Carbohydrate Metabolism Learning Goals PDF

Summary of key learning goals Carbohydrate metabolism By the end of this section, you should be able to: Explain the metabolic significance of reactions that happen near equilibrium and reactions that function far from equilibrium. Explain the significa...

Summary of key learning goals Carbohydrate metabolism By the end of this section, you should be able to: Explain the metabolic significance of reactions that happen near equilibrium and reactions that function far from equilibrium. Explain the significance of coupling reactions. Be able to calculate G°’ if given an equilibrium constant or G°’ values for coupled reactions and explain the significance of the result. Be able to calculate G’ values. Define flux and explain how it can be controlled through a metabolic pathway. Distinguish catabolic and anabolic processes. Explain the chemical basis for the high phosphoryl potential of ATP. Know that the thioester bond in acetyl-CoA is a high-energy bond. Know that NAD+ and FADH are the primary electron carriers in metabolic pathways and the relative energy potential for each. Give examples of their use. Define substrate/futile cycle and explain how such a cycle can be avoided. Know that metabolic pathways occur in specific cellular locations. Know those locations for pathways of carbohydrate pathways. Predict and explain what steps of a metabolic pathway would be regulated when given basic information about that pathway. Provide a rough outline of glycolysis, including an explanation of the energy investment and energy recovery phases. Write the net chemical reaction for glycolysis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Explain the chemical logic and types of reactions seen in glycolysis. Know the reactions that are occurring at each of the irreversible steps in glycolysis and the enzymes that catalyze each of these steps. Know which steps of glycolysis are regulated and explain the biochemical and physiological relevance for each, including an explanation of why more than one step is regulated. List the allosteric regulators for each regulated enzyme and explain the biochemical rationale for that compound’s usefulness as a regulator. Be able to predict the consequences of a mutation occurring in the glycolytic pathway. Explain the difference between hexokinase and glucokinase. Explain the biochemical logic underlying the fates of pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Know the Cori cycle and why it is useful. Know the routes by which other monosaccharides can enter glycolysis and explain the biochemical basis for the hypothesis linking fructose to obesity, as well as the limitations of this hypothesis.  Predict and explain how flux through the pentose phosphate pathway changes in response to the need for NADPH or ribose-5-phosphate. Outline the process of glycogenolysis and the reason for each step in the pathway. Outline the process of glycogenesis and the reason for each step in the pathway. Describe how gluconeogenesis is the reverse pathway of glycolysis and the reasons for any differences between the two pathways. Explain what is meant by reciprocal regulation and why it is useful, with examples. Explain how the hormones epinephrine, glucagon and insulin regulate carbohydrate metabolism, including their impact on both liver and muscle cells. Describe the phosphorylation cascade and its impact on flux through each carbohydrate pathway. Explain the similarities and differences between allosteric and hormonal regulation and explain the value of each type of regulation. Predict and explain the consequences of mutations at any step for the pathways in glucose metabolism.