Rutgers Science of Food 11:400:103 Lecture Notes PDF

SCIENCE OF FOOD 11:400:103 DR. CHITRA PONNUSAMY All of the materials that you will need for this course will be posted in the class Canvas website (https://tlt.rutgers.edu/canvas). Instructor: Dr. Chitra Ponnusamy (“Dr. P”) TA: Trina Baptista E-mail: [email protected]...

SCIENCE OF FOOD 11:400:103 DR. CHITRA PONNUSAMY All of the materials that you will need for this course will be posted in the class Canvas website (https://tlt.rutgers.edu/canvas). Instructor: Dr. Chitra Ponnusamy (“Dr. P”) TA: Trina Baptista E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] DO NOT SEND ANY E-MAIL MESSAGE VIA CANVAS. IF YOU DO, DO NOT EXPECT ME TO REPLY Office Hours: There will be no set office hours. I will try to answer any questions promptly via email OR phone (if you provide me with your phone number in your email) OR you can meet with me via MS-Teams by appointment. For appointments: MicrosoftBookings Department of Food Science TAKE A LOOK AT THE SYLLABUS FOR THE COURSE The full syllabus is uploaded in Canvas DO NOT SEND ME MESSAGES VIA CANVAS; send me email: [email protected] RESPONDUS LOCKDOWN BROWSER WITH MONITOR IS REQUIRED FOR EXAMS AND COURSE EVALUATIONS. THESE SUBMISSIONS WILL BE RECORDED. ATTEMPT Course Guidelines: Important information for you to know. This is good to practice Respondus LD Browser if you have not used before. Department of Food Science  READ ANNOUNCEMENTS POSTED IN CANVAS COURSE SITE REGULARLY. Respondus LockDown Browser with Monitor is mandatory for all students for exams and course evaluations. No exceptions and no exemptions will be made. If you miss the Attendance Quiz (AQ) on a day you were present: Talk to me or to Trina right after class to rectify the points. If you were absent on an AQ day: Talk to me or Trina promptly the next class you attend. Requests for AQ points will not be entertained at a later date. 13 Attendance Quizzes (AQ): Dates specified in class schedule 1.0 point each (Absences and no submission- 0 point 13 points and late submissions- 0.5 point each) Exam 1-3 3 Exams 25-50 MCQs. Not cumulative. 23 points each (Late submission for exams 1 & 2 only- 11.5 points 69 points each exam; NO late submission for Exam-3) Assignment Assignment (parts 1-4) (Parts 1-4) (Late submission- half points each part) 16 points Pre- & Post- Course Evaluations 2 Course Evaluations (CE 1-2) 2 points 1 point each (NO LATE SUBMISSION) Total 100 points Department of Food Science  Class Schedule Posted in Syllabus in Canvas Go over it now…………………………………. https://www.google.com/search?biw=1422&bih=684&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=students+studying+cartoon+images&oq=students+studying+caroo&gs_l=psy- Department of Food Science ab.1.0.0i13k1l2j0i8i13i30k1l2.6272.8803.0.11169.6.6.0.0.0.0.113.559.3j3.6.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.5.479...0j0i67k1j0i8i30k1.Y2ME_raKv_o FOOD SCIENCE IS AN APPLIED SCIENCE Department of Food Science How many different types of foods are available? Ever thought- What is behind my food choices? Department of Food Science We look for foods that are safe to eat!!! 90% of us misinterpret the dates on labels we throw out food that could still be consumed or frozen for later use. If expiration dates aren’t a reliable gauge of food spoilage, how do you know what to keep and what to toss? Looking for Expiration Date? https://www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/how-to-tell-whether-expired-food-is-safe-to-eat-a1083080425/ http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/food-label-confusion-best-sell- dont-expert/story?id=25878053&singlePage=true Department of Food Science  More on “expiration dates” “Expiration Date” Food example Boundary Comment Sell by meat 3 or 4 days Last day of sale milk up to a week LDOS is ~ 7 days after manufacture Use or freeze by Processed meat Refrigerated 2 or 3 days after Frozen ~ 3 months Refrigerate after Salad dressing Long opening Keep refrigerated No legal definitions, usually have an expiration date Must be refrigerated “Best if used by. Chips, snacks. Until you spit it out. Dr. Montville, Rutgers  WHY DO FOODS HAVE EXPIRATION DATES? Answer: DETERIORATION- breakdown of food’s composition This includes changes in: organoleptic quality color Nutritional value flavor Food safety texture Aesthetic appeal The role of food science is to minimize changes as much as possible☺. Organoleptic: this term describes quality factors- appearance, flavor, texture. Example: soggy potato chips General categories of DETERIORATION: 1. Physical 2. Chemical 3. Biological https://www.google.com/search?q=food+deterioration&rlz=1C1JZAP_enUS879US880&sxsrf=ALiCzsZn- dKG9lvTU9SxSTvI_UbeIjt_qA:1655916039119&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXi6j6v8H4AhWRBs0KHY1YBe4Q_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1280&bih=569&dpr=1.5  FACTORS THAT CAUSE FOOD DETERIORATION LEARN THEM!!! https://www.google.com/search?q=food+deterioration&rlz=1C1JZAP_enUS879US880&sxsrf=ALiCzsZn- dKG9lvTU9SxSTvI_UbeIjt_qA:1655916039119&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXi6j6v8H4AhWRBs0KHY1YBe4Q_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1280&bih=569&dpr=1.5#imgrc=rlkL61R83fYtOM&imgdii=FbcrY7AXWffWNM  Food Deterioration All foods have a time limit on their usefulness; this time limit depend son the type of food, storage conditions and a multitude of other factors What is shelf life of foods? The time required for a food product to deteriorate to an unacceptable level of quality Examples: browning of avocados, stale flavor in potato chips In the United States, most dates consumers see on food items are for freshness, not safety, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. A product past its “best, if used by” date, may not taste as good as something fresh off the shelf. But it is often perfectly healthy to eat. https://www.pressherald.com/2023/05/17/what-food-expiration-dates-really-mean-and-when-to-ignore-them/ Department of Food Science  FOOD WASTE IS BIG!!!! Every day the average American throws out nearly a pound of food, according to a study from the Department of Agriculture. There are plenty of reasons why good, usable food is tossed: picky kids, overstocked pantries, or even leftovers that sit in refrigerators too long. there's more food in landfills than https://www.google.com/search?q=FOOD+WASTE+CONSUMER+REPORTS&rlz=1C1JZAP_enUS879US880&sxs anything else, and that produces the rf=AOaemvI7YmVedWjDB4lQetqs6nD7Pa9dAA:1641212576334&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8 yPOkyZX1AhValYkEHQQ0BlIQ_AUoA3oECAEQBQ&cshid=1641212705854672&biw=1280&bih=569&dpr=1.5 greenhouse gas methane. https://www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/how-to-tell-whether-expired-food-is-safe-to-eat-a1083080425/ https://wlos.com/news/local/consumer-reports-how-to-reduce-food-waste-and-save-money-too Department of Food Science  In the United States, dates on processed foods are used to indicate the product's freshness and safety. Are Dates for Food Safety or Food Quality? Manufacturers provide dating to help consumers and retailers decide when food is of best quality. Except for infant formula, dates on foods are not an indicator of the product’s safety and are not required by Federal law. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/food-product-dating Department of Food Science  "Sell-By" date: the date set by manufacturers to tell retailers when to remove a product from shelves. to ensure that consumers have products at their best quality, which can be several days to several weeks, depending on the item. For instance, milk, assuming proper refrigeration, should last five to seven days past its sell-by date before https://www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/how-to-tell-whether-expired-food-is-safe-to-eat-a1083080425/ turning sour. https://www.google.com/search?q=sell+by+date+on+package+label&es_sm=93&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CDgQ7AlqFQoTCKeb0vWFlMcCFcrWHgodFYgDrw&biw=1366&bih=667#imgrc=NTjWOSciO-T-xM%3A Department of Food Science  "Use-By" date: the last date recommended for the use of the product while at peak quality; date determined by the manufacturer not a safety date except when used on infant formula https://www.google.com/search?q=images+for+use+by+on+foods&es_sm=93&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=isch&imgil=qbvZbCAHud3oDM%253A%253ByNhctJGfsrm2SM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.quicklabel.com%25 252Fblog%25252F2011%25252F05%25252Fsell-by-date-use-by-date-and-expiration-date-labels-%25252525E2%2525252580%2525252593-what%25252525E2%2525252580%2525252599s-the- difference%25252F&source=iu&pf=m&fir=qbvZbCAHud3oDM%253A%252CyNhctJGfsrm2SM%252C_&usg=__fvvXtpoF-_vowSouHdmENOcuRFs%3D&ved=0CDEQyjdqFQoTCNGS8q6ulMcCFUpwPgodR9EJtA&ei=MkbDVdGxEMrg- QHHoqegCw#imgrc=qbvZbCAHud3oDM%3A&usg=__fvvXtpoF-_vowSouHdmENOcuRFs%3D https://www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/how-to-tell-whether-expired-food-is-safe-to-eat-a1083080425/ Department of Food Science  "Best if Used By (or Before)" date: recommended for best flavor or quality. not a purchase date For instance, a jar of salsa may not taste as fresh or crackers may be soft instead of crisp after this date. It’s not about safety. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/food-labeling/food-product-dating/food-product-dating https://www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/how-to-tell-whether-expired-food-is-safe-to-eat-a1083080425/ https://www.google.com/search?q=best+if+used+by+on+foods+images&es_sm=93&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=isch&imgil=OgdaIVxnzZPw0M%253A%253BfBMjB_IAnO4w- M%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fm.delphiforums.com%25252Fjustd%25252Fmessages%25252F25062%25252F2076&source=iu&pf=m&fir=OgdaIVxnzZPw0M%253A%252CfBMjB_IAnO4w- M%252C_&usg=__rwnmTbcylcN2XprrWDprHxrylnk%3D&ved=0CDEQyjdqFQoTCNXL_J2vlMcCFUtWPgodmd8O5w&ei=G0fDVZXSDcus-QGZv7u4Dg#imgrc=iCXLhMhdkUYbuM%3A&usg=__rwnmTbcylcN2XprrWDprHxrylnk%3D Department of Food Science  What about frozen foods? “Freezing is an excellent way to halt the aging process and extend the life of foods that might otherwise go bad or get thrown away,” says Tyler Lark, Ph.D., a food-waste researcher at Gibbs Land Use and Environment Lab. Frozen foods won’t go bad because bacteria and other pathogens can’t grow in frozen temperatures. This even applies to milk, bread, cheese, and raw eggs (crack and lightly beat them first). https://www.google.com/search?q=frozen+foods&rlz=1C1CHZN_enUS986US986&sxsrf=AOae https://www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/how-to-tell-whether-expired-food-is-safe-to-eat-a1083080425/ mvJf51it8nCc1RNZovKC9xXAoPXemw:1641087066039&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2 ahUKEwiU7vbc9ZH1AhXtQd8KHc-oBq4Q_AUoAnoECAMQBA&biw=1290&bih=709&dpr=1.75 Department of Food Science  “Freeze-By” date Indicates when a product should be frozen to maintain peak quality. It is not a purchase or safety date. https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrEbV4IW09mXKsrHGeJzbkF?type=E210US0G0&fr=mcafee&ei=UTF-8&fr2=sp-qrw-corr- top&norw=1&p=ground+beef+with+date#id=23&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fbbqrevolt.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F07%2FGround-Beef-Sell-By-Date.jpg.webp&action=click A package of ground beef may have a freeze-by date of June 4. This date indicates that for optimal quality and to preserve the meat's taste and texture, it should be frozen by this date. If you freeze the ground beef by June 4, it will maintain its quality for a longer period. However, if kept unfrozen past this date, its quality may begin to decline, even if it remains safe to cook and consume for a few more days. Department of Food Science  Expiration Date https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrFErAQaU9m6Swta0.JzbkF;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDOTYwNjI4NTcEX3IDMgRmcgNtY2FmZWUEZnIyA3A6cyx2OmksbTpzYi10b3AEZ3ByaWQDQngzdjd1alhTVEd6Z3lMNnVGeHE0QQRuX3JzbHQDMARuX3N1Z2cDMARvcmlnaW4DaW1hZ2VzLnNlYXJjaC55YWhvby5jb20EcG9zAzAEcHFzdHIDBHBxc3RybAMwBH FzdHJsAzE1BHF1ZXJ5A2RhdGUlMjBvbiUyMHNpbWlsYWMEdF9zdG1wAzE3MTY0ODAyODg-?p=date+on+similac&fr=mcafee&fr2=p%3As%2Cv%3Ai%2Cm%3Asb-top&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=E210US0G0#id=105&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdoh.wa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fstyles%2Fmax_650x650%2Fpublic%2F2022-03-images%2FSimilac-metal-can-with-expirations.jpg%3Fitok%3DIquES- Ap%26uid%3D6320c7d65a946&action=click A package of baby formula might have an expiration date of XXXXX. This is the last date that the formula should be consumed for safety and nutritional reasons. After this date, the product should not be used. Department of Food Science  OPEN DATING VS CLOSED DATING “Open dating” is found primarily on perishable foods such as meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products – uses a calendar date that consumers can easily read and understand. – These dates are typically marked with phrases like "sell by," "use by," "best if used by," “freeze by”, or "expiration date." "Closed" or "coded" dating might appear on shelf-stable products such as cans and boxes of food. – "Closed Dating" is a series of production numbers used by the manufacturer to indicate when a product was made. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/food-labeling/food-product-dating/food-product-dating https://www.eatright.org/health/wellness/nutrition-panels-and-food-labels/understanding-food-labels Department of Food Science  Cans must exhibit a packing code to enable tracking of the product in interstate commerce. – This enables manufacturers to rotate their stock as well as locate their products in the event of a recall. – These codes, which appear as a series of letters and/or numbers, might refer to the date or time of manufacture. They aren't meant for the consumer to interpret as "use-by" dates. – There is no book or Web site that tells how to translate the codes into dates; however, you can contact the manufacturer for further information. – Cans may also display "open" or calendar dates. Usually these are "best-if-used-by" dates https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrFbgPZa09mbDIG0dpXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=packing+code+on+canned+foods&fr2=piv- for peak quality. web&type=E210US0G0&fr=mcafee#id=101&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home-storage-solutions-101.com%2Fimage-files%2Fcanned-food-shelf-life-expired-can.jpg&action=click Department of Food Science  How long can you store canned foods? General rule of thumb: most canned foods (for example, canned tuna, soups, and vegetables) can be stored for two to five years high-acid foods (canned juices, tomatoes, pickles) can be stored for a year up to 18 months, according to the USDA. dents and bulges in cans: a sign it’s time to toss those products. https://www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/how-to-tell-whether-expired-food-is-safe-to-eat-a1083080425/ https://www.google.com/search?q=dates+on+canned+foods&rlz=1C1CHZN_enUS986US986&sxsrf=AOaemvLTntzVZ1lYeVaKPwr4XsxyYe8WsQ:16 41086192462&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0hbC88pH1AhUEkokEHfN6ATgQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1290&bih=709&dpr=1.75 Department of Food Science  What do we do now? Nonperishable items like grains and dried and canned goods can still be used well past their label dates meat, dairy, and eggs: there are still no federally regulated expiration dates on those items, they obviously have shorter shelf lives. According to Sana Mujahid, Ph.D., manager of food- https://www.google.com/search?q=consumers+and+expired+foods&rlz=1C1CHZN_ safety research at Consumer Reports, the best way to enUS986US986&sxsrf=AOaemvIrzRzHvnkTRKJ75nycx4El4awYLA:164108736638 8&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV- know whether a perishable food has spoiled is simply to 5Ls9pH1AhXiRt8KHSu6DqMQ_AUoAnoECAEQBA&biw=1290&bih=709&dpr=1.75 “trust your taste buds and sense of smell.” Department of Food Science  Are Foods Safe to Eat After the Date Passes? With an exception of infant formula, if the date passes during home storage, a product should still be safe and wholesome if handled properly until the time spoilage is evident (Chill: Refrigerate Promptly). Spoiled foods will develop an off odor, flavor or texture due to naturally occurring spoilage bacteria. If a food has developed such spoilage characteristics, it should not be eaten. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/food-product-dating Department of Food Science FOLLOWING ONE’S SENSES FOLLOW YOUR NOSE If you can’t trust dates printed on the packaging, what can you trust? Your senses are often good enough, experts say. Thousands of years of evolution have given humans the ability to sniff out spoiled milk or spot green, moldy bread. YOGURT: After a few days in the fridge, it may smell fine but get watery at the surface. That does not mean it is not safe to eat. Still, there are some exceptions. For instance, people can’t taste or smell a type of foodborne bacteria called listeria, which is particularly dangerous during pregnancy and for the elderly. The microbes can survive refrigeration and even freezing. That means you should think twice before eating food that can harbor the pathogen, such as deli meats and ready-to-eat sandwiches that are past their date. https://www.pressherald.com/2023/05/17/what-food-expiration-dates-really-mean-and-when-to-ignore-them/ Department of Food Science  If the links do not work, you may watch alternate videos. HOW FOODS ARE PERCEIVED: TASTING FOODS FROM AROUND THE WORLD 20 Comfort Foods From Around The World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4NOt727wqI McDonalds around the world: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94WyFXTPzvs School lunches from around the world: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pD9mk0Y_pyo Coffee from around the world: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqANgtxKLbM What McDonald’s Menu Items Look Like Around The World: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJPmoHR7DlU Department of Food Science