Lab Midterm Review Sheet PDF

Study Review Sheet 1. Directional Terms in Anatomy o Anatomical Position: The standard reference position for the body. o Terms: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal. 2. Types of Brain Structures o Cerebrum: Responsible for higher...

Study Review Sheet 1. Directional Terms in Anatomy o Anatomical Position: The standard reference position for the body. o Terms: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal. 2. Types of Brain Structures o Cerebrum: Responsible for higher brain functions. o Cerebellum: Coordinates muscle movements and balance. o Brainstem: Controls vital functions like heart rate and breathing. 3. Location of the Liver o Quadrants: Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. o Functions: Metabolism, detoxification, and bile production. 4. Function of the Diaphragm o Respiratory Role: Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities; aids in breathing. o Muscle Action: Contracts and relaxes to facilitate inhalation and exhalation. 5. Microvilli o Structure: Small, fingerlike projections on epithelial cells. o Function: Increase surface area for absorption, particularly in the intestines. 6. Osmosis o Definition: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. o Importance: Regulates cell volume and maintains homeostasis. 7. Filtration in the Kidneys o Process: Movement of water and solutes from blood to kidney tubules. o Mechanism: Driven by blood pressure; essential for waste removal and fluid balance. 8. Nervous Tissue o Types: Neurons (signal transmission) and glial cells (support and protect neurons). o Function: Rapid communication between body parts. 9. Muscle Tissue Types o Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary control; moves bones. o Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary control; makes up the heart. o Smooth Muscle: Involuntary control; found in walls of hollow organs. 10. Bone Tissue o Types: Compact bone (dense outer layer) and spongy bone (internal network). o Function: Provides structure, protects organs, and stores minerals. 11. DNA Complementarity o Base Pairing: A-T and C-G pairing in DNA strands. o Significance: Essential for DNA replication and protein synthesis. 12. Glandular Epithelium o Types: Exocrine (secretes to surfaces) and endocrine (secretes hormones into the bloodstream). o Function: Produces and secretes various substances. 13. Epithelial Tissue Types o Simple Epithelium: Single layer; involved in absorption and secretion. o Stratified Epithelium: Multiple layers; provides protection. Study Review Sheet 14. Membrane of Medullary Cavity o Endosteum: Lines the inner surface of bones. o Function: Involved in bone growth and repair. 15. First Cervical Vertebra (C1) o Name: Atlas. o Function: Supports the skull and allows for nodding motion. 16. Scoliosis o Definition: Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. o Implications: Can affect posture and respiratory function. 17. Types of Bones in the Hand o Carpals: Wrist bones. o Metacarpals: Hand bones. o Phalanges: Finger bones. 18. Parietal and Frontal Suture o Location: Junction where the parietal and frontal bones meet. o Significance: Important for skull shape and structure. 19. Unique Bone (Hyoid) o Description: A U-shaped bone in the neck. o Function: Supports the tongue and is involved in swallowing. 20. Muscle Contraction Mechanism o Sliding Filament Theory: Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten muscles. o Role of ATP: Energy source for muscle contractions. 21. Muscle Naming Conventions o Examples: Based on location, shape, size, direction of fibers, or action. o Function: Helps identify and categorize muscles. 22. Orbicularis Oculi Muscle o Function: Closes the eyelids. o Importance: Plays a role in blinking and protecting the eyes. 23. Homeostasis Definition: The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes. Mechanisms: Involves feedback systems (negative and positive) that regulate body functions like temperature, pH, and glucose levels. 24. Types of Joints Synovial Joints: Freely movable joints (e.g., knee, elbow). Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable joints (e.g., intervertebral discs). Fibrous Joints: Immovable joints (e.g., sutures in the skull). Study Review Sheet 25. Immune System Components Innate Immunity: Non-specific defense mechanisms (e.g., skin, mucous membranes). Adaptive Immunity: Specific responses involving T cells and B cells. Key Organs: Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.