Instrumentation Engineering Class Notes PDF

Instrumentation engineering. February 14th, 2021.. English class #3. Text Electric circuit represents the path for transmitting electric current. It includes a device that gives energy to the charged particles const...

Instrumentation engineering. February 14th, 2021.. English class #3. Text Electric circuit represents the path for transmitting electric current. It includes a device that gives energy to the charged particles constituting the current, such as a battery or a generator, it is also composed of other electronic components such as resistors, and transistors…the latter are connected by wires through which electric current can flow. Electric circuits are classified in several ways. A direct-current circuit carries current that flows only in one direction. An alternating-current circuit carries current that pulsates back and forth many times each second, as in most household circuits. A series circuit comprises a path along which the whole current flows through each component. A parallel circuit comprises branches so that the current divides and only part of it flows through any branch. The voltage, or potential difference, across each branch of a parallel circuit is the same, but the currents may vary. In a home electrical circuit, for instance, the same voltage is applied across each light or appliance, but each of these loads draws a different amount of current, according to its power requirements. A number of similar batteries connected in parallel provides greater current than a single battery, but the voltage is the same as for a single battery. The network of transistors, transformers, capacitors, connecting wires, and other electronic components within a single device such as a radio is also an electric circuit. Such complex circuits may be made up of one or more branches in combinations of series and series-parallel arrangements. 1 Instrumentation engineering. February 14th, 2021.. English class #3. Questions Q1: What is an electric circuit composed of? A generator, wires and different electronic components. Q2: What are some types of electric circuit based on the flow of current? What is the main difference between them? A direct-current circuit, an alternating-current circuit. The main difference between them is the flow of the electric current. Q3: In a parallel circuit, what does change constantly across branches? The current. Q4: True or false?  Light and appliances existing in a household all uses the same amount of current. False  In a parallel circuit, greater current means greater voltage. False  Electric circuit is another word for electric current. False  An electric circuit is a network of electronic components. True Q5: Are the power requirements all the same in a household? Each appliance has its own power requirements. Q6: Which type of current is used in a house? An alternating-current. Q7: Give synonyms to the following words: path, component, pulsates, flow. Path = way, Component = parts, elements, Pulsates = throb, flow = movement. Q8: Give opposites of the following word: greater, divide, similar, complex. Greater =/= worse, Divide =/= Combine, Similar =/= different, Complex =/= simple. Q9: Which tense is used in the text and why? The present simple, because it is stating scientific facts. 2 Instrumentation engineering. February 14th, 2021.. English class #3. 3 Instrumentation engineering. February 14th, 2021.. English class #3. Technical terms Electric circuit (circuit éléctrique): path for transmitting electric current. Electric current (courant): An electric current is a stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. Generator (générateur): is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) into electrical power for use in an external circuit. Electronic components: An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Resistors (résistence): resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. Transistors: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Direct current: is an electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction. Alternating current: Alternating current is an electric current which periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time Voltage: Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light. Potential difference: Potential difference is the difference in the amount of energy that charge carriers have between two points in a circuit Appliance: is a machine which assists in household functions. 4. Pharmaceutical engineering January 21st, 2021.. English class Past Participle The past participle is simply a verb that indicates an action that is completed in the past. Similar to the past simple, it has two forms (regular and irregular), the regular form is exactly as the past simple but the irregular form is little bit tricky as sometimes it is similar to the past simple and sometimes it is slightly different, for example: the verb to eat, in the past simple “ate” but in the past participle “eaten”. It can be used in different situations such as an adjective, in the passive voice or a verb in the perfect tense. Past participle as an adjective “Stolen” is in the past participle For example: The police found the stolen car. and it describes the car. It can be easily detected by asking the question. How was the car that the police found? Past participle in the passive voice For example: Active Voice Passive Voice Transformation I wrote a letter. The letter was written by me. The past participle is used in this sentence to express the passive voice. 1. Pharmaceutical engineering January 21st, 2021.. English class Past participle in the perfect tense Present Perfect Present Perfect = to have in the present simple + past participle of the verb.  For example: I have worked here since I graduated school. Past Perfect Past Perfect = to have in the past simple + past participle of the verb.  For example: The plane had left by the time I got to the airport. Future Perfect Future Perfect = will + to have in the present simple + past participle of the verb. Future Perfect = will + Present perfect.  For example: The storm will have raged by the time we arrive. 2