Information Technology: Electronics - Lecture 1 PDF

2024-2025 Fall Semester Electronics Lecture No. 1  Basic Course Information Assessment method Activity %...

2024-2025 Fall Semester Electronics Lecture No. 1  Basic Course Information Assessment method Activity % assignments 5 Course name: Electronics Quizzes 20 Course Credit: 3 credits Tutorial and Lab 5 Instructor: Dr. Ahmed Abdelreheem Attendance Performance and Interaction (electronic and physical) Mid -Term Exam 20 Final Exam 50 Total 100 3  ▪ Chapter 1: Electricity ▪ Chapter 03: Ohm’s Law ▪ Chapter 04: Series Circuits ▪ Chapter 05: Parallel Circuits ▪ Chapter 06: Series-Parallel Circuits ▪ Chapter 07: Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers ▪ Chapter 09: Kirchhoff ’s Laws Outlines ▪ ▪ Chapter 10: Network Theorems Chapter 16: Capacitance ▪ Chapter 17: Capacitive Reactance ▪ Chapter 18: Capacitive Circuits ▪ Chapter 19: Inductance ▪ Chapter 20: Inductive Reactance ▪ Chapter 21 : Inductive Circuits ▪ Chapter 27 : Diodes and Diode Applications ▪ Chapter 28 : Bipolar Junction Transistors ▪ Chapter 29 : Transistor Amplifiers ▪ Chapter 33 : Operational Amplifiers 4  ▪ Chapter 1: Electricity ▪ Chapter 03: Ohm’s Law ▪ Chapter 04: Series Circuits ▪ Chapter 05: Parallel Circuits ▪ Chapter 06: Series-Parallel Circuits ▪ Chapter 07: Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers Outlines ▪ ▪ Chapter 09: Kirchhoff ’s Laws Chapter 10: Network Theorems ▪ Chapter 16: Capacitance ▪ Chapter 17: Capacitive Reactance ▪ Chapter 18: Capacitive Circuits ▪ Chapter 19: Inductance ▪ Chapter 20: Inductive Reactance ▪ Chapter 21 : Inductive Circuits ▪ Chapter 27 : Diodes and Diode Applications ▪ Chapter 28 : Bipolar Junction Transistors ▪ Chapter 29 : Transistor Amplifiers 5 ▪ Chapter 33 : Operational Amplifiers 6 Chapter 1: Electricity 1.1 Basic Concepts 1.2 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference 1.3 Charge in Motion Is Current 1.4 Resistance & Conductance 1.5 The Closed Circuit 1.6 The difference between Voltage &Current 7 Chapter 1: Electricity 1.1 Basic Concepts 8 9 10 11 ▪ All the materials we know, including solids, liquids, and gases, contain two basic particles of electric charge: the electron and the proton. An electron is the smallest amount of electric charge having the characteristic called negative polarity. The proton is a basic particle with positive polarity. 12 13  Electrons and Protons in the Atom An atom is the smallest particle of the basic elements which forms the physical substances we know as solids, liquids, and gases. Each stable combination of electrons and protons makes one atom. As shown in this figure, This atom consists of a central mass called the nucleus and one electron outside. The proton in the nucleus makes it the massive and stable part of the atom because a proton is 1840 times heavier than an electron. 14 15  Basic Concepts ▪ The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. We all experience the effect of electric charge when we try to remove our wool sweater and have it stick to our body or walk across a carpet and receive a shock. 16  Basic Concepts ▪ We now consider the flow of electric charges. A unique feature of electric charge or electricity is the fact that it is mobile; that is, it can be transferred from one place to another, where it can be converted to another form of energy. ▪ When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected to a battery (a source of electromotive force), the charges are compelled to move; positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in the opposite direction. This motion of charges creates electric current. It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of positive charges, that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges. 17  Basic Concepts 18  Basic Concepts 19  The Volt Unit of Potential Difference ▪ Potential refers to the possibility of doing work. Any charge has the potential to do the work of moving another charge by either attraction or repulsion. When we consider two unlike charges, they have a difference of potential ▪ A charge is the result of work done in separating electrons and protons. Because of the separation, stress and strain are associated with opposite charges, since normally they would be balancing each other to produce a neutral condition. We could consider that the accumulated electrons are drawn tight and are straining themselves to be attracted toward protons to return to the neutral condition. ▪ Similarly, the work of producing the charge causes a condition of stress in the protons, which are trying to attract electrons and return to the neutral condition. Because of these forces, the charge of electrons or protons has potential because it is ready to give back the work put into producing the charge. The force between charges is in the electric field. 20 Chapter 1: Electricity 1.1 Basic Concepts 1.2 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference 21  The Volt Unit of Potential Difference ▪ The volt is a measure of the amount of work or energy needed to move an electric charge ▪ The potential difference between two points is one volt when one joule of energy is expended in moving one coulomb of charge between those two points. Expressed as a formula 22  The Volt Unit of Potential Difference 23 24 Chapter 1: Electricity 1.1 Basic Concepts 1.2 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference 1.3 Charge in Motion Is Current 25  Charge in Motion Is Current ▪ When the potential difference between two charges forces a third charge to move, the charge in motion is an electric current. To produce current, therefore, charge must be moved by a potential difference. ▪ In solid materials, such as copper wire, free electrons are charges that can be forced to move with relative ease by a potential difference, since they require relatively little work to be moved. ▪ if a potential difference is connected across two ends of a copper wire, the applied voltage forces the free electrons to move. This current is a drift of electrons, from the point of negative charge at one end, moving through the wire, and returning to the positive charge at the other end. 26  Charge in Motion Is Current 27 28 29 Chapter 1: Electricity 1.1 Basic Concepts 1.2 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference 1.3 Charge in Motion Is Current 1.4 Resistance & Conductance 30  Resistance Is Opposition to Current ▪ The fact that a wire conducting current can become hot is evidence that the work done by the applied voltage in producing current must be accomplished against some form of opposition. This opposition, which limits the amount of current that can be produced by the applied voltage, is called resistance. Conductors have very little resistance; insulators have a large amount of resistance. ▪ The atoms of a copper wire have a large number of free electrons, which can be moved easily by a potential difference. Therefore, the copper wire has little opposition to the flow of free electrons when voltage is applied, corresponding to low resistance. ▪ Carbon, however, has fewer free electrons than copper. When the same amount of voltage is applied to carbon as to copper, fewer electrons will flow. Just as much current can be produced in carbon by applying more voltage. ▪ For the same current, though, the higher applied voltage means that more work is necessary, causing more heat. Carbon opposes the current more than copper, therefore, and has higher resistance. 31  The Ohm R Ω ▪ The practical unit of resistance is the ohm ▪ A resistance that develops 0.24 calorie of heat when one ampere of current flows through it for one second has one ohm 32 33 34  Conductance 35 36 Chapter 1: Electricity 1.1 Basic Concepts 1.2 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference 1.3 Charge in Motion Is Current 1.4 Resistance & Conductance 1.5 The Closed Circuit 37  The Closed Circuit 38  The Closed Circuit 39 Chapter 1: Electricity 1.1 Basic Concepts 1.2 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference 1.3 Charge in Motion Is Current 1.4 Resistance & Conductance 1.5 The Closed Circuit 1.6 The difference between Voltage &Current 40  How the Voltage Is Different from the Current 41  How the Voltage Is Different from the Current 42  How the Voltage Is Different from the Current 43 44 45 46  The Direction of Current ▪ Just as a voltage source has polarity, current has a direction. The reference is with respect to the positive and negative terminals of the voltage source. The direction of the current depends on whether we consider the flow of negative electrons or the motion of positive charges in the opposite direction. 47 48 49  Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) 50  Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) 51 52 53 54  ▪ Chapter 1: Electricity ▪ Chapter 03: Ohm’s Law ▪ Chapter 04: Series Circuits ▪ Chapter 05: Parallel Circuits ▪ Chapter 06: Series-Parallel Circuits ▪ Chapter 07: Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers Outlines ▪ ▪ Chapter 09: Kirchhoff ’s Laws Chapter 10: Network Theorems ▪ Chapter 16: Capacitance ▪ Chapter 17: Capacitive Reactance ▪ Chapter 18: Capacitive Circuits ▪ Chapter 19: Inductance ▪ Chapter 20: Inductive Reactance ▪ Chapter 21 : Inductive Circuits ▪ Chapter 27 : Diodes and Diode Applications ▪ Chapter 28 : Bipolar Junction Transistors ▪ Chapter 29 : Transistor Amplifiers 55 ▪ Chapter 33 : Operational Amplifiers C h a p t e r 3 : O h m ’s L a w 2.1 Ohm’s Law 2.2 Electric Power 2.3 Power Dissipation in Resistance 2.4 Power Formulas 56 C h a p t e r 3 : O h m ’s L a w 2.1 Ohm’s Law 2.2 Electric Power 2.3 Power Dissipation in Resistance 2.4 Power Formulas 57  Ohm’s Law ▪ The mathematical relationship between voltage, current, and resistance was discovered in 1826 by Georg Simon Ohm. The relationship, known as Ohm’s law, is the basic foundation for all circuit analysis in electronics. Ohm’s law, which is the basis of this chapter, states that the amount of current, I, is directly proportional to the voltage, V, and inversely proportional to the resistance, R. Expressed mathematically, Ohm’s law is stated as 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 C h a p t e r 3 : O h m ’s L a w 2.1 Ohm’s Law 2.2 Electric Power 2.3 Power Dissipation in Resistance 2.4 Power Formulas 71 72 73 C h a p t e r 3 : O h m ’s L a w 2.1 Ohm’s Law 2.2 Electric Power 2.3 Power Dissipation in Resistance 2.4 Power Formulas 74 75 76 77 C h a p t e r 3 : O h m ’s L a w 2.1 Ohm’s Law 2.2 Electric Power 2.3 Power Dissipation in Resistance 2.4 Power Formulas 78 79 80 81