BİYOKİMYA PDF

# BIYOKIMYA The image is a white sheet with a handwritten green title **BIYOKIMYA** on the top left corner. On the bottom right corner, there are fruits drawn; one sliced kiwi, one whole apple, one orange, and one lemon. The fruits are surrounded by some leaves and a yellow flower with five small p...

# BIYOKIMYA The image is a white sheet with a handwritten green title **BIYOKIMYA** on the top left corner. On the bottom right corner, there are fruits drawn; one sliced kiwi, one whole apple, one orange, and one lemon. The fruits are surrounded by some leaves and a yellow flower with five small petals. ## Glukozun Metabolk Kontrolu The attached document is about glucose metabolism control. ### Hemoglobin - Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. It is composed of globin and heme. - **Fe**: Iron is a part of heme. - **Dalaik**: Spleen is an organ that filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells. - **Bilirubin**: Bilirubin is a pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. It gives the stool its brown color. - **Albumin**: Albumin is a protein that transports bilirubin. - **Hepatosit**: Liver cells are called hepatocytes. - **Portal**: The portal vein carries blood from the intestines to the liver. - **Bilirubin diglukronid**: Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver, making it water-soluble. - **Böbrek**: Kidney is an organ that filters blood, removing waste products. - **Enterohepatik**: The enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of substances between the intestines and the liver. - **Kobilinojen/Kobilinogen/Urobilinogen**: These are products of bilirubin breakdown. - **Vecrobilin**: - **Glukoneogenez**: The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. **Note:** *There is one missing word at the end of the sentence about *vecrobilin*.* ### Tip (1) Von Gierke - This is a genetic disorder in which the body cannot break down glycogen properly. - Epinephrine and glucagon cannot stimulate glycogen breakdown. - People with this disease cannot release glucose into the blood when they are fasting. This leads to **Hypoglycemia** (low blood sugar). - **Adrenerjik sonuç**: The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by epinephrine and glucagon. For example, tachycardia (fast heart rate). ### GLUT 4 - It transports glucose into muscle and fat cells. - Insulin does not directly activate GLUT4. - Insulin activates cAMP, which, in turn, activates GLUT4. - This mechanism ensures that glucose is only transported into these cells when it is needed. - During a period of physical stress, the body needs to mobilize glucose, so glucagon will stimulate the breakdown of glycogen. ### STH and ACTH - They are antagonists to insulin. - The growth hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis and increases blood sugar levels. - In a chronic state, growth hormone prevents the pancreas from releasing enough insulin. This leads to diabetes. - The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) also raises blood sugar levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver. ### Glikokortikoid - They are secreted from the adrenal cortex. - They increase gluconeogenesis. - *This sentence is missing a word that should be a verb meaning "stimulates", for example *promotes*, or *increases*. * ### Thyroid - thyroid stimulates gluconeogenesis. ### Hexokinase - *This sentence is incomplete.* ### Pasteur etkisi - This refers to the repression of anaerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen. - This means that pyruvate will not be converted into lactate in the presence of oxygen. ### 2,3-DPG - 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) is a molecule that binds to hemoglobin. - It reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, permitting oxygen to be released into the tissues. ## Mum: Balpeteğinin malzemesidir -This is a list of different types of lipids with descriptions. ### Koenzim Q - This coenzyme helps with ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. ### Omega - The omega of fatty acids refers to their last carbon. - The location of double bonds in omega fatty acids is named by the distance of the last double bond from the terminal methyl carbon. ### Palmitik asit - Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons. ### Palmitoleik asit - Palmitoleic acid s a monounsaturated fatty acid with 16 carbons. ### Stearik asit - Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons. ### Deik asit - Deic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons. ### Linderik asit - Linderic acid is a diunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons. ### Orasidonik asit - Orasidonik acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons. It can be synthesized from linderic acid. ### Trigliseritler - These are the storage form of lipids. - They are more soluble in water and exist in a depot form. ### Fosfatidil Kdin - This is a phospholipid found in prokaryotic cell membranes. ### Sfingolipit - This is a type of lipid that is different from glycerol-based phospholipids. - It is found in the myelin sheath of animal cells. ### Terpen - Terpenes are a class of organic compounds that are made of isoprene units. ### Kolesterol öncülü squalen - This is the precursor to cholesterol. - It is also the precursor to vitamin A. ### Karoten - Carotenoids are pigments found in plants. - One of the most well-known examples is the **likopen**, which is responsible for the red color of tomatoes. ### Steroid - Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads. ### Fosforilaz b - This is a form of glycogen phosphorylase. - The enzyme is inactive until it is phosphorylated by **5 AMP**. - It is a key enzyme in glycogen breakdown and the formation of glucose. ### Pas boyasıyla hücrelerdeki glikojen fonecikleri görülür. - This sentence is about visualizing glycogen granules in cells using dyes. - Each glycogen molecule is branched and has a chain length of 6-11 glucose residues. ### CAMP - Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger molecule in cells. - It is activated when glucagon or adrenaline act on their receptors. - cAMP activates a sequence of reactions that leads to the breakdown of glycogen. - A different form of glycogen phosphorylase (a) is active when it is phosphorylated directly, not by cAMP.