Lab 19: Fungi Fall 2024 Lab Report PDF

Lab 19: Fungi Fall 2024, 17.1 Upcoming Lab Report Final Draft (Dec. 2 11:59pm) Final Exam (Dec. 5) # Topic 11 Photosynthesis 12 Mitosis and Meiosis 13 Genetics and Analysis of Data...

Lab 19: Fungi Fall 2024, 17.1 Upcoming Lab Report Final Draft (Dec. 2 11:59pm) Final Exam (Dec. 5) # Topic 11 Photosynthesis 12 Mitosis and Meiosis 13 Genetics and Analysis of Data 14 Molecular Biology 15 Modeling DNA Replication and Gene Expression 16 Population Genetics & Evolution 17 Bacteriology 18 Protists 19 Fungi Objectives Concepts Outputs (in notebook) Identify and observe different Answer all in-text questions examples of fungi Label the diagrams provided in the Describe the similarities and lab manual differences between the life cycles Draw/differentiate the life cycles of of each example the three phyla observed in this Discuss the role of fungi in the lab environment Understand how these organisms are studied Helpful summary video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4DUZhnNo4s Domains of life Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Fungi Distinct kingdom Mostly multicellular, sometimes unicellular Heterotrophic Cell walls made of chitin Non-motile sperm Primarily haploid through most of their life cycle Store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen Who else does this? Fungi organization Mainly exist in filamentous form, called Hyphae: long strands of cells that can associate with each other to form larger structures. Can be dikaryotic (containing two nuclei). If nuclei are from: ○ Genetically different individuals: heterokaryon Do external digestion: secrete ○ Genetically similar individuals: digestive enzymes into their homokaryon surroundings and then absorb organic Can be monokaryotic (single nuclei, molecules back into their bodies. cannot reproduce sexually) Tend to organize into Mycelium: densely branched masses of hyphae. Can be carnivorous or herbivorous. Grow in size via cell division. Dikaryotic Fungal reproduction Structures: Processes: When reproductive structures do form in fungi, complete septa separate the Plasmogamy: process of cytoplasm reproductive cells from the rest of the in two gametangia fusing fungal body Karyogamy: fusion of two haploid Gametangia: specialized organ/cell nuclei to form a diploid nucleus that forms haploid gametes (sexual); extensions formed by adjacent hyphae of compatible mating types (+/-) Sporangia: organ/cell that forms haploid spores (specific names for these may differ by phyla). Fungal reproduction Fungal reproduction Asexual reproduction: Occurs when haploid nuclei undergo germination and mitosis. Sexual reproduction: Fusion of compatible nuclei (determined by environmental factors) Haploid spores can reproduce w/ other haploid spores to form dikaryotic zygotes (nuclei are still haploid). Fungal reproduction cont. The three phyla we will be looking at today are differentiated by their modes of sexual reproduction: Zygomycota (sexual and asexual) Ascomycota (sexual and asexual) Basidiomycota (sexual) A fourth group, imperfect fungi or deuteromycota, comprises members not known to reproduce sexually Phylum Zygomycota Fast growing Cells of the hyphae are haploid, and fuse to form diploid nuclei These undergo meiosis to give haploid spores, which undergo mitosis to give haploid hyphae again Examples in this lab: ○ Rhizopus stolonifera, bread mold (microscope slide and plated culture) ○ Pilobolus crystallinus, shotgun mold (plated culture) Zygomycetes Zygosporangia Zygospores Rhizopus stolonifer 40x & 100x Rhizopus stolonifer 400X Phylum Ascomycota Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats “Sac fungi”: characterized by sexual ascospores in sac-like cells (asci) Edible: fruiting bodies grow underground Yeasts mostly reproduce asexually by budding. Asexual spores called conidia are produced at the tips of hyphae called conidiophores Egs in lab: ○ Peziza (ascocarp cup fungus) (wet demo and microscope slide) ○ Penicillium (plated culture and microscope slide) Peziza ascocarp Peziza - a Cup Fungus 40x Peziza longitudinal section, 100x Peziza - a Cup Fungus 400x Phylum Basidiomycota Long-lived and dikaryotic Produce sexual basidiospores on club-like structures: basidia. Basidia born on large fleshy fruiting bodies called basidiocarps. Basidium: generic mushroom shape w/a stipe (stalk), and pileus (cap) w/gills underneath. Asexual reproduction very uncommon in basidiomycetes Examples from this lab: ○ Coprinus (microscope slide) ○ Dry demos Coprinus: a genus in basidiomycota of around 350 mushroom species Coprinus, Cross Section, 40x & 100x Coprinus, Cross Section, 400x  Imperfect Fungi- Deuteromycota Deuteromycota is not a formal taxonomic group There are more than 17K described species of fungi in this group whose sexual reproduction has not been observed These are the so-called imperfect fungi and appear to have lost the ability to reproduce sexually They reproduce asexually via conidia (asexual non-motile spores) Many skin diseases are caused by imperfect fungi Examples: Aspergillus (plated culture) Conidia of Aspergillus & Penicillium, 100x Conidia of Aspergillus & Penicillium, 400x Phylum: Lichens Symbiotically associated blue green algae with Fungi Act as a photosynthetic partner Sensitive to pollution Come in three shapes: Crustose (crusty) Foliose (leafy) Fruticose (shrubby)  Lichen forms cont.: A fruticose (shrub- like) lichen Crustose (crust-like) lichens A foliose (leaf-like) lichen LE 31-23 Lichen-Fungi relationship Tolerant of harsh environments and usually the first to colonize new ones Fungi in many lichens have antibiotic properties The fungal component that usually gives the lichen its form is usually a sac fungus or a club fungus. The lichen body, called a thallus, Most of the visible body of the lichen varies in shape and color, consists of its fungus depending on the species. Interwoven between hyphal layers are Reproductive structures can be cyanobacteria, green algae, or both. bright red, pink, or green.  Lichen Cross Section dispersal fragment (mycobiont & photobiont) cortex photobionts medulla (inner layer of mycobiont) cortex (layer of mycobiont) Things to do 1. Drawing the life cycles of the three phyla 2. Table 17.1 (p469)