Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics

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Questions and Answers

What is the power consumption of a kettle mentioned in the content?

  • 3.0 kW
  • 1.5 kW
  • 0.5 kW
  • 2.2 kW (correct)

Domestic energy use is measured in joules.

False (B)

How much energy is consumed to boil 0.5 liters of water in the kettle?

198,000 J

1 kWh is equivalent to _____ joules.

<p>3,600,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each state with its average daily domestic electricity consumption in kWh:

<p>Tennessee = 42 kWh Hawaii = 17 kWh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemical reactions involves carbon and water to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen?

<p>Steam-Carbon Reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A steam power station requires more coal than water per day for a 4 Gigawatt power output.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of electricity used in the industry sector?

<p>34.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

A power output from 3MW to _____ MW is considered for industrial gas turbines.

<p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following electricity use sectors with their corresponding GWh consumption:

<p>Industry = 117,149 GWh Transport = 8,034 GWh Domestic = 115,526 GWh Commercial = 74,215 GWh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the thermodynamics course?

<p>Quantum mechanics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second law of thermodynamics can help determine impossible thermodynamic processes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute temperature scale commonly used in thermodynamics?

<p>Kelvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ cycle is a theoretical model that represents the most efficient heat engine.

<p>Carnot</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following thermodynamic terms with their definitions:

<p>Isentropic process = A process in which entropy remains constant Entropy = A measure of disorder or randomness in a system Heat engine = A device that converts heat energy into work Reversible process = A process that can be reversed without any change in the system and surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the grade does the final exam account for in the thermodynamics course?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first law of thermodynamics is only applicable to open systems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method by which hydrogen can be produced as mentioned in the content?

<p>Electrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformation and heat transfer in various systems.

Thermodynamic System

A defined region of space where energy interactions are studied.

Closed System

A system that allows only energy exchange (heat and work) with its surroundings, but not mass.

Open System

A system that allows both energy and mass exchange with its surroundings.

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Isolated System

A system that has no energy or mass exchange with its surroundings.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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Reversible Process

A process where the state of a system changes without generating entropy.

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Irreversible Process

A process where the state of a system changes with entropy generation.

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Electrolysis of Water

A process that uses electricity to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions, like the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen.

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Steam-Carbon Reaction

A chemical reaction where carbon reacts with steam (water vapor) to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas.

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CH4-Steam Reaction

A chemical reaction involving methane (CH4) reacting with steam to produce synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2)).

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Steam Power Station

A power plant that uses steam generated by burning fossil fuels like coal to drive turbines and generate electricity.

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Energy Consumption

The amount of energy used by a device measured in Joules (J)

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Power Consumption

The rate at which energy is used, measured in Watts (W).

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Kilowatt-hour (kWh)

1 Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is equivalent to 3,600,000 Joules (J)

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Domestic Energy Use

A measure of energy used in homes. 1 kWh is the amount of energy used by a 1kW device for one hour.

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Gas Turbine

A gas turbine is a type of engine that uses gas as fuel to generate power. They are commonly used in power plants, but not in cars or trains.

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Study Notes

Course Description

  • Introduction to engineering thermodynamics
  • Topics include units, measures, thermodynamic systems (closed, open, isolated), and first law of thermodynamics for closed systems
  • Calculations of boundary work and heat transfer
  • Properties of pure substances for thermodynamic state determination
  • Introduction to thermodynamic tables and ideal gases
  • First law of thermodynamics for open systems
  • Second law of thermodynamics, absolute temperature scale, heat engine and refrigeration cycles
  • Carnot cycle, Kelvin-Planck, and Claussius statements.
  • Determination of allowable, reversible, and impossible thermodynamic processes and cycles
  • Thermodynamics property introduction to entropy
  • Calculation of entropy change and entropy generation for closed and open systems
  • Introduction to isentropic processes and efficiency of devices

Approach

  • Lectures
  • Problem sheets
  • Tutorials (numerical sessions)
  • Problem sessions (open office)
  • Supplementary notes
  • Exams and assessments: Mid-Term 1 (25%), Project (25%), Mid-Term 2 (25%), Final Exam (25%)

Blackboard Resources

  • Lecture presentations
  • Numerical tutorials

Notes

  • Review lecture slides on Blackboard before each lecture
  • Take short notes during lectures, focusing on understanding concepts and examples
  • Review notes/slides at breakfast the next morning
  • Moran (Code/eBook) / Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, ETEXT

Feedback

  • Discussions after quizzes in lectures
  • Discussions in numerical sessions
  • Discussions during lectures
  • Feedback after project work
  • General feedback after exams

Main Activities of an Engineer/Scientist

  • Design and develop products/processes
  • Improve existing products/processes
  • Consider environmental and emissions issues
  • Optimal use of available resources (energy, space, time)
  • Production of Hâ‚‚ by electrolysis of Hâ‚‚O, steam-carbon reaction, and steam reaction
  • Engineer frequently asks questions about chemical/physical process possibility, required energy, reaction/physical change extent, environmental impact, and process/system performance improvement

Introduction

  • 1973 and 2012 World Energy Production Sources by percentage for major energy sources (nuclear, natural gas, oil, coal, hydro, and biofuels, other)
  • 2014 and 2015 Electrical Energy Sources by percentage for major sources (renewables, oil, coal, nuclear, gas)

Where Does It Go?

  • Sector by Electrical Use (GWh) and percentage of total use, including industry, transport, domestic, public administration, commercial, and agriculture

A Steam Power Station

  • 4 Gigawatt power output requires:
    • 36,000 tonnes of coal per day
    • 160 million liters of water per day
    • 12 cooling towers
    • 22.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide annually

Gas Turbines

  • Gas Turbines for Aviation
  • Gas Turbines for Power Generation (4,922 kW or 6,600 bhp, with various specifications for pressure, kPa, temperature, C, and F)

Industrial Gas Turbines

  • Power output from 3 MW to 500 MW
  • Small, compact, and faster to build than coal stations
  • Fast response to changing demand

Emissions is Your Fault!

  • Everyday actions (kettle use, light use, etc.) increase electricity demand and hence emissions

Personal Energy Consumption

  • 2.2 kW kettle power consumption
  • 1.5 minutes to boil 0.5 liters of water
  • Energy consumption = 2200 * 1.5 * 60 = 198,000 J
  • Energy consumed and boiling water
  • Water temperature start/stop
  • Specific heat of water
  • Mass of water

Anyone Row?

  • Image of team rowing

What Does 200kJ 'Feel' Like?

  • 2 km time trial on a rowing machine
  • Mr/Ms - 2 km in 7 minutes
  • Generating ~350W
  • Energy dissipated = 7 * 60 * 350W = 147,000 J

kWh

  • Domestic energy use measured in kWh
  • Electric radiator (1 kW) converts 1000 W of electrical energy to heat (1000 J/s)
  • 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J
  • 25 times more energy than rowing machine

How Many kWh We Use Per Day?

  • Multiple choice question about average daily kWh consumption in the US

US Annual Domestic Electricity Consumption

  • Tennessee = 42 kWh/Year
  • Hawaii = 17 kWh/Year

Can We Run Cars/Trains On Gas Turbines?

  • 33% of respondents answered 'No', 'Yes', and '50/50' respectively for each topic

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Thermodynamics I Lecture Notes PDF

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