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# Lab 8: Digestive System **Intracellular digestion** - Process where cells break down and absorb nutrients in cytoplasm (inside food vacuole) **Extracellular digestion** - Process of breaking down food outside of cells. ## Steps of Digestion: 1. **Ingestion** - eat food * chewing * biti...

# Lab 8: Digestive System **Intracellular digestion** - Process where cells break down and absorb nutrients in cytoplasm (inside food vacuole) **Extracellular digestion** - Process of breaking down food outside of cells. ## Steps of Digestion: 1. **Ingestion** - eat food * chewing * biting 2. **Digestion** - Mechanical & Chemical 3. **Absorption** - absorb nutrients 4. **Excretion** - removal of waste ## Crop in animals: * **Earthworm:** Storage of soil, moisten food in esophagus. * **Grasshopper:** Storage of food. * **Birds:** Food storage, help eat quicker. ## Pig: * **Liver:** produces bile & regulates blood sugar. * **Gall bladder:** Stores bile when not needed. * **Stomach:** Storage for food. * **Spleen:** Helps immune system (produces white blood cells). * **Pancreas:** Regulates blood sugar, secretes enzymes/hormones. * **Small intestines:** Break down food (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) * **Large intestines:** Absorb nutrients & H₂O * **Rectum:** Waste storage before excretion ## Dogfish Shark: * **Liver:** Stores oil to help it float. * **Gall bladder:** Store bile secreted by liver. * **Stomach:** Stores food, produces acids. * **Spleen:** Produces red blood cells. * **Pancreas:** Produces digestive enzymes. * **Rectal gland:** Excretes salts. * **Spiral valve:** Increases surface area ## Frog: * **Liver:** Produces bile, stores fat. * **Gallbladder:** Stores bile, neutralizes acid. * **Fat bodies:** Provide energy, insulation. * **Small Intestines:** Break down food, absorb * **Large Intestines:** Holds waste, absorbs H₂O * **Pancreas:** Secretes enzymes, hormones * **Stomach:** Stores food, digestive juices ## Mammal Digestive System: * **Oral cavity:** Food enters, broken down by teeth & saliva * **Esophagus:** Connects to stomach * **Stomach:** Storage, Secretes digestive juices, acidic. * **Small intestine:** Digestion of proteins, absorption * **Large intestine:** Reabsorbs water, processes waste. * **Rectum & anus:** Stores feces, opening where waste leaves. * **Accessory organs:** Gallbladder (stores bile), liver(secretes bile) ## Digestive System Comparison Table | Animal | Structure | Digestion | |---|---|---| | Sponge/Planaria/hydra/Earthworm/fish/human etc. | NA/Gastrovascular cavity | Intracellular & Extracellular | | DS | N/A | Incomplete/Complete 2 openings| **Note:** The table has some missing values, (indicated as N/A), as it is difficult to determine missing information from the image.