Language Culture And Society PDF

LANGUAGE CULTURE & SOCIETY Ideology – Fundamental principles and morals that support political or social systems. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Eth...

LANGUAGE CULTURE & SOCIETY Ideology – Fundamental principles and morals that support political or social systems. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Ethnocentrism – Inclination to evaluate other Language – System of vocal symbols used for cultures based on the norms and values of human communication. one’s culture. Culture- Shared set of perspectives, values, Xenocentrism- Preference for the cultural beliefs, experiences. (way of life) practices of other cultures rather than one’s own. Society – Group of people who live together with structure. Social Stratification – System of levels of authority and status among people in a Dialect – Unique variety of a language that is society. particular to a special group/region. Social Mobility – Capacity to move between Sociolinguistics – Investigation of different levels of social hierarchy in a society. interrelation between language and society. Social Cohesion – Extent to w/c individuals in Code-switching – Act of transitioning a society experience a sense of between 2 or more dialects/languages while connectedness with others. speaking. 1st language (L1) – Language a person Language Acquisition – Process of acquiring exposed to from birth or within the critical a language, 1st or 2nd language. period of language acquisition. Bilingualism – Capacity to speak and 2nd language (L2) – Any language learned comprehend 2 languages. after the 1st language. Anthropology – Scientific inquiry of human Native Language – Implies fluency and often culture and societies. cultural identity with a linguistic community. Cultural Relativism – Belief that cultural Mother Tongue – 1st language learned at practices should be evaluated in w/c they home in childhood that still identifies with occur, rather than applying the standards of culturally. one’s own culture. Foreign Language – Any language that is not Cultural Appropriation – Act of taking one’s native or second language. aspects of one culture by individuals from another culture without proper recognition Instrumental – To fulfill needs. or respect. Regulatory – To control the behavior of Artifacts – Objects created by a particular others. culture, often possessing cultural Interactional – To develop social significance. relationships and ease interaction. Personal – To express personal identity, Inner Circle (ENL) ex: US, UK, Canada, feelings, and opinions. Australia, New Zealand. Heuristic – To explore the environment and Hockett’s Features of Human learn. Language Imaginative – To create a world of Vocal Auditory Channel- Language is imagination. transmitted through sound (speaking and hearing) Representational – To convey facts and information. Broadcast Transmission and Directional Reception – Language sounds are broadcast in all directions, but listeners can perceive the THEORIES IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE direction from which the sounds are coming. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Transitoriness – Language sounds are - Linguistic relativity temporary and disappear quickly after being - Language shapes thoughts and produced. perception Interchangeability – Individuals can both - Ex: Different languages categorizes send and receive messages. colors differently. Ethnopoetics Total Feedback – Speakers can hear and - Method of recording and analyzing monitor their own speech, allowing them to oral poetry and narratives to preserve control and modify. their formal and functional elements. Specialization – Primary function of language - Emphasizes the cultural and is communication rather than serving performative aspects of oral tradition. another biological function. Oral Gesture Theory by Piaget - Speech originated from gestures and Semanticity – Specific signals have specific body movements. meanings. - Early human communication involved Arbitrariness – No inherent connection gestures that evolved into vocal between linguistic signs (words) and their expressions. meanings. Kachru’s Concentric Circles Model Discreteness – Language is composed of Expanding Circle (EFL) ex: China Caribbean distinct unites that can be combined in countries, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, various ways to create meaning. Nepal, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South America LANGUAGE REGISTERS Outer Circle (ESL) ex: Bangladesh, Ghana, Frozen – Language that never India, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, changes (Our father who art in Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Heaven) Zambia.  Formal – Standard English (Please - Coined the term “impression accept our sincerest gratitude) management” Consultative- Language among - Described strategies people use to friends (What’s up Dawg) create a particular impression to Intimate – Language among others lovers/family (Nay, tsararat ba ako) - Emphasized importance of nonverbal communication and structured social EXPERTS interactions. Edward Sapir LANGUAGE CULTURE SOCIETY NEXUS - Pioneer of Linguistic Anthropology - Known for work on language culture - Language plays a role in culture in relationship society. - Argued that language shapes - Language shapes thought and perception/worldviews perception Benjamin Lee Whorf - Social and cultural disposition - Student of Sapir (habitus) are acquired through - Continued work on LC relationship experiences and upbringing and - Known for Spir-Whorf Hypothesis these shapes an individual’s - Suggested language structure affects perception - speaker’s perception of the world. - Language use reflects and reinforces Clifford Geertz social hierarchies and power - Anthropologist, Significant dynamics contributions to symbolic - Language and gender are related in anthropology differences in language use between - Argued that culture is a system of men and women reinforce gender symbols used to interpret and stereotypes understand the world. HOW TO APPLY LCS CONNECTION - Emphasized studying meanings attached to actions/behaviors. 1. Incorporate Filipino Culture (Use Pierre Bourdieu examples, stories, contexts that are - French sociologist familiar to students) - Developed theory of cultural capital 2. Use Code-switching (Encourage - Cultural Capital refers to knowledge, switching between English and skills, and practices used to navigate Native language) social context 3. Discuss Cultural Differences (Discuss - Argued cultural capital is unequally differences between English speaking distributed in society and can countries and Philippines) reproduce social inequality 4. Teach English Varieties (Teach Erving Goffman different varieties of English and - Sociologist, focused on how people reflect different cultures and present societies)  5. Promote Multilingualism (Encourage Classroom-based – traditional classroom students to value all languages) setting. 6. Use Authentic Materials (use news Language Labs – Equipped with audio- articles, songs, films, that reflect the visual aids. culture of English speaking countries) 7. Encourage Cultural Exchange Online-based- Courses are available on (Encourage students to share their online platforms and accessible. own cultural experiences) Immersive – Exposed to the language 8. Teach Pragmatics (Teach politeness natural context (living abroad, strategies and speech acts) participating on language cultural 9. Relate Language to Identity (Discuss exchange programs) how language relates to personal and social identity) Study Abroad – Learn a language in a 10. Reflect on Language Use (Encourage country where it is spoken through study students to reflect on their own abroad programs. language) Home-based – Study language at home PROBLEMS WITH APPLYING LCS (self-study, tutor, language software) CONNECTION Social Media-based – Learning materials, 1. Language Barrier communication with native speakers, and 2. Cultural Differences language learning groups through social 3. Lack of Resources (teachers lack media platforms. textbooks, audio-visual aids, and Language Exchange Groups – Informal internet) gatherings (physical/virtual) where 4. Classroom Management (dealing people interested in learning languages with students of different language come together. abilities) 5. Student Motivation Community-based – Community events, 6. Parental Involvement volunteer work to learn language. 7. Standardized Testing Pressure (focusing on rote memorization rather than fostering deep #Language barrier makes understanding understanding) cultural nuances difficult to do 8. Keeping up with pedagogical trends #Stress can result from Standardized 9. Professional Development testing 10. Workload #Classroom-based learning provide LANGUAGE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS structure compared to other learning - Physical or virtual setting in w/c methods language learning occurs # Cultural immersion is one of the unique Which term best describes a language benefits of studying abroad that is learned in addition to the native language and is used for communication # Conversation Skills will directly improve within the same country? by participating on language exchange groups A. Additive Language CREATING A CONDUCIVE LANGUAGE B. Foreign language LEARNING ENVIRONMENT C. Second language 1. Create welcoming environment (safe D. Bilingual language classroom) 2. Encourage Peer Learning 3. Incorporate Technology Which theory posits that language is a 4. Provide Constructive Feedback tool for social action and that meaning is 5. Set Realistic Goals constructed through interaction? 6. Engage Parents 7. Encourage Student Participation A. Behaviorist Theory 8. Use varied teaching methods B. Functionalism (different learning styles) 9. Promote Growth mindset (belief that C. Generative Grammar Theory their abilities can improve with effort D. Speech Act Theory and practice) *** This concept refers to the idea that language influences the way individuals MOCK TEST perceive and think about the world? Which of the following is an example of A. Cultural Relativism the instrumental function of language B. Linguistic Relativity according to Michael Halliday? C. Ethnocentrism D. Social Constructivism A) “Let’s all stand and pray.” B) “I want him now.” This term describes the phenomenon C) “English is considered a universal where speakers of different languages language.” have different ways of categorizing and D) “In a faraway land, a magical understanding the world? kingdom…” A. Linguistic Determinism A) Code-switching B. Code-Switching B) Bilingualism C. Language Acquisition C) Language acquisition D. Cultural Assimilation D) Dialect Which concept best describes the idea What is the term for a variety of a that language reflects and reinforces the language that is distinguished by its cultural values and social norms of a vocabulary, grammar, and society? pronunciation? A. Ethnocentrism A) Slang B. Code-Switching B) Jargon C. Cultural Transmission C) Accent D. Language Displacement D) Dialect Which of the following scenarios best Which of the following is a challenge in exemplifies sociolinguistic variation? applying the language-culture-society connection in multicultural societies? A. A student using formal language in a research paper and informal language in A. Language diversity and a text message to a friend. multilingualism B. A person learning a new language B. Homogeneous cultural practices through an online course and speaking C. Uniform social norms the same language with supervisors. D. Standardized language policies C. A teacher explaining grammar rules to local students and phonology to international students. Which of the following best describes an D. A tourist using a phrasebook to immersion language learning communicate in a foreign country. environment? A. Learning a language through formal classroom instruction only In a society where people often switch between multiple languages in a single B. Learning a language by studying conversation, this practice is known as: grammar and vocabulary from textbooks C. Learning a language through online about things that are not present in the courses and virtual interactions immediate environment? D. Learning a language by being A. Duality surrounded by and using it in everyday B. Arbitrariness situations C. Displacement D. Productivity Which of the following is a key factor in creating a conducive language learning environment? Which language register is demonstrated A. Limiting distractions and interaction below? “Lol. You don’t have the nerve to among students rat me out.” B. Emphasizing formative assessment A. Slang Register and rote memorization of vocabulary B. Casual Register C. Providing a supportive and C. Informal Register encouraging atmosphere D. Consultative Register D. Focusing on grammar rules to comply with existing language policy Which of the following best describes the Inner Circle in Kachru’s Concentric Circles Model? A. Countries where English is used as a foreign language B. Countries where English is the native language C. Countries where English is used as a second language D. Countries where English is norm- developing Which of the following features of human language refers to the ability to talk