SEE211 Energy, Climate Change and Sustainability Lectures 4-6 PDF
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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Arunavo Mukerjee and Sachchida Nand Tripathi
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Summary
This document, titled "SEE211 Energy, Climate Change and Sustainability", is a set of lecture notes on topics relating to ESG, sustainability and climate change. The document covers an introduction to ESG, focusing on lectures 4-6, and discusses topics such as the history of sustainability, and the consequences of rising sea levels. The lecture notes contain data on global warming and emissions and how these relate to human activities and sustainable practices.
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SEE211 Energy, Climate Change and Sustainability Instructors: Arunavo Mukerjee and Sachchida Nand Tripathi Lectures 4 to 6 Lecture 4 SEE211 Energy, Climate Change and Sustainability Introduction to ESG Overview of ESG 3 The begi...
SEE211 Energy, Climate Change and Sustainability Instructors: Arunavo Mukerjee and Sachchida Nand Tripathi Lectures 4 to 6 Lecture 4 SEE211 Energy, Climate Change and Sustainability Introduction to ESG Overview of ESG 3 The beginnings of sustainability 4 History of sustainability 5 From “Who cares wins” to sustainability 6 “Who cares wins” –what does that mean? 7 UN’s Sustainable Development Goals 8 Volume of ESG investments 9 Conclusion 10 E stands for environment and promotes SDGs: 11 Top 5 global risks over time 12 The global temperature is rising 13 Economic consequences 14 Biodiversity: 15 Biodiversity –a fundamental prerequisite 16 But –our ecosystems are in danger 17 5 large extinctions –1 more to go? 18 The importance of our blue economy 19 Global risks stemming from our oceans 20 Consequences of rising sea levels 21 Can technology be an answer? 22 Conclusion 23 S stands for society and promotes SDGs: 24 S –The ugly duckling of investing? 25 Failures of the social dimension 26 Time to rethink the social pillar 27 Conclusion 28 G stands for governance and promotes SDGs: 29 “Good Governance“ matters 30 G –From control to guidance 31 No ESG without the G 32 The importance of the G during a pandemic 33 Conclusion 34 Examples of ESG challenges 35 Schneider Sustainability Policy 36 Not a child’s play 37 Bombay Tea Party 38 Brick by brick 39 Overall conclusion ESG is a conscious and systematic approach to change what we do and how we do it 40 Lecture 5 SEE211 Energy, Climate Change and Sustainability Deep dive into E Recap – 3 Key Definitions What is sustainability? “Development that meets the needs of the people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” - Brundtland Commission What is climate change? Climate change refers to significant and long-term changes in the Earth's climate patterns. While climate change can occur naturally, the term is most commonly used today to describe the recent changes in climate patterns attributed largely to human activities. What is ESG? ESG is a conscious and systematic approach to change what we do and how we do it to ensure sustainability of human society as we know it. 42 Atmospheric CO2 is increasing 43 GHG Emission: Warming 44 What is the concern? Wikipedia 45 Consequences Reduction in polar ice Melting of glaciers Loss of biodiversity Extreme weather events https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/happennowarcticseaice – Floods, hurricanes etc Acidity of rains and oceans Pollution of natural resources – Food and water supply Health consequences https://www.nrdc.org/ 46 Problems will aggravate if temperature rises further 47 What must be done? Reduction in carbon emissions to curtail the warming below 1.5C – Beyond this, environmental changes would be far more disastrous. – https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231130-climate-crisis-the-15c-global-warming- threshold-explained Global warming is currently increasing at 0.2C per decade (conservative estimate) Estimated warming is likely to reach 1.5C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate United Nations Environment Programme (2022). Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window. 48 Green House Gas Effect 49 The Greenhouse Effect Source: Wikipedia 50 What happens when we burn fuel (contd.) Release of nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere – Intensification of the greenhouse effect (the re-radiation of heat in the atmosphere) → warming – Residence time: decades to hundreds of years Emissions of pollutants: SOx, NOX, Particles, Soot → lung diseases. Airborne particles can increase the reflectivity of the atmosphere → slight cooling effect Use of large amounts fresh water in their use 52 Making a sense of numbers! C (12 g) + O2 (32 g) ➔ CO2 (44 g) 1 kg of coal yields 10-30 MJ of energy, depending on the type Taking an average of 20 MJ/kg, we get 5 kW-hr energy per kg of coal Also, 1 kg of Coal contains 700 g of Carbon i.e. 1 kg Coal (600g carbon) will yield ~2400 g of CO2 (*44/12 ) Ideally speaking – 5 kWh energy --> 2.5 kg CO2 OR – 1 kWh = 0.5 kg CO2 53 Global Warming Potential WHY ARE SOME GREENHOUSE GASES MORE POTENT THAN OTHERS? N 2O Factors determining warming: concentration level of a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of that gas 55 Emission intensity of common fuels Fuel/Electricity Source Emission Intensity (g CO₂/kWh) Coal 820 - 1050 Oil 720 - 890 Natural Gas 490 - 650 Biomass 230 - 400 Wind 3 - 11 Solar 20 - 60 Nuclear 10 - 30 Hydro 1 - 30 56 Carbon (Emissions) quantification, accounting & Net Zero Framework 57 What is Carbon Foot Print? Carbon Footprint can be defined as a measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced. In the case of an organization, business or enterprise, carbon footprint is the amount of CO2 equivalent emitted as a part of their everyday operations. It is often expressed as tons of CO2 or tons of carbon emitted, usually on an annual basis. Carbon footprint classification https://www.epa.gov We start with focus on scope 1 and 2 with some aspects of scope 3 For Indian residences, particularly campuses, typically energy consumption biggest contributor 59 Scope 1: Direct Scope 2: Energy Indirect Scope 3: Other Indirect Fuels Combustion Purchased Materials & Fuels (Boilers, Furnaces or (e.g. Purchased products, raw materials, Turbines) consumables, Water Supply) Company Owned Transport related Activities Transport (e.g. Employee Commuting, Business Travel (Trucks, Cars, Vans, Ships, (Land, Sea or Air). Distribution) Airplanes, Trains etc) Consumption of Purchased Electricity, Heat, Steam or Cooling Waste Disposal (e.g. Waste Disposal, Recycling Process Emissions (Cement, Aluminium Waste Processing) Leased Assets, Franchising and Using location or market based methods Outsourcing Fugitive Emissions (e.g. Leased Vehicles, Outsourced Production) (Air Con and Refrigeration Leaks, Methane Leaks from Use of Goods & Services pipelines) (e.g. Hotel Stays, Maintenance of Equipment etc) 60 Carbon emissions From a typical power plant 10500 BTUs (eq. to ~11 MJ ) → 1 kWh – 1 BTU = 1055 J India: 0.7 to 0.78 kg CO2 per kWh 2.350 kg of CO2/litre of petrol CO2 Emissions are expressed in weight of CO2e On a general level: CO2e = electricity consumed x emission factor In reality, the numbers depend on the type of coal and process parameters.62 Emissions at different scales Measured in gm or kg or metric tons or mega or one million (106) tons or gigatons or one billion (109) metric tons depending on the scale Country anthropogenic emissions (yearly, 2021) – USA : ~6 Billion Tons – China : ~11.5 Billion Tons – India : 2.6 Billion Tons – UK: 0.34 Billion Tons Global anthropogenic activities (energy/industrial): 57 Giga tons per year (2023) (Source:UN Emissions Gap Report)) CO2 in atmosphere ~460 ppm as against 300 ppm (pre-industrial levels) 63 Per person annual emissions ~20 tons ~7-8 tons ~5 tons 1.9 ton Global average carbon footprint: 4 tons Desired:
