Immunology Handouts PDF

**IMMUNOLOGY** What is Immunology? - Latin ***Immunitas,*** freedom from - the study of how the body defends itself against invading organisms or internal invaders (tumor) - a quintessential medical science it involved in the development of medical interventions to treat and preven...

**IMMUNOLOGY** What is Immunology? - Latin ***Immunitas,*** freedom from - the study of how the body defends itself against invading organisms or internal invaders (tumor) - a quintessential medical science it involved in the development of medical interventions to treat and prevent diseases. HEALTHCARE ADVANCES 1. vaccines 2. immunotherapy- empowering the immune system against cancer 3. Biologics (Monoclonal Antibodies and fusion proteins)- provide therapy that target specific aspects of the immune system in order to combat autoimmune responses. TYPES OF CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPIES 1. cell based 2. immunomodulators 3. vaccines 4. antibody based targeted therapies 5. oncolytic viruses A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated HISTORICAL EVENTS - **5^th^ century BC** - Thucydides observed "immune" against plague - **10^th^-18^th^ century** - variolation by Chinese against smallpox - **1798** - vaccination by Edward Jenner against smallpox - **18^th^ century** - germ theory of disease by Pasteur and Koch - **1881** - Emile Roux and Yersin isolated diptheria toxin - **1884** - Elie Metchnikoff studied phagocytosis to remove pathogens - **1890s** - Paul Ehrlich recognized a defense system - **1890** - Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato discovered anti-diptheria BRIEF HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY - **1938 John Marrack** formulates antigen-antibody binding hypothesis - **1949 Macfarlane Burnet & Frank Fenner** formulate immunological tolerance hypothesis - **1959 Niels Jerne, David Talmage, Macfarlane Burnet** develop clonal selection theory - **1957 Alick Isaacs & Jean Lindemann** discover interferon (cytokine) - **1962 Noel Warner** and team distinguish between cellular and humoral immune response - **1968 Anthony Davis** and team discover T cell and B cell cooperation in immune response. - **1974 Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty** explore major histocompatibility complex restriction - **1985 Susumu Tonegawa, Leroy Hood** and team identify immunoglobulin genes. BRANCHES OF IMMUNOLOGY 1. **Clinical Immunology** - specialize in the care of patients with failure of the immune system (immunodeficiency) and heightened immune reactivity (allergy and autoimmunity) due to infections, allergic reactions, vasculitis and transplants. 2. **Applied Immunology** - provides services to support the development of biological therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and diagnostics. 3. **Tumor Immunology** - studies the immune system's mechanism in the progression and development of cancer. OVERVIEW OF THE REMARKABLE DEFENSE MECHANISM [Defense System] - **External Defenses** - **Immune defenses** - Innate Immune system - Adaptive Immune system **EXTERNAL DEFENSES** - physical barriers to entry of microbes - secretions (tears, saliva, sweat, etc.) - Microbial products and competition - Normal commensals or natural. microflora ex. in genitourinary tract, reproductive and gastrointestinal tract. **IMMUNE DEFENSES** - innate immune system - first line of defense against infection - it is rapid - give rise to acute inflammatory response - some with specificity but no memory - adaptive immune system - very highly specific - it takes longer to develop - has immunologic memory Interactive between Innate and Adaptive - Work together through direct cell contact and interactions using chemical mediators, cytokines, and chemokines. - Many cells and molecules of the innate immune system are also used by the adaptive immune system. Feature of the Immune system - The immune system is tolerant of self-antigens - ability to discriminate between antigenic determinants expressed on foreign substance and potential antigenic determinants expressed by the tissued of the host - immunologic tolerance MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNITY - elimination of many microbial agents through the non-specific protective mechanisms of the innate immune system. - Cues from the innate immune system inform the cells of the adaptive immune system as to whether it is appropriate to make a response. - Cells of the adaptive immune system display very specific recognition of foreign antigens and mobilize potent mechanisms for elimination of microbes bearing antigens. - The immune system displays a memory of its previous responses. - Self tolerance