Korean Culture II PDF

6.Inequality and Gender issues (Male/ Female/LGBTQ) (among OECD countries) - Worst level of polarisation and economic inequality - Deficient public social spending (12.2% GDP) - Growth of the ageing population (ageing speed fast) - Financial sustainability weakness...

6.Inequality and Gender issues (Male/ Female/LGBTQ) (among OECD countries) - Worst level of polarisation and economic inequality - Deficient public social spending (12.2% GDP) - Growth of the ageing population (ageing speed fast) - Financial sustainability weakness - Revealed through the pension system 退休金 (0.6 trillion won) Income inequality *Gini coefficient (between 0 to 1) - Statistical dispersion - Represented the income/ wealth / consumption inequality - Based on Lorenz curve Korea → around 0.333 - 0.35 Poverty rate - Ration of the number of people (in given aga group) whose income falls below the poverty line - Child poverty (0-17) - Working-age poverty - Elderly poverty (66 or above) - 2 countries with same poverty rates may differ in terms of the relative income-level of the poor - Due to the different living price of different countries Korea → decreasing from 2011 to 2021 but not much (18.6% → 15.1%) Gender - More female pass the Highest Civil Service and Public administration Examination (10.4% in 1995 to 48.2% in 2015) - In 2014, 21.4% of judges, 26.8% of prosecutors are women - Reformation of law - Abolition of the system on the head of family in 2013 - Social Barriers - Modernized male superiority and patriarchy system - Inherited wealth and social polarisation Pandemic |——-| Gender inequality (pandemic change people love and perspective) - loss of human development arise from inequality - reproduction health - gender - increade suicide rate for female - increase of unpaid caring and domestic chores, loss of job and sexual violence - 4.9% domestic violence decreased in 2020 - Participation in the labour market - female share 19% parliamentary seat House Chores (include care giving) - Lockdown - work from home - suspension of kindergartens - daycare centers - school’s operation female male house chores time before 225 mins per day 64 mins per day covid house chores time after covid 20 hours increased per week 2 hours increased per week Global issue: covid 19 have aggravated inequality of health, economy, violence between genders - higher fertility rate than male - longer waiting time for visiting doctor than male - cannot have health insurance and medical treatment for covid 19 if unofficial employment *present of global violence (France,U.K., Singapore, Argentina) Korean Women in labour market - Ranked 115th of global gender gap among 149 countries - Second lowest in east-asia and pacific country - Highest Gender pay gap among OECD - Female employment rate is much lower than male’s (56.1% vs 75.9%) - Female role (as legislators / senior officials/ managers…) lower than general gender gap index rank (i.e. 133) Public impression of female ‘female care more / better than male’ → care works = female better → married women’s average care work time is 4.1 times of married men Inequality → loss of human development 1. Reproductive health 2. Gender empowerment 3. Participation in the labour market - Female share parliamentary seat 19% in 2021 (rank 15/191 in 2022) Intolerance for Homosexuality Majority of gay Koreans - Fear of being disowned by parents - Abandoned by friends - Facing discrimination in workplace Lesbians more difficulties >> Gay - ‘Double minority’ - (Reason) - general lack of power (women society) - belief in women’s role to marry and have children - Little solidarity of gay Korean men Confucianism put great emphasis on the need for individual to marry and produce children to continue their family line (During the Joseon Era) - Namsadang(남사당) - bands of itinerant male performers who travel from town to town and sing, acts and do acrobatics - popular among the general population despite coming from the lowest social class - Korean film “The King and the Clown (2005, 왕의 남자): - one namsadang performer, pretty boy (꽃미남), Gonggil (공길) wins the affections of King Yeonsan (연산군) ↳celebrity Hong Seok-chon홍석천 - Forced koreans to confront the reality (well-known but not preferred to think about) - Lost TV jobs and sponsorship (death threat) - Deserted by friend - Invited to university to speak “we are not that different” ↳ more people came out - ‘Gay Pride’ rallies in Central Seoul wear face masks - Film director Jho Gwang-soo and his partner marriage in 2024 - Faced protested by Christian group - Mayor Park Won-soon stated believe equal right for sexual minorities - backtracked by politically Protestant groups ↳acceptance toward homosexuality increased (2007:18% —> 2013: 39%) - most young people accept , older generation take negative view - tv show featured same-sex relationship 7. Compressed Modernity & Democracy Movement (definition: Compressed modernity) - A civilizational condition in which economic, political, social, and/or cultural changes occur in an extremely condensed manner - in respect to both time and space - in which the dynamic coexistence of mutually disparate historical and social elements - leads to the construction and reconstruction of a highly complex and fluid social system (5 dimensions) 1. Time (era) Condensation/abridgment (= shortening) - Abridged the duration for their transition *based on rapid economic development ( low-income agricultural economy → advanced industrial economy ) - Compressed growth of the economy and modernization (achieved merely over a half a century, faster than western countries 2-3 times) - Resulted from asymmetrical international relation in politico-military power and cultural influence - American military occupation - (post-liberation period) - Overnight adoption of modern institution in politics, economy and education - (condensed cost in very short time) 2. Space (Place) Condensation/abridgment - Korean - urbanized and industrialized imitating other countries - Create modern city by this → alien spaces disengaged from the indigenous civilization of Korea (透過空間縮減創造的韓國現代城市變成了脫離韓國本土文明的外星空間) - Voluntary space condensation (~1990s) - *information and globalization (access to internet/ able to travel to other countries) - Abridgement / dismantlement of space by e;ectronic communication mechanism 3. Time (era) compression/complication - traditional , modern and postmodern values and cultures coexist —————————————————————→ - Cause Inter-civllization compression among dissimilar time zones - Dus to the rapid move of Korea - *in ideology, culture and other non-material domains - Contain complex condition and processes of change - Contain phenomena of intense competition, collision, disjuncture, articulation and compounding between modern (3) and traditional elements (left unattended / intentionally oreserved) 4. Space (Place) compression/complication - Contain phenomena of intense competition, collision, disjuncture, articulation and compounding between foreign/multinational/global elements (4) and indigenous element (local) - Generate diverse elements from - Different regional contexts coexist - Function within a same time-space - Urban bias sacrificing native agriculture, peasants, and rural society unjustly or irrationally 5. All-encompassing, dimension of compressed modernity - 4 dimensions generate together - More social phenomena and cultural element involved - Given co-existence of time (past vs present)and space (Asia and west) - Continuously change required Historical and strutureal conditions (factor) - *Americnaization (top priority) - Cold war as a modernization - Transplanted Americal capitalist modernity ~lump sum package - Basic operation ensured with American military protection and economic aid - Reconstruction after civil war and post-war - Intensifies a hasty modernization approach - To national development - As most of the indigenous values, interests and resource had been critically damaged - Statist order and catch-up development - Military-led state attempted to orchestrate an unprecedentedly rapid industrialization - Requisite social changes - preserving or reinforcing conservative cultural traditions and social orders - essentially skewed process - leaving many domains of society unattended, underdeveloped, protracted, or distorted - Modernization instead of social revolution - traditions oppressed by colonial forces - postcolonial peoples had a fundamental sentimental motivation - restore dignity to their past - (state heads) tried to superficially or strategically reposition themselves as nationalist leaders - redefine (West-dependent) modernization as a nationalist project - Advantages and pitfalls of late development/dependent modernization - perceived by South Koreans - aggressively realized thanks to their American connections but the supposed local realities of backwardness remained - International political economy - sequential industrialization-modernization - global economic restructuring - South Korea = both Japan's next door and the West's strategic outpost - key beneficiary of the so-called "inter-national product cycles” - the breathtaking economic rise of China has made South Koreans worried about their "sandwiched” position Democracy movement (example) RHEE Syngman Administration ○ First republic of South Korea (since 1948~1960, 12 years) 1952, first amendment to direct election 1954, second amendment to make an exclusion of first president to prohibit third presidency (originally 4-year presidency, only one time reappointment by constitution) The april revolution (1960) ○ The April Revolution=4.19 Student Revolution 1960, 3.15 Rigged Election (buy votes, replace ballot boxes) 4.19 April revolution ○ Student protested against RHEE’s dictatorship ○ voting scandal and professors ○ government quelles the protest using lethal force and kill 200 of protesters ○ Citizen joined after (people still admire due to the economic growth) 4.25 ○ police and military began disobeying orders to shoot (President Rhee fled to Hawaii) → important moment of Korean political history (not yet transit to democracy) Seminal moment for subsequent social movement ○ Demonstrated to students and society (large potential power of student mobilization) Park Chung-hee (박정희) administration ○ May 16 military coup 1961.5.16 army general Park Chung-hee (박정희) seized power 1979 (dictated till) Repeating constitutional amendments Continuous demonstrations against dictatorship were violently suppressed ○ Socioeconomic Foundations of Democracy (remarkable economic growth) → succeeded by President CHUN Doo-hun 1960 Labor-intensive light industries ○ exploiting the large supply of low-cost labor (mainly female, driven the development) 1961~1971 GNI increased from $85 to $1971 Export-oriented industrialization ○ development strategy given underdeveloped domestic market and lack of capital 1970 Shifted to heavy chemical industries  * Industrial Complexes (공업단지) Specialized industrial complexes ○ Synergic effects among related industries ○ increase in exports and employment opportunities ○ free exchange of technology ○ Factories were given benefits low bank loans exemptions from corporate income tax discounts on transportation utility costs ○ expansion of industrial complexes rapid economic growth provided political legitimacy for the authoritarian regimes of PARK Chung-hee (박정희) and CHUN Doo-hwan (전두환) * High Education Expansion of education ○ Important to foster an increasingly skilled labor force support the rapid industrialization intended role (authoritarian period) ○ foster the basic attitude of compliance with a strong central government ○ prepare students to become the backbone of the industrial sector Student movement ○ 1972, 7th Constitution Amendments Unconstitutional amendment under the martial law decree (went back from the direct election of president to the indirect and 6 year presidency without reappointment limit) Protest began among student ○ 1972~1975 series of extremely repressive decrees issues(target: student) mobilized student continue to Protest ○ 1979, Got killed (head shot) by the head of Korea CIA Labour Movement ○ student, intellectuals and workers = main force of democratic change ○ *labour movement = unique role bring about democracy and expanding civil society Christians in 1970s students in 1980s —>enhanced the coalitional power of social movement Gwangju 광주 ○ 1979 11/11, Military coup Launcher by army general CHUN Doo -hwan (전두환) and ROH Tae-woo (노태우) 1980s, triggered large-scale democratic movement  ○ 1980.5.18, 광주 uprising *democracy movement 광주민주화운동* ~2000 protestors (university students and the general population) spread to other provinces (in between heavy fighting and protesting) ○ 1980.5.27 Gwangju Massacre 大屠殺 Suppressed by army troops in GwanJu 1000-2000 death toll ○ “Human Acts: A Novel” by HAN GANG June Democracy movement ○ 1987 June pro-democratic resistance movement 유월 민주항쟁 student movement was constrained by the highly repressive policies potential for student mobilization continued to increase ○ persistence of underground networks May 1987 student activist, PARK Jong-chul (박종철) tortured to death ○ inflamed public sentiment ○ demonstrations against President CHUN 30’s workers, religious leaders started to join the protest 9th constitutional amendment Changed to the 5-year single-term presidency (cannot repeat) beginning of the 6th Republic  Civil administrations KIM Young-sam (김영삼) - Administration (1993-1998) - Democratic activist KIM Dae-jung (김대중) - Administration (1998-2003) - Kidnapped by PARK Chung-hee (박정희) in 1973 - Due to fear of PARK - Sunshine policy - Met North Korea’s leader KIM Jong-il (김정일) in 2000 - announced June 15th North-South Joint Declaration - to start South Korean industrial investment in Gaeseong of North Korea - Won a Nobel Peace Prize in 2000 Candlelight revolution President PARK Geun-hye - (2012) elected (박근혜) - First female president of Korea - Frustration over the misrule * President PARK Chung-hee - authoritarianism of the conservative LEE Myoung-bak (이명박) and (박정희)’s daughter PARK Geun-hye governments increased - (2014) After a series of scandals involving her and her administration including PARK Geun-hye’s mishandling of the rescue of the Sewolho-ferry 세월호 - resulting the death of 304 people most significantly triggered Candlelight protests - (2016-2017) impeached by massive campaign - most extensive campaigns for democracy - 32% of the Korean population attended - Weekly rallies - Millions more took part in online debates about the proposed impeachment - Led for the National Assembly to send articles of impeachment to the Constitutional Court - the Court upheld the impeachment request Driven by a widespread desire for genuine political change: Revealed Koreans’ aspirations for society and a view of Korean nationalism from the “bottom-up” rather than the “top-down” 8. Korean Literature Rise of modern literature Socio-political transformation ○ 20th century = shift from Choson dynasty to modern society Resistance to modernization from traditionalists and external pressures from Chinese, Russian, and Japanese forces Development of Modern Korean Literature ○ Emergence of Korean script and newspapers (late 19th century) Expanded literacy ○ Modern literature Reflected new perceptions of individuality and social change ○ Turning point in Korean fiction Yi Kwangsu (이광수) “The Heartless (무정, 1917)” → annexed by Japan in 1910 (regional conflict) (Historical context) ——— (moderns) ❖ Colonial Rule and Resistance Oppressive colonial system from japan (1919) Trigger March 1st Independent Movement Resistance by literature and education (Korean Intellectuals) “Cultural nationalism” ❖ Cultural Suppression (during war) Intensifies colonial control by Japan Led to suppression of Korean identity Korean Language banned Japanese surname imposed Liberation in 1945 = freedom of Korean [post-WWII] ❖ Intellectuals blames the weakness of the Choson dynasty ❖ Call for modernization to reinvigorate the nation  Moderns Yi Kwangsu (이광수) Enlightenment thinker Literature = tool foe enlightening people Advocated reform of outdated traditions and social institutions ❖ Major works → Individuality, free love, modern education - 'The Heartless’ - First modern Korean novel - Entire written in Korean - Plot Love triangle between modern and traditional women → explore tension between traditional values and modern ideas of free will and individuality - *importance of rationality ,science, modern education Set the stage for more exploitation of individuality and society - 'Young Sacrifice' - News paper novel Contribution to literature ○ Laid foundation for modern Korean literature ○ Advocacy for modern education ○ His reforms was central to Korean intellectual life KIM Tong-In (김동인) Fiction = act of artistic creation *oppsite to 이광수 Rejected “literture should teach a lesson or reflex the reality” (different point of view) Innovator of modern Korean narrative techniques emphasizing the past tense and third-person narrator Him → autonomy of literature = art, with focus on aesthicism ❖ Works theme: modern life tragedy Reflect tagedy of modern life with a detached tone Explore social taboos Sexual desires outsides societal norms Contribution to Korean literature ○ Innovative approach Help establish modern narrative techniques Focused on the autonomy of art and the complexity of human desires and emotions Elegies (poem of serious reflection) for a lost Era 1920 = heightened oppression → profound national loss ** Korean poetry** ❖ Expressed their sorrow of losing both homeland and identity Symbolized personal loss and unfulfilled love KIM Sowol (김소월) ❖ Exploring yearning and loss 1902-1934 Reflecting the collective sorrow of the Korean ❖ “Azaleas”(진달래) Expressing love and loss Using natural imagery (flower and mountain) Symbolize emotional and national separation ❖ Poetic style Utilized traditional folksong element Combined romantic yearning with existential loneliness Transforming absence → love’s paradoxical depth Focused on passionate linging, sorrow, and personal loss Express a deep connectin with nature and longing for an unattainable love (saddness of losing country) ❖ (poem) usedd familar folk rhythms and imagery Evoking national identity through intimate and relatable language HAN Yong-un (한용운) Poet and Buddhist monk Meditative, nationalist and metaphysical poerty ○ Addressed love nd loss of the nation ❖ Theme: silence, love, resistemce - “The Silence of Love” (1926) - Describe love’s departure, with hope for reunion - Explore loss, sorrow, and paradox of love growing stringer through separation (from the sorrow , personal feeling → express other feeling) ❖ Poetry style Combines Buddhist meditation with struggle for Korean independence “LOVE” Symbolized human lover and KOrean nation under colonial rule Resonate on multiple levels  “Silence” “resilience” Link personal love to the nation’s struggle for independence Infused with both romantic and nationlist themes Reflect Buddhist teaching of endurance and hope Social Consciousness → rise of realist fiction Yeom Sangsop (염상섭) ❖ Detailed characterization and depictions of everyday life 1897-1963 ❖ Emphasized literature as a separate , autonomous art of form (oppsite to 이광수) ❖ “Before Manse” (1922) ❖ “Three generation: (1931) CHAE Mansik (채만식) ❖ Master satirist 1902-1956 Exposed the contradiction of KOrea’s colonial reality ❖ Critiques greed, moral decay, social contradictions under Japanese rule ❖ “Peace under Heaven” (1938) ❖ “Nurky Water” (1938) ❖ “A ready-made life” (1934) colonial pastorals rural → sketches in time of oppression (1930) - Literature explored rural life and impact of colonial oppression - KIM Yujong (김유정) - Yi Hyosŏk(이효석) - Yi Taejun(이태준) - Create narratives that merged humor, nature, social oritique - Use rural and pastoral setting - Explore complexities of human life under Japanese colonial rule - blending humor, nature, and social critique - reveal the deep injustices of the era  KIM Yujong (김유정) ❖ works are set in the rural mountain villages of Kangwŏn Province, portraying peasants’ lives without ideological framing. - “Spring” - Spring and Camellias = struggles of poor farmers - highlighting their social conflicts and personal desires (clever and light-hear ted storytelling) subtly critiques the harsh realities of the colonial rural economy (class tension and exploitation by middle-men) CHAE Mansik (채만식) ❖ Known for combining nature and sexuality 1902-1956 ❖ work reflects a shift from his earlier socialist sympathies to aesthetic explorations - “When Buckwheat Blooms” (메밀꽃 필무렵) - presents a lyrical and romantic portrayal of nature - where human desires and experiences are sublimated into natural settings, free from societal constraints. portrayal of nature contrasts sharply with the hardships of colonial life Expansion of poetic imagination (second half of Korea’s colonial period) (poets) - Yi Sang(이상) - Chŏng Chi-yong(정지용) - Yun Tongju(윤동주) - expanded poetic imagination - exploring deeper psychological and existential themes - experimenting with language and form - expanded the boundaries of Korean poetic expression - addressing the existential crises of their time - combining lyrical beauty with formal experimentation and deep introspection Yi Sang(이상) ❖ Key avant-garde figure 1910 - 37 ❖ used experimental language ❖ incorporating mathematical and architectural symbols *genius express the fragmented self + disconnected from the outside world - “Mirror” - exemplifies this fragmentation - reflecting the poet’s existential isolation  (later) ❖ shift to fiction continued his focus on the inner psyche using self- analysis and irony explore the anxieties of modern life. His innovative approach to poetic and narrative → forefront of Korean literary modernism. Chŏng Chi-yong ❖ mastery of the Korean language and disciplined poetic form (정지용) ❖ expanded the possibilities of Korean poetry 1903 - ? (by his use of musicality and restraint) (His early works) - reflect an “imagist” style (later poetry) - influenced by his conversion to Catholicism - emphasizes transcendence and harmony with nature - “Window, I” - reveals a grieving father’s sorrow - expressed through controlled and tempered language. ❖ influence extended to younger poets of the “Green Deer School,” who admired his contributions to Korean modern poetry Yun Tongju(윤동주) (under the severe oppression of Japanese colonial rule) 1917-45 ❖ “aesthetics of shame,” a self-examination By confronts personal and national suffering. - “Another Home” - expresses a desire for spiritual renewal - the recovery of an untainted self - envisioning a future “home” where integrity and honor can be restored. (His poetry) ❖ poems express the internalized agonies of the colonized consciousness ❖ captures the struggles of maintaining conscience ❖ identity in a repressive environment. Liberation and the Korean War (1945 - 1970) Japanese rule = 36 years Korea : task of building a modern nation-state → ideololgical divisions → cold war politics → creation of 2 separate goverment (north and south) → Korean War (1950 -1953) - Devastated the cpuntry - Leave it divided and polarized Post-War Political Struggles and Economic Hardships ○ (Syngman Rhee) anti-communist regime struggled with corruption failed to address economic devastation or improve living conditions Widespread poverty persisted throughout the 1950s ○ The 1960 “April 19 Revolution” ousted Rhee a military coup in 1961 placed General Park Chung-hee (박정희) in power ○ Park pursued rapid economic growth at the cost of social conflict, especially for peasants and laborers. Literary Revival of the Korean Language (=end of Japanese rule) ○ allowed writers to rediscover ○ explore the expressive potential of the Korean language ○ Fiction focused on universal human themes rather than historical ideologies, O Yŏngsu(오영수) and Kim Tongni(김동리) using folk traditions and shamanism Poetry: Revival of Lyric Tradition and Modernist Experimentation ○ Pak Mog-wŏl(박목월), Sŏ Chŏngju(서정주), and Yu Ch’ihwan(유치환) revived the tradition of Korean lyric poetry emphasizing the Korean language. ○ Modernist poetry emerged Kim Su-yŏng(김수영) and Pak Inhwan(박인환) exploring new urban sensibilities and critical views on authority and society The 4.19 Generation and New Literary Sensibilities ○ The “April 19 Revolution” (just protest but inspires writers) inspired the “4.19 Generation” of writers overcame the nihilism of the previous generation embraced a new vision of freedom and creativity. ○ Hong Sŏngwŏn(홍성원), Yi Ch’ŏng jun(이청준), and Kim Sŭng-ok(김승옥) introduced innovative themes and styles marking a turning point in Korean literature’s development Abundance amid privation: So Chongju ❖ Post-Liberation Poetry and Expansion of Korean Poetics After Liberation, Korean poets gained freedom - to explore the Korean language and human life from broader perspectives. Sŏ Chŏngju (서정주, 1915-2000), known as “Midang,”(미당) central figure in expanding Korean poetry writing over 800 poems that explored traditional Korean life and history ❖ Early Poetry: Sensuality and Physicality Sŏ’s early works, “Flower Snake Collection” (1941) emphasized sensuality and primal drives breaking away from traditional views equating beauty with moral goodness ❖ His poetry reflected youthful passion with themes of desire, chaos, and a rejection of societal order. Transition to Sorrow and Reflection ○ “The Nightingale’s Return” (1948) evolved to reflect a more reflective tone exploring sorrow and the resilience of life. ○ The Selected Poems of Sŏ Chŏngju” (1956) [mature work] displayed a deep contemplation of life’s suffering and historical events (the Korean War and Liberation). Philosophical and Mystical Depth ○ “The Essence of Silla and Winter Sky” (1968) [later collection] showed a shift toward exploring deeper philosophical and mystical themes with influences from Buddhism and ancient Korean history. ❖ Sŏ embraced life’s contradictions contemplating the cycle of change, reincarnation, and the beauty of existence. Embracing Tradition and Rural Life ○ “Lessons of Chilmajae” (1975) Sŏ Chŏngju returned to memories of his childhood rural village life = eternity and unity between the sacred and the everyday ❖ His poems reflect compassion for the struggles of ordinary life expressing a wisdom that arises from embracing both suffering and the eternal rhythms of nature Criticism and Legacy ○ (criticized) Sŏ Chŏngju = idealizing the past = avoiding the existential tensions of modern life \while others highlight his poetic critique of modernization (still) → Sŏ’s poetry is celebrated for its profound connection to Korean language and life expressing sensuality, longing, and the resilience of the Korean spirit Exploring nature and life : YU Chihwan and Pak Mogwol Poetry after Liberation = Return to Purity and Lyricism (In the aftermath of ideological strife and war) - Yu Ch’ihwan(유치환) - noted for its moral depth and existential reflection - Pak Mog-wŏl(박목월) - celebrated for its rich connection to nature, folk traditions, and the dignity of everyday life ❖ Poetic Legacy (both) ❖ left significant marks on modern Korean literature sought to return to traditional lyricism exploring nature and life avoiding direct political or historical commentar Yu Ch’ihwan(유치환) ❖ emphasized moral strength and the struggle to overcome life’s 1908 - 67 meaninglessness. ❖ (early works) reflect a harsh self-discipline and existential contemplation using symbols like rocks and trees express an unbending human spirit ❖ balances masculine strength with a subtle undercurrent of sorrow and longing, (particularly evident in his love poems) His writing reflects: - Korea’s turbulent modern history - his personal struggle to live an ethical life - “With the Infantrymen” (1951) - “Burying Songs of Fire” (1960) - express his meditations on the Korean War and political turmoil - blending moral concepts with lyrical reflection. - “Flag” - Flag = ideal world and state - Too high = never touch the flag = like the handkerchief Pak Mog-wŏl(박목월) ❖ incorporating the rhythm of Korean folksongs into his poetry 1916 - 78 ❖ celebrating the natural landscape and folk traditions. [Early collection] - “Green Deer”(1946) - “The Mountain Peach” (1955 - use symbolic representations of nature to evoke the Korean spirit [mid-career poems] - “Clarity and Haze” (1964) - shift focus from symbolic nature to the quiet beauty of daily life  - exploring themes of home, family, and ordinary existence [later works] - “Fallen Leaves in Ky ŏngsang Province” (1968) [use his own dialect] - returns to folk elements - utilizing the dialect and musicality of his native region - deepen his connection to traditional Korean life and beliefs Tradition and humanity: KIM Tongni and Hwang Sunwon ○ Kim Tongni 김동리 ○ Hwang Sunwŏn 황순원 Religious Orientation and Humanism integrate religious themes and humanistic approaches in their works exploring life, death, tradition, and modernity ❖ focus on individual consciousness and human experience emphasizing endurance and survival amidst suffering (especially in relation to the trauma of the Korean War) Themes of Survival, Love, and Salvation highlight the human capacity to endure suffering and seek redemption ○ Kim Tongni 김동리 emphasize spiritual and philosophical exploration ○ Hwang Sunwŏn 황순원 focus on love and purity provides a humanist lens through which to view conflict and reconciliation (their work) collectively explore the tension between tradition and modernity offering insights into the complexities of Korean identity and human resilience. Impact of War and Division ○ The Korean War ○ national division → deeply influenced the literature of the 1950s (with writers exploring the trauma and suffering caused by these events.) → focus = initially limited to immediate reactions (rather than deeper reflections on the broader historical and existential issues) Different writer, Different style → expand scope of Korean fiction to include - existential inquires - critiques of ideology - explorations of human consciousness in the aftermath of war and division Literature in an Industrializing Society (1970 - 1990) 1970 ○ Political Turmoil 政治動盪 (1972) The Yusin reforms established President Park Chung-hee’s military dictatorship ○ suppressing political freedoms (until his assassination in 1979) ○ Rapid economic growth “miracle on the Han River” brought rapid industrialization ○ high cost: growing gap between rich and poor environmental damage labor grievances. ○ Youth and Dissidence New youth emerged expressing through music, fashion, and protests (against the government) 1980 [*political shifts] ○ (1979) assassination of President Park sparked hopes for democracy dashed by another military dictatorship ○ violent suppression of the 1980 Kwangju uprising intensified the demand for democracy ○ (late 1980s) constitutional reforms democratic elections → laid the groundwork for a democratic order further economic growth Gain international recognition (1988 Seoul Olympics). Themes in fictions expressed growing social concerns (particularly in response to political oppression and industrialization) Ko Ŭn(고은) Shin Ky ŏngnim(신경림) Kim Chiha(김지하) ○ tackled themes of social justice, ○ impact of industrialization ○ authoritarian regimes ○ weaving traditional elements with modern criticism →challenge the status quo →blending lyrical beauty with sharp social critique → capturing the voices of the marginalized and oppressed. (protest through writing) ○ Female writer appeared ○ Industrialization Hwang Sŏg-yŏng(황석영) Yun Hŭnggil(윤흥길) Cho Sehŭi(조세희)  (explored) Industrialization labor exploitation widening class divide ○ National Division Kim Wŏnil(김원일) Cho Chŏngnae(조정래) (reflected) trauma of the Korean War enduring division of the nation ○ Women’s Lives [Female authors] Pak Ky ŏngni(박경리) Pak Wansŏ(박완서) (focused) turbulent history of Korea, often through the experiences of women. ○ Literature Radical Approaches Kim Yŏnghŏn(김영헌) (poets) Pak Nohae(박노해) ○ tackled capital-labor conflicts + laborer alienation. Subtle Exploration Yi Munyŏl(이문열) ○ offered more nuanced treatments of the times ○ blending rich imagination with diverse themes (including human existence and Korea’s division) ○ Women Writers and Poets the emergence of female voices O Chŏnghŭi(오정희) Kang Sŏkkyŏng(강석경) Kim Chaewŏn(김재원) in fiction Ch’oe Sŭng ja(최승자) [poets] Kim Hyesun(김혜순) ○ addressed issues of gender and individual expression Shadow cast by Industrialization Impact ○ Economic Growth & Exclusion rapid industrialization in the 1970s, laborers, peasants, and the urban poor were largely excluded from the economic benefits ○ leading to increased social conflicts Key Themes ○ Social Justice Hwang Sŏg-yŏng(황석영) Cho Sehŭi (조세희) critiqued the exploitation of laborers +  devastation of communities brought about by industrialization ○ Loss of Tradition Yi Mun-gu’s(이문구) works lament the destruction of traditional rural values as industrialization spreads ○ Materialism & Alienation Yun Hŭnggil(윤흥길) highlight the alienation of individuals as material wealth ○ becomes the new determinant of social status Women’s voice (70-80s) Korean literature = emergence of accomplished women writers who explored diverse themes with depth and maturity ❖ Pak Kyŏngni(박경리) “epic family saga Land (1969-1994)” explores Korean history through the lives of four generations. Emphasizes land not just as a ground but as a symbol of the maternal, a source of life, healing, and collective identity (characters) reflects on the pain of history and the enduring nature of life and family ❖ Pak Wansŏ(박완서) Focusing on everyday life critiques middle-class materialism and the oppressive nature of domesticity - “Mother ’s Stake II” - “Children of Paradise” reveal the alienation and vanity of modern society (especially among women trapped in patriarchal expectations) Works were celebrated for their accessible storytelling, realistic details, and sharp social critique ❖ Ch’oe Myŏnghŭi(최명희) ❖ O Chŏnghŭi(오정희) gained recognition ← skills in portraying the complexities of women’s lives no longer viewed through a separate lens but as equal contributors to Korean literature expanded the scope by addressing themes: Family Identity Oppression societal change reflecting the personal and collective struggles of Korean women Exploration of existence and quests for new language 1970s ~ … (several Korean poets) - explored existential themes - experimented with language and form Poets focused on sociopolitical issues (e.g. minjung [common people]) - Hwang Tonggyu(황동규) - Chŏng Hyŏnjong(정현종) - O Kyuwŏn(오규원) - delved into the interior landscape of individuals - employing irony, paradox, and complex linguistic strategies - reflect the distorted reality - dehumanizing effects of industrialization - Often veered into the abstract - using innovative language to expand the poetic imagination Broadened the scope of Korean poetry ○ by addressing complex existential questions ○ experimenting with the very language of expression ○ creating a distinctive ○ reflective body of work that continues to influence modern Korean literature Expansions of fictional space 1980s = Korean fiction expanded both in form and content to reflect the increasing complexity of society - Yi Munyŏl(이문열) - Pak Yŏng-han(박영한) - Yang Kuija(양귀자) - Kang Sŏkkyŏng(강석경) - Im Ch’ŏr-u(임철우) - explored different dimensions of modern Korean life - using varied settings and thematic concerns - delve into internal struggles rather than external conflicts - used a range of techniques - Allegory - Realism - existential reflection - to navigate the inner turmoil and societal changes of 1980s Korea - expanding the boundaries of Korean fiction. “The era of Poetry” and deconstructions of language 1980s = Era of Poetry Remarkable energy and creativity of young poets ○ attracted significant attention and readership despite heavy political censorship (poets) - Yi Sŏngbok(이승복) - Hwang Chi-u(황치우) - Ch’oe Sŭngho(최성호) - Pak Namch’ŏl(박남철) - Ch’oe Sŭngja(최성자) - Kim Hyesun(김혜순) - Chang Chŏng-il(장정일) - expressed their hostility toward the establishment - authority by deconstructing traditional poetic language and form - Their dissident voices - reflected the existential struggles of the time - using innovative and rebellious language - resonated with a wide audience - deconstructed language and poetic form - articulate their resistance against political oppression and the existential struggles of their era - this period = a dynamic and transformative time for Korean poetry Literature in a Consumer Society (1990 - 2000) *Shift from Social Causes to Consumerism 1980s: (focused on) - social concerns - class conflicts - human rights under military dictatorships - advocating for democracy and collective values. 1990s: (After the 1992 election of a civilian government and the end of the Cold War) - Disillusionment set in - Political freedom increased - focus shifted from collective action to personal happiness and consumerism - Consumer Culture - *Post-1988 Seoul Olympics - Korea entered an era of intense consumerism, with material abundance, leisure industries, and popular culture dominating society Rise of individualism and popular culture ○ *changing the value (90s)  desires took precedence over collective interests Younger generations embraced hedonism享樂主義, breaking from traditional social norms ○ Technology & Internet *Internet revolution reshaped Korean society enabling rapid access to global digital culture. (By the late 90s) Korea had the highest internet usage rate in the world. ○ Rise of female writers Feminine Desire & Liberation Shin Ky ŏngsuk(신경숙) [one of the earliest translated Korean Book] Kong Chiyŏng(공지영) Kim Insuk(김인숙) ○ explored themes of female desire, liberation ○ breaking away from patriarchal norms ○ depicted women challenging societal customs, family constraints, and pursuing sexual freedom ○ Impact on Literature and the Arts Poetry Chang Chŏng-il(장정일) Yu Ha(유하) ○ (themes) ○ Alienation ○ loss of identity ○ emptiness behind consumer culture’s allure reflected the confusion of values in a society driven by desires. Fiction Kim Yŏng-ha(김영하) Yun Taenyŏng(윤대녕) ○ depicted characters leading consumption-driven lives ○ highlighting the emptiness and meaninglessness of this existence. Ha Ilchi(하일지) Shin Ky ŏngsuk(신경숙) ○ resisted the new world of consumerism through different narrative styles, criticizing its lack of fulfillment. Urban Imagery and the renewal of lyric (key themes) Consumer Culture ○ Chang Chŏng-il ○ Yu Ha explore the allure emptiness of consumer-driven urban life. Nostalgia & Alienation  ○ Chang Sŏngnam(장성남) ○ Ch’oe Chŏngnye(최정례) reflect on alienation in modern cityscapes seek solace in memories of the rural past Lyric Renewal (1990s = shift in Korean lyric poetry) balancing critique of modern life with quiet reflection on the emotional and existential undercurrents beneath urban realities Self on shifting ground: Fiction in a consumer society Shin Kyŏngsuk (신경숙, 1963-) ○ focuses on the inner dimensions of individuals ○ (particularly women with psychological wounds, often from unrequited love or loss). “A Room Apart” (1995) semi-autobiographical novel about her personal journey to becoming a writer, with the backdrop of political and social unrest in 1980s Korea. ○ Emphasize personal pain and the process of self-discovery over social realities. Key Themes ○ Fragmented Self Characters in Shin Ky ŏngsuk and Yun Taenyŏng’s works are often struggling with spiritual or emotional fragmentation in a hyper-materialistic society ○ Digital Age Kim Yŏng-ha’s fiction reflects the collapse of boundaries between virtual and real worlds, where communication and relationships become solipsistic or simulated ○ Consumerism & Alienation All three authors explore the impact of consumer culture on individual identity, relationships, and the search for authenticity in an increasingly superficial world Recent Literature HAN Gang (한강) (√written poetry and essays) ❖ explores themes of trauma, human violence, identity, and the body - “The Vegetarian” - haunting story of a woman who decides to stop eating meat - spirals into a psychological and emotional transformation that affects her family deeply. - “Human Acts” - delves into the (1) Gwang ju Uprising and (2) the lasting impacts of political violence shows her unique literary style—both poetic and visceral focusing on personal and societal suffering translated into multiple languages ○ thought-provoking narratives ○ distinctive style to a global audience ❖ one of South Korea’s most celebrated contemporary authors ★ Nobel Prize in Literature in 2024 ○ first South Korean author to receive this prestigious honor ○ widely celebrated in South Korea leading figure in contemporary literature highlighting the global significance of Korean literary voices ➔ Swedish Academy ◆ “intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.” ◆ delves deeply into themes of human suffering, memory, and resilience inspired by Korea’s turbulent history. Her writing is ◆ celebrated for its powerful emotional depth and its exploration of the human body and psyche KIM JooHye(김주혜) ★ (2024) Tolstoy Literary Award (Yasnaya Polyana Award) Winner ○ celebrates her significant contribution to literature ○ acknowledges her influence comparing her to prominent Russian authors (like Anton Chekhov and Boris Pasternak) ○ “The beasts of small land” Setting: during Japanese occupation of Korea explores the resilience and struggles of Korean people drawing on stories of resistance and family history KIM Hyesoon (김혜순) ❖ one of the most internationally acclaimed South Korean poets ❖ feminist influence in Korean poetry Earlier than HAN Gang celebrated for its universal appeal *importance of translation ★ National Book Critics Circle (NBCC) Award Winner (America’s top literary awards) ○ First Koeran to win (in March) ○ Significant achievement ★ 2019 Griffin Poetry Prize ○ “Autobiography of Death” 9. Religions in 21cs Korean = most religiously diverse country High competition and growth Religious landscape = extreme competitive (significant growth in major religious communities) Half Half No religion affliation Buddhists Protestant Christianity Roman Catholicms - Lack of dominance - No single religion is dominant - Equally divided Unique Religious Diversity ○ Despite being ethnically homogeneous ○ diverse religious market without a default religion Celebrate different religion festival (Others countries: √ national religion, religion often aligns with ethnicity) Religious Fluidity ○ Movement in and out of religious communities = common (NOW) fewer people are switching religions or moving between religious and non-religious identities. Historical competition Buddhism Catholicism / Protestantism Since 4th century Faced challenges to introduce new Advantage in attracting followers spiritual approaches (18th and 19th centurues) Protestant growth Protestantism >>> Catholicism and Buddhists (20th century) - Large number of missionaries, clerics and churches Post-War Dominance and Adaptation (1960s-70s) - Protestants maintained their lead with more worship spaces and clergy - Buddhism saw a resurgence - establishing as Korea’s largest single religious group by the 1985 Christian Paradigm Influence - Christianity’s approach introduced four key elements - reshaped Korean religious culture - (1) doctrinal emphasis - (2) exclusivity - (3) congregational participation - (4) proselytizing Rise in Religious Identity / Religious affliation - increase in religious self-identification - from 4% in 1940 → 12% in 1964 - reaching a majority by the mid-1990s - reflects Christianity’s influence on religious branding (even as actual ritual practices have remained stable) - Expansion of Religious Buildings - number of worship spaces increased - from about 10,357 in 1962 → 109,668 by 2011 - with Protestant churches seeing the largest growth - followed by Buddhist temples - Inrease in religious clergy = number of religious leaders surged - from 20,897 in 1962 → over 140,000 by 2011 - reflecting the growing religious infrastructure - Market Dynamics - Growth in churches/temples and clerics = increased religious affiliation - visible, larger buildings attracting more members - Night view of seoul, neon sign of cross Growth in Religious Affliation Rapid Urbanization and Religious Affliation Impact ○ transformed Korea from a rural society (with 28% urban population in 1960) to one where over 81% lived in cities by 2005 (particularly in Seoul) led Koreans to seek new communities and guidance outside of traditional village life.  ○ Religious Groups = Community Replacements religious organizations with increased proselytizing offered a sense of belonging support for city dwellers filling the communal role previously held by villages Christianity’ influence in Modern identity ○ Christianity =>modern (as a marker of modernity) association with education social status ○ influenced Koreans to adopt a formal religious identity ○ affecting the self-identification of Buddhists and others as well Markey-Like Religious Environment ○ Religion = part of the cultural market People encountering religious options Proselytizing in a setting that encouraged personal religious decisions Folk Religion in contemporary Korea Animism Dealing with natural objects that are inanimate or at least do not have personalities (much stronger in distant past but can still find signs today) ❖ Sacred Trees (당산나무) stand next to small pavilions as shaded informal gathering points spaces for traditional rituals and ceremonies involving prayer and offerings to the tree ❖ Jangseung (장승) village guardian = Korean totem pole made of wood the pairs of guardian spirit posts: one male and one female Shamanism largely classified as a “folk custom” view as a cultural heritage rather than a doctrinal belief system ○ Believe insuperpower of something, not just 1 God Excludes fromofficial counts Still seens a revival in media, art, and academia ○ Value – source of cultural influence ○ Often incorporate in films, literature and performance Reflect its enduring influence Integration with New Technologies ○ adapted to modern communication methods ○ offering consultations online and through social media allowed to reach younger audiences and those who may be reluctant to visit a shaman in person  showing its adap tability in the modern era Chanllenges ○ faces criticism from more institutionalized religions ○ skepticism from those who view it as superstitious provides personal and meaningful spiritual experiences ○ responsive to individual needs ○ bridging the traditional with the contemporary Still persists (difference with other religion) → Female dominance (contrast to male-dominance religious clergy) - Most Korean Mudang are women - Ast as moediator between human and spiritual realm - Perform ritual for healing, blessing and divination - Space for female spiritual authority → Empowerment Unique dynamic in society ❖ Shamanistic Rituals (Kut, Gut,굿) vary in scale and purpose (range from brief rituals to multi-day events performed with musical instruments) family well-being honoring the dead good luck misfortune removal ❖ Fortune-telling (Saju, 사주) a practice widespread even among urban professionals and the political elite people consulting shamans before major decisions integral part of shamanism remains popular Korean people often blend aspects of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Shamanism in daily life. Confucian → relationship Buddhist → karma 因果關係 Shamans → seek for advice on fortune and life events Budduhism ❖ Doctrines: core teaching impermanence nothing is permanent, so attachment leads to suffering Karma actions shape future outcomes Reincarnation ongoing rebirths unless one achieves detachment - Pure Land Buddhists - believe in rebirth in paradise - while others focus on achieving enlightenment through detachment ➔ Meditative Buddhism ◆ focus on calming the mind to observe change without attachment ➔ Devotional Buddhists ◆ seek practical help by praying, chanting, and making offerings ❖ Temple Practices combine meditation, prayer, chanting sutras, and sermons modern temples hold Sunday services, with laypeople joining monks for meditation or singing hymns ❖ Urban and Cultural Integration incorporate modern services meditation sessions piano-accompanied hymns still performing traditional rituals ❖ Devotional practices seek blessings for practical concerns (education) ❖ Buddhist Presence in Society Large temples attract diverse crowds for various services highlighting Buddhism’s enduring appeal Urban areas feature shops selling Buddhist items near temple headquarters showcasing Buddhism’s integration into contemporary Korean culture. Bongeunsa Temple(봉은사) major Buddhist temple ◆ one of the most significant temples in Seoul ◆ Originally built in 794 during the Silla Dynasty located in the Gangnam district ◆ amid the urban landscape of Gangnam highlights its blend of tradition and modernity known for its striking architecture and large, serene Buddha statue part of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism offers various cultural and spiritual programs, ◆ including temple stays and meditation sessions attracting both locals and international visitors Jogyesa Temple(조계사) prominent Buddhist temple in central Seoul main temple of the Jogye Order ◆ Korea’s largest sect of Buddhism Established in 1910 during the Japanese occupation central hub for Korean Buddhism’s revival Known for its beautiful main hall and vibrant lotus lantern decorations ◆ during Buddha’s Birthday celebrations draws both worshippers and tourists offers meditation sessions temple stay programs cultural events key spiritual and cultural landmark Christianity Later than other religious Protestant missionaries followed Catholics in 1884 (by book) ○ marking the beginning of structured congregational worship in Korea Catholic Martyrdom and Exclusivity ○ Early Korean Catholics faced persecution, with around 8,000 martyrs over eight decades. ○ Catholicism introduced exclusivity in religious practice, where adherents avoided rituals involving other deities or spirits, setting it apart from the flexible practices in traditional Korean religions Protestant Congregations and Participatory Worship ○ Protestantism, with Korean-language services introduced participatory worship Engaging congregants in vocal prayers and hymn singing larger number of Protestant missionaries helped it grow faster than Catholicism Modern Catholic and Protestant Demographics ○ (2005)18.3% (15% in 2023) of South Koreans were Protestant ○ 10.9% (5% in 2023) were Catholic Christian congregations remain active with Protestants forming around 70,000 churches many following Evangelical traditions emphasizing rebirth and divine assurance of Heaven Koreanized Worship Practices ○ Catholic mass is in Korean language ○ congregations foster close-knit community ties pre- and post-mass gatherings small group meetings ○ organize pilgrimages to sites associated with Korean Catholic martyrs Enhancing communal bonds. Evangelical Protestantism ○ influenced by Evangelicalism ○ with active services hymn singing communal prayers charismatic practices like speaking in tongues ○ pastor’s role is central churches often chosen based on the pastor’s reputation rather than denomination Notable Figures and Mega-Churches ○ Prominent pastors Cho Yonggi(조용기) of Yoido Full Gospel Church(여의도 순복음교회) draw large followings, ○ his church continuing to attract large congregations due to its prosperity-focused sermons and charismatic leadership ○ Christianity in Korea ——→ a distinctly Korean practice balancing traditional beliefs with structured congregational worship, community focus, in the case of Protestantism, Evangelical fervor 10-11. Korean Wave (Korean movie) Success and Rise of Korean Cinema in the Global Landscape achieved global acclaim with directors like Park Chan-wook and Bong Joon-ho Domestic films hold a 60% market share ○ showing the popularity and quality of Korean cinema making Korea one of the largest non-Hollywood box offices globally (2013) Movie admissions reached 212 million ○ moviegoing rate is the highest in the world small population of 48 million, but a big cinema industry/market ○ competes among top global film-producing nations releasing around 200 titles yearly Korean Movie Export Trend ○ Highest Record in 2022 (in the Asian movie market traditionally leading by Japan) ○ Due to the increasing supply of delayed movies released during the Pandemic rise of K-movie brand value Global Influence European Art Cinema Influence ○ Kim Ki-duk ○ Hong Sang-soo ○ Lee Chang-dong explore themes of post-war poverty and industrialization. resonate with post-war European art cinema styles (similar to Italian Neorealism and the French Nouvelle Vague) Third Cinema and National Resistance ○ critiquing neoliberal capitalism and Hollywood dominance Korean cinema aligns with 'Third Cinema' ○ Im Kwon-Taek ○ emphasize traditional Korean themes ○ exemplifying Korean cinema as a form of cultural resistance Dual Influence = Ignoring and Imitating Hollywood ○ Korean cinema both resists and imitates Hollywood, often outperforming it locally ○ ability to attract Hollywood interest for remakes shows its dual influence and adaptability Transformation of cinema in the digital era Impact of digital era ○ digital platforms reshaped cinema Google YouTube Netflix Amazon ○ Secondary platforms become primary platforms. TV, cable, and DVDs Consumers are more inclined towards streaming subscriptions ○ altering film production, distribution, and consumption This digital infrastructure allows Korean cinema to thrive and coexist with new media, not in conflict but in harmony with internet technologies (As cinema's influence wanes) New Aesthetics in Media Studies ○ new theories: 'post-media aesthetics' and 'afterimages' introduce alternative visual experiences that shift beyond traditional cinephilia. Digital technology has shifted the cinematic experience ○ reducing reliance on photorealism and photographic credibility Adaptation to Digital Trends (The rise of the Internet and social media platforms has transformed global cinema) Internet’s Impact on Global Cinema ○ Viewers can now access films everywhere bypassing traditional theaters  ○ Consumers = producers editing and sharing content on social media (Unlike other cinemas, Korean cinema has thrived in the digital age.) Fans create blogs and mash-ups ○ promoting viewership and supporting local films strengthened rather than diminished Korean cinema's popularity. [New media also encourage the communication between actor and director —> earn more attention and higher popularity, not discouraging] Unique Features of Korean Movie Genre Diversity (Western audiences may recognize films like *Oldboy* for their intensity) ○ Korean cinema covers diverse genres and appeals widely across Asia ○ (Films) are distinct for their realism ○ depictions of violence and tragedy ○ deep melancholy rooted in 'han,' contributing to its unique global appeal. ○ Park Chan-wook ○ Bong Joon-ho emerged in a post-dictatorship era free from overpowering influences allowing their unique styles to flourish creative freedom has shaped Korean cinema's acclaimed diversity Psychological Realism and Emotional Intensity% ○ (Korean films) → emotional depth, rooted in 'han' (sorrow) and 'heung' (joy) resonates with Asian audiences Western fans are drawn to intense and morally complex themes (particularly in works by directors like Park Chan-wook) Psychological Realism and Emotional Intensity ○ (Cinema) delves deeply into the psychological aspects of its characters (particularly in thrillers and crime dramas) emphasize emotional and psychological realism. ○ (films) frequently explore the internal lives of characters focus on their psychological and emotional struggles This realism goes beyond surface-level emotions ○ reveal the characters’ deeper motivations, traumas, and fears. ○ (Directors) use narrative and visual techniques immerse audiences in characters’ minds making their psychological journeys central to the story ○ Mother (2009) by Bong Joon-ho a thriller that delves into a mother’s psychological journey as she seeks justice for her son, blending suspense with emotional realism. Genre-Bending ○ (Cinema) = a tradition of melodrama 情節劇 (defined Korean cinema) ten featuring intense emotions heart-wrenching themes  ingrained in Korean cultural identity left an influence (art films) many arthouse directors rejecting its conventions to create realism, ○ filling their works with mundane, understated emotions rather than melodramatic excess ○ (filmmakers) continue to experiment with genres, supported by audiences who appreciate this innovation. ○ (new generation of directors) shapes the industry cinema’s identity will likely continue to evolve embracing and redefining genre conventions (Want to create new genre, combine 2-3 genres together in 1 movie) Korean Cinema’s Globalization strategy and challenges Localization ○ as a Strategy for Global Reach (Cinema) adopted a 'localizing' approach adapting films for specific markets by changing language and cultural elements *A Wedding Invitation* (2013) a Korean-directed, Chinese-language film ○ became a major hit in China ○ despite limited success in Korea. - increasingly targeting the Chinese market producing Chinese-language films with local actors films risk diluting their national identity (when tailored for foreign audiences) ○ raises concerns about losing Korean cultural elements in the process of appealing to the Chinese market OTT Market and Korean Movies Changes by OTT Market Growth ○ Blurred boundaries between movies and dramas => Integration to OTT contents ○ Inclusion of OTT contents in international film festival and awards Korean Movies in the OTT Market ○ Strong genre films (Action movies in 2022) Yaksha: Ruthless Operations (야차) Carter (카터), Seoul Vibe(서울대작전) The Pirates : The Last Royal Treasure (해적: 도깨비 깃발) (Romance movies in 2022) Love and Leashes (모럴 센스) 20th Century Girl (20세기 소녀) Korean TV show On global OTT (Over-the-top media service): from ‘produced in the U.S. and distribute globally ’ to ‘locally produced, distribute globally ’ ○ Netflix originals Squid Game (오징어게임) Hell Bound (지옥) All of Us are Dead (지금 우리 학교는) ○ Disney Plus original Casino (카지노) ○ Apple TV Pachinko (파친코) based on a novel by Korean American produced by an American company Korean actors featured Variations on distribution : Challenges to prevent contents IP leakage (on Netflix) ○ Business Proposal (사내맞선) based on a web novel first released on a Korean OTT, Waive and tv station, sold to Netflix later ○ Extraordinary Attorney Woo (이상한 변호사 우영우) based on a webtoon, produced by a Korean independent company holding content IP (Intellectual Property) (Released in Rakuten Viki) ○ Reborn Rich (재벌집 막내아들): Released in Rakuten Viki, sold by an Asian OTT, VIU to the other platform 미스터리음악쇼복면가왕 (King of Mask Singer): The Masked Singer ○ Exported to 54 countries 너의목소리가보여 (I Can See Your Voice) ○ Remaked in 27 countries  ○ Canada, Mexico, U.S., Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, U.K. 히든싱어 (Hidden Singer) ○ Exported to 5 countries ○ U.S., Italy, China, Vietnam and Thailand Secret behind the K-Drama Wave (K-drama) Global Appeal and Quality Storytelling ○ K-dramas resonate globally (BY) high-quality storytelling universal themes Inequality, power dynamics, and human resilience. - Squid Game Parasite exemplify this by addressing socioeconomic issues that resonate across cultures Female Perspective ○ portray stories from a female perspective drawn international female audiences contrast with Hollywood’s typical male-centric storytelling ○ Reflects that most K-drama scriptwriters are women Visual Appeal and Production Quality ○ emphasize visual aesthetics ○ with meticulous attention to costume ○ set design that creates memorable imagery iconic costumes in Squid Game ○ Investment from streaming platforms like Netflix has further boosted production quality Challenges Impact of Netflix ○ Netflix has played a major role in promoting K-dramas internationally funding productions ensuring accessibility worldwide broadened K-drama’s reach created a dependency on the platform, with potential risks of monopolization Financial and Cultural Challenges ○ The industry faces challenges: rising production costs reliance on foreign investments pressures from international audiences for more diverse and inclusive narratives  ○ (concern) high expectations from foreign audiences dilute K-dramas’ unique cultural identity Long-term Sustainability ○ K-dramas are at a crossroads where they need to address issues Inclusivity mental health in the entertainment industry broader representation of social minorities ○ industry’s future may depend on how it adapts to global standards while retaining its unique appeal (K-Pop) (Historic Background) global success is rooted in Korea’s complex 20th-century history ○ evolving from traditional and Western influences (especially post-Cold War transformations) Economic Growth in Music Market ○ immense growth from 2005 to 2015 positioning it among the top global markets underscoring K-Pop’s role in Korea’s economy K-Pop exemplifies transnationalism ○ forming networks across borders ○ reflecting diverse global influences beyond simple international interactions. Transnationalism 跨國主義 Globalization of K-Pop ○ K-Pop has emerged as a global cultural phenomenon representing South Korea’s engagement with modernity and globalization blending musical and cultural influences ○ K-pop: South Korean idol groups marketed by entertainment companies as all-round entertainer Polished looks, choreographed dance, and catchy tunes ○ Attracting a worldwide fan base through digital platforms PSY’s 2012 hit “Gangnam Style” ○ Significantly boosted K-Pop’s global visibility ○ Drawing interest from international media, industries, and academia Significance in Understanding Korean Society Examining K-Pop offers insights into Korean culture, identity, and the dynamics of globalization, as it balances local and global cultural currents Serves as a lens to examine broader cultural, political, and social issues in contemporary South Korea reflecting changes in the country’s identity and global influence. State-corporate Complex ○ Rise of Korean Music Industry  1930s = establishment of Korean subsidiaries by Japanese record companies leading to a more organized music industry diversification of genres such as jazz and shin minyo (신민요). ○ Censorship in Korean Music ○ (Throughout Japanese colonization and subsequent regimes) music faced strict censorship based on themes like Japanese influences, communism, and perceived immorality ○ Shift in Cultural Policy Post-1980s democratization globalization led South Korea to support the cultural industry ○ as an economic asset (especially after the 1997 financial crisis, by investing in “content industry ” and “cultural technology.”) ○ State and Corporate Collaboration Government supported the Hallyu wave and K-Pop with Ministry of Culture funding for K-Pop increasing significantly from $1.6 million in 2011 to $280 million in 2013 integrating the state-corporate complex into K- Pop’s growth Representation and Identity: Nationality, Gender, and Race ○ K-pop’s identity debates focus on national branding, gender, and racial representation (discussion) ‘whether the “K” in K-pop (1)signifies Korean culture or (2)serves as a marketable brand detached from traditional Korean roots’ ○ Hybridized National Identity in K-Pop K-Pop reflects a mix of Korean and global influences contributing to ongoing discussions about Korean national identity within the genre ○ Masculinity Representation in K-Pop Boy groups display a “manufactured versatile masculinity,” blending stereotypical Western masculinity with traditional Korean seonbi ideals ○ creating a cross-cultural “flower boy ” and “ beast-like” image ○ Femininity in K-Pop Female idols adhere to standardized beauty ideals embodying either “girl-next-door” innocence or sexualized aesthetics supported by cosmetic enhancements stylized “dollification,” and aegyo (cuteness) ○ prevalent in performances. Disseminat