Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which factor primarily determines the metabolic significance of reactions that function far from equilibrium?
Which factor primarily determines the metabolic significance of reactions that function far from equilibrium?
- They lead to a high free energy change, influencing direction. (correct)
- They are reversible at all times.
- They occur rapidly without energy input.
- They have equal concentrations of reactants and products.
What is the role of NAD+ and FADH in metabolic pathways?
What is the role of NAD+ and FADH in metabolic pathways?
- They act as primary electron carriers. (correct)
- They function as substrates for glycolysis.
- They serve as irreversible reaction catalysts.
- They are used exclusively for ATP synthesis.
Which process distinguishes catabolic pathways from anabolic pathways?
Which process distinguishes catabolic pathways from anabolic pathways?
- Both processes occur entirely in the mitochondria.
- Anabolic pathways release energy as heat.
- Anabolic pathways involve oxidative degradation.
- Catabolic pathways convert large molecules into smaller ones. (correct)
What is a substrate/futile cycle, and how can it be avoided?
What is a substrate/futile cycle, and how can it be avoided?
During glycolysis, which phase involves the investment of energy?
During glycolysis, which phase involves the investment of energy?
Which enzyme is responsible for the irreversible step in glycolysis that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
Which enzyme is responsible for the irreversible step in glycolysis that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
How does glucose differ between hexokinase and glucokinase in terms of function?
How does glucose differ between hexokinase and glucokinase in terms of function?
What is the primary biochemical rationale for regulating multiple steps in glycolysis?
What is the primary biochemical rationale for regulating multiple steps in glycolysis?
Flashcards
Metabolic Significance of Reactions near Equilibrium
Metabolic Significance of Reactions near Equilibrium
Reactions near equilibrium are those that occur spontaneously in either direction. They don't significantly control pathway direction.
Metabolic Significance of Reactions Far from Equilibrium
Metabolic Significance of Reactions Far from Equilibrium
Reactions far from equilibrium are irreversible and regulate metabolic pathway direction, as these energetically favor one direction.
Coupling Reactions
Coupling Reactions
Coupling reactions use the energy from an exergonic (energy-releasing) reaction to drive an endergonic (energy-requiring) reaction.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Flux
Flux
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Catabolic vs. Anabolic
Catabolic vs. Anabolic
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High Phosphoryl Potential of ATP
High Phosphoryl Potential of ATP
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Substrate/Futile Cycles
Substrate/Futile Cycles
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Study Notes
Carbohydrate Metabolism Learning Goals
- Explain the significance of reactions near equilibrium and those far from equilibrium.
- Explain the importance of coupling reactions.
- Calculate ∆G°” given equilibrium constants or ∆G°” values for coupled reactions, explaining the results.
- Calculate AG' values.
- Define flux and its control in metabolic pathways.
- Distinguish catabolic and anabolic processes.
- Explain the high phosphoryl potential of ATP chemically.
- Understand acetyl-CoA's high-energy thioester bond.
- Identify NAD+ and FADH2 as primary electron carriers in metabolic pathways, noting their energy potential and use cases.
- Define and explain substrate/futile cycles and how to avoid them.
- Detail the cellular locations of carbohydrate pathways.
- Predict and explain regulation points in metabolic pathways given basic information.
- Outline glycolysis, including energy investment and recovery phases.
- Write the net chemical reaction for glycolysis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
- Explain the chemical logic and reaction types in glycolysis.
- Identify and explain reactions/enzymes at irreversible glycolysis steps.
- Explain the regulatory steps in glycolysis and their biochemical/physiological significance.
- List allosteric regulators for regulated glycolytic enzymes and their rationale.
- Predict the impact of mutations in the glycolytic pathway.
- Explain the differences between hexokinase and glucokinase.
- Explain pyruvate's fates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
- Explain the Cori cycle and its utility.
- Detail how other monosaccharides enter glycolysis, explaining the fructose-obesity hypothesis and its limitations.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Predict and explain how flux through the pentose phosphate pathway changes in response to needs for NADPH or ribose-5-phosphate.
- Outline glycogenolysis and the reasoning for each step.
- Outline glycogenesis and the reasoning for each step.
- Describe how gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolysis and the reasons for any pathway differences.
- Explain reciprocal regulation and its usefulness, giving examples.
- Explain how hormones (epinephrine, glucagon, insulin) regulate carbohydrate metabolism in liver cells and muscle cells.
- Describe the phosphorylation cascade and its impact on carbohydrate pathway fluxes.
- Explain the differences between allosteric and hormonal regulation, highlighting their value.
- Predict the consequences of mutations in glucose metabolism pathways.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in carbohydrate metabolism, including the significance of equilibrium reactions, the role of ATP, and the pathways involved in glycolysis. Assess your understanding of metabolic processes, electron carriers, and regulatory mechanisms in these pathways. Prepare to identify critical reactions and their implications for energy production.
