructions needed in membrane called nuclear envelope; building the whole body. - Act as enzyme, contains nucleolus.  For building proteins receptor - building the and cell reproduction. whole body  Nucleolus: It consists of RNA and proteins which functions in 3. CYTOPLASM ribosomal unit assembly. Structure: This can be seen between the  Ribosomal unit used for plasma membrane and the nucleus where protein synthesis. the other cellular elements are embedded.  Nucleoplasm: It surrounds the  Organelles are membrane-bound chromatin and the nucleoli. structures which carry out specific  When a cell is not metabolic activities of the cell. dividing, its DNA is carefully wound around  Cytosol provides support for proteins called histones to organelles and serves as the form a loose network of viscous fluid medium. “beads on a string” called chromatin that is scattered  Largely water contains throughout the nucleus. TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 3 Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED nutrients and other oxidative phosphorylation. varieties of solutes.  ATP is formed as a result of  Inclusions are the “cellular transfer of electrons. pantry”. Where the items are kept.  From transfer of electron from  Glycogen granules are NADH to FADH most abundant in liver to oxygen. and muscle cells.  NADH means nicotinamide Melanin =  Pigments that gives color. adenine dinucleotide pigment in our skin  Mucous membranes,  FADH means flavin adenine secretory product and dinucleotide; redox active co- various kinds of enzymes. crystals.  Involves in several enzymatic reaction.  Inner membrane has multiple Process of folds projecting inwards, called oxidation cristae.  Allow the increase surface of the mitochondria for the chemical reaction. Function: It is responsible for various cellular processes. 4. MITOCHONDRIA > provide ATP Structure: Double-membrane-bound organelles containing a circular strand of DNA  Outer membrane is highly Function: It is responsible for the permeable to small molecules, due production of energy in the form of ATP. to the presence of a pore-forming  ATP provides energy for protein called porin. cellular work. Known as VDAC  Mitochondria porin allow = Voltage depedent the passages of the small anion selective channel molecules across the 5. LYSOSOMES mitochondria outer membrane. Structure: Spherical shaped membrane bound organelles formed from the golgi  In line with complex apparatus; contain digestive enzymes interaction regulates other organelles  For cellular metabolism,  The fluid inside lysosomes is much provides ATP as energy. more acidic, at about pH 4.8, than the normal pH of about 7.0–7.3.  Intermembrane contains many  Called scavenger of the cell and proteins that participate in also the suicide sack. TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 4  Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED 7. GOLGI APPARATUS Structure: Series of several elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures.  Considered as traffic director for cellular proteins. Function: Digest microbes or materials by the cell 6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM It is further subdivided into: 1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Studied with ribosome Structure: Extensive interconnected Functions: Modifies, packages, and sorts - It is cell membrane membrane network that varies in shape; materials, that arrive from the factory ribosomes attached on the cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum in transport surfaces vesicles  Ribosomes are involved in the  Vesicles transport cellular material. protein synthesis. Mature vesicles are called secretory vesicles. Functions: Modifies, transports, and stores proteins produces by attached ribosomes 8. PEROXISOMES Structure: smaller, spherical membrane bound organelles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum. Basis main of the peroxisome H20 + H = Peroxidase  Peroxisomes came from hydrogen Important Bactericidal agent peroxide; basis of the name of the peroxisome.  Hydrogen peroxide is toxic to the cell  Disarm the pre-radicals. No protein synthesis  Catalase helps the hydrogen peroxide to convert into water and 2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum oxygen. Neutralize the toxicity of  Involved in lipid metabolism, fat the cell. synthesis, breakdown,  Fatty acids and also the amino detoxification of drugs and acid. pesticides.  Alcohol and formaldehyde Structure: Extensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosomes TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 5 Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED support. Important Notes in Prokaryotic Cell  Prokaryotes (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) are the most abundant organisms on earth.  Eubacteria consists of single cell nuclei; lacks nucleus and containing DNA and single cellular chromosome.  Can be gram positive and gram negative. Examples: Lactobacilli  Escherichia Coli Aspergillus  Lactobacillus Azospirillum > plant growth Functions: Detoxify specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or  Archaebacteria considered as the ancient taken into the cell form of type of microorganism.  Separate to the type of other microorganism; inline as a 9. CYTOSKELETON kingdom Structure: Organized network of protein filaments  A prokaryotic cell does not contain a membrane- bound nucleus.  Function: Maintains integral structural support and  Each prokaryotic cell is surrounded by a plasma organization of cells membrane.  Microfilaments maintain cell  The cell has no subcellular organelles, only shape. infoldings of the plasma membrane called Support struct  Intermediate filaments give mesosomes. mechanical support to structures  Helps in the cell wall formation. like nucleus and plasma  Helps in DNA replication membrane.  Distribution of the daughter cell  Help to form  Respiration, secretion and increase the desmosome; adhesive surface area of the plasma membrane and protein that responsible for within the enzyme content of the plasma maintaining the integrity membrane. of the tissue.  Microtubules provide structural  The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is condensed TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 6  Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED within the cytosol to form the nucleoid. SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP  Some prokaryotes have tail-like flagella.  Flagella are for motility. 1.  The sodium-potassium pump binds three Cell Membrane Transport sodium ions and a molecule of ATP. No ATP They passed directly through the PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS cell membrane without energy (ATP)  Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of its higher concentration to an area of its lower concentration.  Simple diffusion is the type of diffusion of Can travell out dissolved solutes through the plasma membrane Substances that can pass of membrane in and out through our cell  Example: Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethanol and urea. 2.  The splitting of ATP provides  Facilitated Diffusion is the type of diffusion energy to change that requires a protein carrier. Ex: Glucose the shape of the channel. The sodium ions are  Osmosis is the diffusion of water point driven through across a selectively permeable the channel. membrane. Increased kreatinin (muscle waste product)  Example: Kidney dialysis With ATP ACTIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS  This type of cell membrane transport uses energy 3.  The sodium ions (ATP) provided by the cell. are released to the outside of the  For example, cell has low intracellular sodium; membrane, and the but concentration of potassium inside the cell is new shape of the very high. channel allows two potassium ions to  This is maintained by the sodium–potassium bind. activated ATPase, generally called as sodium Or solute pump pump.  Exocytosis refers to bulk movement of substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. 4.  Release of the phosphate allows  Endocytosis refers to bulk movement of the channel to revert substance into the cells by vesicles to its original form, forming at the plasma membrane. releasing the potassium ions on the inside of the membrane. TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 7  Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED ENDOCYTOSIS  The DNA molecule is duplicated exactly in a process called DNA replication which occurs toward the end of the interphase Cell Division  Cells arise from the division of other cells.  Mitosis consists of four stages-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The result is two daughter nuclei, each identical to the mother nucleus. 1. PROPHASE “PMAT” Conjuncted part that particular  Each chromosome consists of two Present only is phagocytosis Meaning: Engulfment of cellby a chromatids joined at the particulate matter  Phagocytosis is the process of cell eating CHROMATIN (cell centromere. isn’t dividing) Digest= invading organism like cell. infectious pathogen  Disappear the nuclear envelope  Neutrophil is responsible during and nucleoli Wbc phagocytosis.  Digest the bacteria. 2. METAPHASE From chromatin it  Pinocytosis is the process of cell drinking. resembles into  Chromosomes align at the center  Programmed cell death is apoptosis. fiber then of the cell called metaphase become coild and converted into plane chromosomes EXOCYTOSIS 3. ANAPHASE Scattered on the opposite end of the cell.  Chromatids separate at the This is careful division of centromere and migrate to sister ensure that each daughter cell will happen opposite poles. on division gets one copy of every chromosomes 4. TELOPHASE  Two new nuclei assume their Opposite of the cell. normal structure, and cell division Uncoiled to become is completed, producing two new thread like chromatin again daughter cells.  Visible the nucleoli and nuclear Cell Life Cycle envelope.  Cleavage furrow Growth requires cell division. 5. Cytokinesis = the process by which one FOUR STAGES IN CELL CYCLE: cell physically divides into two cells 1. Synthesis 2. Gap 1 Phase Cell Division 3. Gap 2 Phase 4. Mitosis Phase INTERPHASE  It is the longer phase of the cell cycle where the cell is active and preparing for cell division. TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 8 Biochemistry for Medical Laboratory Science BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LECTURE/RECORDED VIDEO BASED MITOSIS TRANSCRIBED BY JEAN HERSHEY REYES 9