Lab Fundamentals & Definitions PDF

Classes of Fires 5 common illnesses caused by bacteria Difference between sanitization and sterilization 1. Tuberculosis Sanitization: the process of reducing the numb...

Classes of Fires 5 common illnesses caused by bacteria Difference between sanitization and sterilization 1. Tuberculosis Sanitization: the process of reducing the number of harmful Class A: Wood, paper, cloth, rubber, microorganisms on surfaces or objects to a safe level, as defined by public 2. Salmonellosis plastics. 3. Gonorrhea health standards. Class B: Flammable liquids and vapors 4. Pneumonia (paint, oil, grease, and gasoline) 5. Syphilis Sterilization: the process of completely eliminating or destroying all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Class C: Electrical equipment Class D: Combustible or reactive metals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, lithium) Class K: High temperature cooking oils, grease or fats. Definition of Sterile 4 types of centrifuges Standard precautions Sterile refers to being completely free of 1. Fixed angle centrifuge – Slant Standard precautions are infection control practices used in healthcare to bacteria, viruses, germs, and other 2. Horizontal centrifuge – Flat prevent the spread of infectious agents. They aim to protect both organisms. (including spores) 3. Ultra centrifuge – High speed healthcare workers and patients. All bodily fluids and mucous 4. Temperature centrifuge (37oC or 4OC) membranes should be treated as potentially infectious. Principle of the Autoclave 2 methods of sterilization and Gold standard disinfectant when cleaning centrifuges disinfection Typically refers to broad-spectrum disinfectants that are effective against Is a device that uses high-pressure steam to 1. Autoclaves a wide range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, while sterilize equipment, materials, and 2. Incineration being compatible with the materials used in the centrifuge. (i.e. 2% substances. Glutaraldehyde). Steps of a needle stick exposure Example of a caustic chemical Difference between Fume Hood and Biological Safety Cabinet (post-exposure prophylaxis). 1. Potassium hydroxide Fume Hood: to protect both the user and the environment from 1. Immediately wash the area 2. Sodium hydroxide dangerous dust, vapors, or fumes produced during chemical reactions. 2. If possible, let the area bleed to drain out the 3. Sulfuric Acid needle's substance. 4. Nitric Acid Biological Safety Cabinets: are designed to protect users and 3. Report the injury 5. Concentrated sodium hypochlorite environment as well as the samples (specimens) from biological agents 4. Seek medical attention (chlorine bleach) that may be harmful. 5. Fill out a needle-stick injury report as instructed by your healthcare facility. 6. Follow up testing Where should our spill kit be placed in the Chain of infection/ transmission Definition of disinfection laboratory and why. Is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms (such 1. Infectious agent It should be placed in a visible and as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) from surfaces, objects, or environments, 2. Reservoir accessible place (but not in the way) using chemicals or other methods. because they help ensure that the kit can be 3. Portal of exit used quickly and effectively in case of an 4. Means of Transmission emergency. 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host 4 infectious agent groups Filter in the Biological Safety Cabinet Engineering controls HEPA filter (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) Are physical modifications or systems designed to reduce or eliminate 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses hazards in the workplace. 3. Fungi 4. Parasites 3 antibiotic resistant bacteria 3 agents that require droplet precautions Exposure control plan 1. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus 1. Influenza (Flu) Is a written program that outlines the procedures, practices, and aureus (MRSA) 2. COVID-19 strategies an organization will implement to minimize or eliminate 2. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase 3. Pertussis workers' exposure to potentially hazardous substances, conditions, or (ESBL) environments. 3. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) 3 agents that require contact precautions 3 agents that require airborne precautions Administrative controls 1. Norovirus 1. Tuberculosis (TB) Are safety measures implemented through policies, procedures, and 2. Scabies 2. Chickenpox (Varicella) work practices to reduce workers' exposure to hazards. 3. Herpes 3. Measles When would reverse isolation be utilized What does the acronym PASS stand for Cross- contamination This is essential for those who are more likely when using a fire extinguisher It’s the transfer of harmful substances, such as bacteria, viruses, to get illness due to weakened immune Pull - the pin to break the seal systems, including HIV/AIDS, cancer, allergens, or chemicals, from one surface, substance, or object to another, Aim - nozzle at the base of the flames organ transplant. Squeeze - handle often unintentionally. Sweep - side to side What is the inactive stage some bacteria Definition of infectious agent How to handle biological waste have Is any microorganism or pathogen that has 1. Identify the Type of Biological Waste The inactive stage some bacteria can enter the ability to cause disease in a host 2. Personal Protection and Hygiene is known as the spore or endospore stage. organism. 3. Containment During this phase, bacteria form a highly 4. Storage resistant, dormant structure that allows 5. Disposal Methods them to survive harsh environmental 6. Documentation and Compliance conditions such as extreme heat, 7. Training and Awareness dehydration, lack of nutrients, and exposure to chemicals or radiation. What is SDS and when to use them Global spread of disease When would code brown be called Safety Data Sheet: is a detailed document that provides Endemic: a disease that belongs to a particular area, It’s an emergency code to indicate a hazardous spill or information about the hazards, handling, storage, and people, or country and can be commonly found contamination. Particularly one involving fecal matter disposal of chemicals or chemical products. there or vomit. It’s commonly associated with situations Outbreak: a sudden increase in cases of a involving bodily fluids that require immediate attention Usage: for cleaning and decontamination. disease in an area beyond what is expected, or Before working with chemicals to assess risks an infection in a new area. If an outbreak is not and determine safety measures. quickly controlled, it can lead to an epidemic During emergencies to guide Epidemic: when an outbreak of a disease appropriate first aid and response spreads rapidly and affects many people within a actions. community, population, or region, or the number For ongoing safety practices like training, infected in an area is significantly higher than risk assessments, and regulatory normal compliance. Pandemic: when an epidemic of a disease has When dealing with chemical spills, exposures, or spread over multiple countries or continents and disposal. affects a large portion of the population Main function of a Biological Safety Cabinet The most common infection control methods in Alternative cleaning materials to use in the (BSC) the laboratory laboratory when standard chemical spill Is to provide a controlled environment that protects Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) cleaning agents are unavailable both the user and the surrounding environment from potentially harmful biological agents (e.g., viruses, Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs) 1. Soap and Water 2. Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) bacteria, fungi) while working with biological materials. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Standard 3. Vinegar (Acetic Acid) Operating Procedures (SOPs) 4. Paper Towels and Disinfecting Wipes Hand Hygiene Disinfection and Sterilization Safe Handling and Disposal of Biological Waste Airflow and Ventilation Control Vaccinations and Health Monitoring Decontamination of Equipment and Work Surfaces Laboratory Design and Separation Training and Education Example biological hazards Biosafety Standards Risk Groups 1. bacteria Purpose to establish safety/ security regime to Group 1: low individual risk, low community 2. viruses protect health and safety of public against risk Group 2: moderate individual risk, low community 3. fungi posed by human/ animal pathogens and toxins. Group 3: high individual risk, low community 4. parasites licensing to conduct controlled activities Group 4: high individual risk, high community 5. infectious materials (blood, body fluids, cell lines) authorized persons incl. training requirements 6. prions inventory requirements 7. vector-borne pathogens security-sensitive biological agents 8. microbial toxins security clearances functions/ qualifications of biosafety officers reporting Containment Levels/ Biosafety Levels (BSL) Physical features/ operational practices needed for safe handling and storage of biohazards within lab. structure and location containment barrier access surface finishes and casework air handling facility services essential biosafety equipment effluent contamination systems BSL-1: Low-risk agents, not typically pathogenic to humans. Standard lab practices, minimal PPE, open bench work. BSL-2: Moderate-risk agents, pathogenic but treatable. Restricted access, biological safety cabinet for certain tasks, moderate PPE, autoclaving of waste. BSL-3: High-risk agents, potentially fatal via inhalation. Controlled lab with negative pressure, HEPA filtration, strict PPE, biological safety cabinet for aerosols.  WORKBOOK EXERCISES DEFINITIONS - ASSIGNMENT Students are to provide definitions for each term below and complete this workbook exercise independently. Analyte: chemical substance Anticoagulant substance used to prevent/ treat blood clots Aseptic Technique strict procedures that healthcare providers use to prevent the spread of infection Assay laboratory test to find and measure the amount of a specific substance Biosafety: the safe working practices associated with handling of biological materials, particularly infectious agents Calibration the process of checking a measuring instrument to see if it is accurate Centrifuge a device that helps separate components of a mixture through the use of centrifugal force, by spinning Coagulation the clotting of blood Culture a test to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection Cytology: the exam of a single cell type, as often found in fluid specimens Dilution: lowering the concentration of a solute in a solution by simply adding more solvent to the solution, such as water Electrolytes: a substance that dissociates in water into charged particles called ions Enzyme: a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein Hemolysis the breakdown of red blood cells Incubation: a heated, insulated box used to grow and maintain microbiological or cell cultures Page 1 of 3 Assignment – November 2024  WORKBOOK EXERCISES DEFINITIONS - ASSIGNMENT Icterus: a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood Lipemia: the presence of an excess of fats or lipids in the blood Lysis: the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane Microbiology: the study of the biology of microscopic organisms Mycology the study of fungi, a group that includes the mushrooms and yeasts Pathogen: an organism causing disease to its host Pipette: a type of laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry and biology to transport a measured volume of liquid Plasma: the liquid portion of blood Point-of-Care Testing (POCT): - any analytical test performed outside the laboratory Quality Control (QC): - a measure of precision, or how well the measurement system reproduces the same result over time and under varying operating conditions Reagent: a compound or mixture added to a system to start or test a chemical reaction Quality Control a measure of precision, or how well the measurement system reproduces the same result over time and under varying operating conditions Reference Range: a set of numbers that are the high and low ends of the range of results that's considered to be normal Specimen: a sample of something Staining: a technique which is used to enhance and contrast a biological specimen at the microscopic level Page 2 of 3 Assignment – November 2024  WORKBOOK EXERCISES DEFINITIONS - ASSIGNMENT Turbidity: the state or quality of being clouded or opaque, usually because of suspended matter or stirred-up sediment Urinalysis: a test of your urine Virology: the branch of science that deals with the study of viruses Viscosity: a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow Biohazard: a biological agent or condition (as an infectious organism or insecure laboratory procedures) that constitutes a hazard to humans or the environment Centrifugation: a process spins samples quickly in a centrifuge to separate particles by density using centrifugal force Histology: the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues Molecular Diagnostics: the detection of proteins, RNA, DNA, or other nucleic acids is used to diagnose infectious diseases or genetic disorders PH Meter: an instrument used to measure hydrogen ion activity in solutions Specimen Processing: prepare specimens for laboratory testing and analysis and ensure specimens and requisitions are labeled correctly Worklist: a list of laboratory samples or tests to be performed, typically organized by priority and status Page 3 of 3 Assignment – November 2024