Lecture 9: COLREG 72 - Maritime Collision Regulations PDF

LECTURE 9   Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea Convention (COLREG, 1972); South Korean maritime accident rate doubled last year. According to government reports, a total of 2,740 maritime accidents occurred in 2015, while the previous annual average was just over 1,300. A...

LECTURE 9   Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea Convention (COLREG, 1972); South Korean maritime accident rate doubled last year. According to government reports, a total of 2,740 maritime accidents occurred in 2015, while the previous annual average was just over 1,300. A total of 112 people died or were reported missing, resulting in a significant increase over the previous yearly average of 67-85 people in the three year period from 2011 until 2013. Date: March 23, 2016 Two cargo ships collided Friday morning in the Seto Inland Sea off Himeji, Hyogo Prefecture, killing two men and injuring another, the Japan Coast Guard has said. The Yamato Maru No. 8, owned by a company in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, capsized after colliding with the 499-ton Hoshou Maru, owned by a sea shipping company in Imabari, Ehime Prefecture. The collision occurred near Ieshima Island. Date: July 15, 2016 Two ships collide in Mediterranean near Corsica The collision between the Tunisian and Cypriot ships spilled a trail of pollution stretching 4 kilometers across the water. Italy and France have sent ships to assist with cleanup efforts Date : 8 October 2018 CHINA TANKER COLLISION, 400 TONS OF OIL SPILL. A tanker “A symphony’ was struck by a cargo ship, “ The Sea Justice” at Yellow Sea, South East of China Date:April 30, 2021  Intro - Brief history of COLREG Prior to the development of a single set of international rules and practices, there existed separate practices and various conventions and informal procedures in different parts of the world. As a result, there were inconsistencies and even contradictions that gave rise to unintended collisions. Vessel navigation lights for operating in darkness as well as navigation marks also were not standardized, giving rise to dangerous confusion and ambiguity between vessels at risk of colliding. Sailing vessels are limited as to their maneuverability in that they cannot sail directly into the wind and cannot be readily navigated in the absence of wind. However, steamships can maneuver in all 360 degrees of direction and can be maneuvered irrespective of the presence or absence of wind. With the advent of steam-powered ships in the mid-19th century, conventions for sailing vessel navigation had to be supplemented with conventions for power- driven vessel navigation.  What is COLREGs The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs) are published by the IMO and set out, among other things, the "rules of the road" or navigation rules to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea to prevent collisions between two or more vessels. COLREGs can also refer to the specific political line that divides inland waterways, which are subject to their own navigation rules, and coastal waterways which are subject to international navigation rules. The COLREGs are derived from a multilateral treaty called the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea.  Establishment COLREG were adopted as a convention of the IMO on 20 October 1972 and entered into force on 15 July 1977. They were designed to update and replace the Collision Regulations of 1960. The first Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) was established in the Dover Strait in 1967. It was first operated on a voluntary basis but in 1971 the IMO Assembly adopted a resolution stating that observance of all traffic separation schemes be made mandatory - the COLREGs make this obligation clear. As of June 2013, the convention has been ratified by 155 states representing 98.7% of the tonnage of the world's merchant fleets. It has been amended several times since their first adoption. Amendments introduced in 1981, 1987, 1989 and 1993 are already EIF. Eg, In 1981 Rule 10 was amended with regard to dredging or surveying in traffic separation schemes. In 1987 amendments were made to several rules, including rule 1(e) for vessels of special construction; rule 3(h), vessels constrained by her draught and Rule 10(c), crossing traffic lanes. In 1989 Rule 10 was altered to stop unnecessary use of the inshore traffic zones associated with TSS. In 1993 amendments were made concerning the positioning of lights on vessels.  Traffic Separation Scheme Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) means a routing measure aimed at the separation of opposing streams of traffic by appropriate means and by the establishment of traffic lanes. to improve the safety of navigation in areas where traffic density is high or traffic movement is restricted. IMO-adopted Mandatory Ship Reporting System known as STRAITREP has been established in the SOMS to enhance navigational safety and to protect the marine environment. Skim Pemisahan Trafik (SPK) adalah kawasan dimana peraturan bagi navigasi kapal telah ditetapkan dalam laluan khas bagi memastikan kapal yang sedang belayar mematuhi arah yang sama. SPK biasanya ditetapkan di kawasan di mana terdapat pergerakan kapal yang banyak dalam arah yang berlainan dan menyebabkan risiko perlanggaran amat tinggi COLREG 72 RULE 10 – TSS. What should happen?  How many rules in COLREGs? The COLREGs include 41 rules divided into six sections: Part A - General; (Rules 1-3) Part B - Steering and Sailing; (Rules 4 – 19) Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4-10) Section II - Conduct of vessels in sight of one another (Rules 11-18) Section III - Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility (Rule 19) Part C - Lights and Shapes; (Rules 20 – 31) Part D - Sound and Light Signals; (Rules 32 – 37) Part E - Exemptions; (Rules 38) Part F - Verification of compliance with the provisions of the Convention. (Rules 39 – 41)  The COLREGs include four annexes: Annex I - Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes Annex II - Additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximity Annex III - Technical details of sounds signal appliances Annex IV - Distress signals, which lists the signals indicating distress and need of assistance  No right-of-way A commonly held misconception concerning the rules of marine navigation is that by following specific rules, a vessel can gain certain rights of way over other vessels. However, no vessel ever has "right of way" over other vessels. Rather, there can be a "give way" vessel and a "stand on" vessel, or there may be two give way vessels with no stand on vessel. A stand on vessel does not have any right of way over any give way vessel, and is not free to maneuver however it wishes, but is obliged to keep a constant course and speed (so as to help the give way vessel in determining a safe course). So standing on is an obligation, not a right, and is not a privilege. Furthermore, a stand on vessel may still be obliged (under Rule 2 and Rule 17) to give way itself, in particular when a situation has arisen where a collision can no longer be avoided by actions of the give way vessel alone. For example, two power-driven vessels approaching each other head-to-head, are both deemed to be "give way" and both are required to alter course so as to avoid colliding with the other. Neither vessel has "right of way". The left side is called 'port' because ships with steerboard or starboard would dock at ports on the opposite side of the steerboard or starboard. As the right side is the steerboard side or starboard side, the left side is the port side. BASIC BOAT TERMS Part B - Steering and Sailing; (Rules 4 – 19) USV – UNCREWED SURFACE VESSEL Part B - Steering and Sailing; (Rules 4 – 19) Part C - Lights and Shapes; (Rules 20 – 31) Part D - Sound and Light Signals; (Rules 32 – 37) Part D - Sound and Light Signals; (Rules 32 – 37)