L2 Skeletal System PDF

L2- Skeletal System LEARNING OUTCOMES  Components and divisions  Structure and functions of cartilage an bone  Classification of bones  Appendicular skeleton and Axial Skeleton  AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON  The axial skeleton includes the skull and all the crania...

L2- Skeletal System LEARNING OUTCOMES  Components and divisions  Structure and functions of cartilage an bone  Classification of bones  Appendicular skeleton and Axial Skeleton  AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON  The axial skeleton includes the skull and all the cranial bones, the spine, the ribs and the hyoid bone.  The appendicular skeleton is everything else. It’s everything that attaches on to the axial skeleton. Think “appendages”. The pelvis, femur, fibula, tibia and all of the foot bones as well as the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna and all of the hand bones are classified as appendicular. Axial skeleton cont…… (vertebral column) Thoracic vertebrae Facet for transverse process of the rib Facet for the Intervertebral Lateral view head of the rib foramen Superior view  Skeleton of Thorax (Bones and joints) Rt & Lt Pulmonary cavities Mediastinum Sternocostal Joint Posterior View Transverse process of Vertebrae Spinous process Of vertebrae RIBs (types) & Joints Facet on Costovertebral joint Costotransverse joint Movements of the Thoracic wall Functions of Thorax Neck Muscles Pectoralis major (upper limb) Diaphragm dome Abdominal muscles Thoracic apertures & joints of thorax Structures through Superior thoracic Aperture Esophagus Trachea Brachial Plexus Lt Subclavian Artery Lt Vagus Lt Subclavian vein Structure through Inferior thoracic aperture Aortic opening Lt dome of diaphragm Esophagial Opening Opening for IVC Sternum The Appendicular Skeleton Bones & Joints of the Upper limb The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle  Scapula and Clavicle allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Scapula Subscapular fossa Anterior view Lateral view Posterior view Bones of Arm (Humerus) & Forearm (radius & ulna) Humerus Radius & Ulna Bones of the Hand (Heel of hand)  Bones of the Pelvic Girdle  Hip bones  Composed of three pair of fused bones  Ilium  Ischium  Pubic bone  The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis  Protects several organs  Reproductive organs  Urinary bladder  Part of the large intestine  PELVIC BONE Medial view Lateral view Iliac crest Arcuate line on ilium Articular surface for sacrum Superior Greater sciatic notch ramus of pubis Ischial spine Pecten pubis Acetabulum Ilium Ischiopubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Obturator Pubis foramen Ischium Pelvic inlet Anteriorly: Posterior margin of pubic symphysis Posteriorly: Sacral Promontory Anteriolateraly: Pectin pubis & arcuate line Posteriolateraly: Ischial tuberosity Pelvic Inlet Anteriorly: Posterior margin of pubic symphysis Posteriorly: Sacral Promontory Sacral promontory Anteriolateraly: Pectin pubis & arcuate line Posteriolateraly: arcuate line on the ilium  Pelvic Outlet Inferior margin of pubic symphysis Ischiopubic ramus Anteriorly: inferior margin of pubic symphysis Posteriorly: Coccyx Anteriolateraly: Ischiopubic ramus Posteriolateraly: Ischial tuberosity Ischial coccyx tuberosity  Divisions of Pelvis Greater or false pelvis Lesser or true pelvis True pelvis or pelvic cavity Pelvic inlet or pelvic brim Pelvic inlet divides the greater pelvis from lesser pelvis The portion below the pelvic outlet is perineum Bones of the Lower Limb-Femur (thigh), Tibia & Fibula (leg)  Bones of the Foot The Foot Tarsus – ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes Joints  Classification (based on mobility and stability) synarthrosis Amphiarthroses Diarthroses Synovial joint Fibrous & cartilaginous Synovial Joint & its Features  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule  Have a joint cavity filled with synovial Joint capsule fluid Joint capsule Hyaline  Ligaments reinforce the joint  Ex: Joints in the upper and lower limb bones Synovial joint Arthritis (inflammation of articular surfaces)  Osteoarthritis  Most common chronic arthritis  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis  An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Often leads to deformities Movements at the Joints