Landmarks-and-Planes.pptx

Introduction: The Human Body (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill.  Major Regions of the body Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and...

Introduction: The Human Body (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill.  Major Regions of the body Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc- Graw Hill.  Major Regions of Head, Neck, and Trunk Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill.  Major Regions of the Limb Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill. Anatomy Directional Terms What is it? 1. It is used by teachers, medical personnel, anatomist, strength and conditioning trainers, exercise specialists, and coaches that will allow them to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another. 2. Directional terms are used to describe the relative position of a body part in relationship to another body part (LaPres et al., 2016) Anatomical Position Naming the various parts of the human body required anatomists to develop a reference position, so that structures and areas of the body could be describe in relation to each other. This anatomical position refers to a person standing erect with the head, eyes, and palms facing forward. The feet are together with the toes pointing forward and the arms are hanging by the sides.  Body Region It is always assumed that the body is in a standard position, the anatomical position, in which the body is standing upright with upper limbs at the sides and palms of the hands facing forward (LaPres et al., 2016) Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc- Graw Hill.  Anatomy Directional Terms Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill. Planes of Motion Three imaginary lines drawn through the body form the planes. Movements parallel to a line fall within its plane. Forward-backward movements occur within the sagittal plane, side-to-side movements fall within the coronal or frontal plane, and rotational movements occur within the transverse plane. (Napier, 2020, p.10) Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6 th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill.  Body Planes and Sections Rationale: The three main planes that transect, or divide, the human body into sections, make it easier to describe the locations of body parts and movements. Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6 th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill. Body Planes and Sections Transverse , or horizontal, planes divide the body into superior and inferior portions and are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the body (LaPres et al., 2016). A median (midsagittal) plane passes through the midline of the body and divides the body into equal left and right (LaPres et al., 2016). Frontal (coronal) planes divide the body into anterior and posterior portions (LaPres et al., 2016). Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill.  Application in Physical Activity Dancer’s pirouette- Transverse Plane. Jumping Jack- Frontal Plane Cycling- Sagittal Plane Hall, S. (2022). Basic Biomechanics.  Sagittal Plane Movements From anatomical position, the three primary movements occurring in the sagittal plane are flexion, extension, and hyperextension, and dorsiflexion and plantarflexion (Hall, 2022). Flexion includes anteriorly directed sagittal plane rotations (Hall, 2022). Extension is defined as the movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position from a position of flexion (Hall, 2022) Hyperextension is the rotation beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite the direction of flexion (Hall, 2022). Photo: Hall, S. (2022). Basic Biomechanics (9th ed.). McGraw Hill.  Frontal Plane Movements The major frontal plane rotational movements are abduction and adduction (Hall, 2022). Abduction= (abduct meaning “to take away”) Adduction= (add meaning “to bring back”) Frontal plane movements include abduction and adduction, lateral flexion, elevation and depression, inversion and eversion, and radial and ulnar deviation. Photo: Hall, S. (2022). Basic Biomechanics (9th ed.). McGraw Hill.  Transverse Plane Movements Body movements in the transverse plane are rotational movements about a longitudinal axis (Hall, 2022). Transverse plane movements include left and right rotation, medial and lateral rotation, supination and pronation, and horizontal abduction and adduction. Photo: Hall, S. (2022). Basic Biomechanics (9th ed.). McGraw Hill.  Common Movements It is important to understand the nature of the plane along which a section was made in order to understand the three- dimensional structure of an object being observed. Photo: (LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill. To summarize… Table 1: Anatomical, Directional, and Regional Terms in Human Anatomy To summarize… Table 2: Fundamental Movements (From Anatomical Position) Reference Hall, S. (2022). Basic Biomechanics (9th ed.). McGraw Hill. LaPres, J. et al. (2016). Gunstream’s Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). Mc-Graw Hill.