Thermodynamics I Lecture Notes PDF

 THERMODYNAMICS I Dr. B. Khandelwal 2  COURSE DESCRIPTION Introduction to engineering thermodynamics. Topics include units and measures, thermodynamic system, property, and surroundings, closed, open and isolated systems, first law of thermodynamics for closed systems including ca...

 THERMODYNAMICS I Dr. B. Khandelwal 2  COURSE DESCRIPTION Introduction to engineering thermodynamics. Topics include units and measures, thermodynamic system, property, and surroundings, closed, open and isolated systems, first law of thermodynamics for closed systems including calculations of boundary work and heat transfer interactions, properties of pure substances including determination of thermodynamic state using the state postulate, introduction to thermodynamic tables, ideal gases, first law of thermodynamics for open systems, second law of thermodynamics, absolute temperature scale, heat engine and refrigeration cycles, Carnot cycle, Kelvin-Planck and Claussius statements of the second law, determination of allowable, reversible, and impossible thermodynamic processes and cycles using the second law, introduction to entropy as a thermodynamic property using the second law, calculation of entropy change and entropy generation for closed and open systems. Introduction to isentropic processes and isentropic efficiencies of devices. 3  APPROACH  Lectures  Problem sheets  Tutorials (Numerical Sessions)  Problem Sessions (Open Office)  Supplementary Notes Exams and Assessments  Mid-Term 1 (25%)  Project (25%)  Mid-Term 2 (25%)  Final Exam (25%) 4  BLACKBOARD Lecture Presentations Numerical Tutorials 5  NOTES  Lecture slides on Blackboard before each lecture  Make short of notes during lecture  i.e. listen and try to understand  Follow examples carefully  Read notes/slides at breakfast following morning 6  RECOMMENDED TEXTS…  MORAN (CODE/EBOOK) / FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS, ETEXT 7 FEEDBACK  Discussions after app based quizzes in lectures  Discussion in numerical sessions  Discussions during lectures  Feedback after project work  After the exam, a general feedback to all  MAIN ACTIVITIES OF AN ENGINEER/SCIENTIST  To design & develop a product/process.  Improve existing product/process. Think about environmental and emissions issues. Can we use Hydrogen? One has to use available resources (energy, space & time) optimally, e.g.; H2 can be produced by three different ways.  Electrolysis of H O 2  Steam-Carbon Reaction (C+H O  CO+H ) 2 2  CH – Steam Reaction 4 In the above example and in general, the engineer quite often comes across following questions. Are these chemical reactions/physical processes possible? How much energy is required? To what extent does the chemical reaction/physical change proceed? To what extent environment gets affected? Is there any scope of improving the performance or system/process? To answer above questions, we need to have knowledge of Thermodynamics.  INTRODUCTION 11 World energy production sources  ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCES 166 243 102 Emissions – tonnes of CO2 per GWh electricity supplied 12  WHERE DOES IT GO? Sector Electricity Use (GWh) ~% Industry 117,149 34.5 Transport 8,034 2.4 Domestic 115,526 34.0 Public administration 20,924 6.2 Commercial 74,215 21.8 Agriculture 4,194 1.2 13  A STEAM POWER STATION 4 Gigawatt power output requires: 36,000 tonnes of coal per day 160 million litres of water per day 12 cooling towers 22.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide annually. 14  GAS TURBINES FOR AVIATION 15  GAS TURBINES FOR POWER GENERATION 16  INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINES  Power output from 3MW to 500MW  Small compact and faster to build than coal stations  Fast response to changing demand 17  EMISSIONS IS YOUR FAULT!  Every time you:  Turn on a kettle (or boil more water than needed)  Leave a light on  Open the fridge door  Turn up the (electrical) heating… …increases electrical demand from power stations so – MORE Emissions 18  PERSONAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION  2.2kW kettle power consumption  1.5 minutes to boil 0.5 litres of water in kettle  Energy consumption = 2200 * 1.5 * 60  198,000J of energy 19  PERSONAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION  Water temp start = 8°  Water temp stop = 100°C  C water 4200 J/kgK p  Mass = 0.5kg (~ 2 mugs)  Energy supplied = 0.5*4200*(100-8) m*Cp*(T2-T1)  193,200J 20  ANYONE ROW? 21  WHAT DOES 200KJ ‘FEEL’ LIKE?  2 km time trial on a rowing machine  Mr/Ms - 2 km in 7 minutes  Generating ~350W  Energy dissipated = 7 * 60 * 350W  147,000J 22  KWH  Domestic energy use is measured in kWh  Electric Radiator (1KW) converts about 1000W of electrical energy to heat, i.e. 1000J/s  1000W x 60s x 60s  1kWh = 3,600,000J Or 25 times the energy used on the rowing machine 23 HOW MANY KWH WE USE PER DAY IN OUR HOMES IN THE US? A. 6 B. 10 C. 20 D. 30 E. 40 US ANNUAL DOMESTIC ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION Tennessee 42 kWh Hawaii 17kWh  CAN WE RUN CARS ON GAS TURBINES? A. No B. Yes C. 50-50  CAN WE RUN TRAINS ON GAS TURBINES? A. Yes B. No C. 50-50