Anthropology Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic is NOT a defining aspect of culture?

Culture is taught

Culture is static (correct)

Culture is based on symbols

Culture is shared

What sub-discipline of anthropology focuses on the application of anthropological methods to solve practical problems?

Social anthropology

Physical anthropology

Academic anthropology

Cultural anthropology (correct)

Which of the following is NOT listed as a new direction of research in anthropology?

Digital anthropology (correct)

Anthropology of religion

Ecological anthropology

Medical anthropology

What commonality is noted among humans living in distant groups?

They differ by culture and language Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with contacts between cultures?

Hibernation Signup and view all the answers

What is convergent evolution?

The development of similar cultural adaptations by different ancestral cultures Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of food-foraging societies?

Presence of a writing system Signup and view all the answers

In which type of economy are hunter-gatherers classified?

Absorptive economy Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the emphasis on peaceful relations within hunter-gatherer communities?

Need for resource collaboration Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of the division of labor in hunter-gatherer societies?

Differentiation between male and female work Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary change during the Neolithic revolution?

Transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is considered an autoconotic group in Europe?

Greeks Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the idea of race in biology?

Race should be treated as a social construct Signup and view all the answers

Which anthropologist is known for categorizing humans into races such as 'Caucasian' and 'Ethiopian'?

Johann Blumenbach Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural adaptation mainly composed of?

Complex ideas, activities, and technologies Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical differences and environmental adaptation?

Physical differences are results of adaptation to environmental conditions Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cultural ecology in anthropology?

Research on interactions between cultural groups and their environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of cultural development?

Climate Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge at the ontological level in the Anthropocene?

Human-non-human interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which barrier does not belong to the nine barriers of Earth resilience?

Ocean salinity Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the occurrence of climate change since 1950?

Rise in average global temperatures Signup and view all the answers

Which countries are identified as the largest emitters of CO2 worldwide?

China and USA Signup and view all the answers

What was a key aim of the COP 2021 conference?

Cooperate on temperature rise limiting Signup and view all the answers

What long-term effect of climate change is highlighted in the IPCC report?

Ocean acidification Signup and view all the answers

During COP 2022, what was the main topic of discussion?

Policies to limit global temperature rises Signup and view all the answers

What shared goal was established by the Paris Agreement in 2015?

Maintain CO2 emissions below 1.5C Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main aims of COP 2023?

Push for mitigation solutions Signup and view all the answers

What was agreed upon regarding methane emissions by 2030?

Decrease emissions by 30% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the Loss and Damage Fund?

It aims to increase financial support for vulnerable countries Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Ecozoik emphasize?

Everything in the world is interconnected Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge mentioned regarding financing for climate initiatives?

Financing for poorer countries remains unresolved Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the Baku COP 2024?

Increasing adaptation to climate change Signup and view all the answers

What is a principle of the holistic approach in anthropology?

Researching biological, social, and cultural characteristics together Signup and view all the answers

Which slogan reflects the idea of COP 2024?

In Solidarity for a Green World Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes egalitarian societies?

Equal status for men and women Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary outcome of the Neolithic revolution?

The development of extensive and intensive cultivation Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes pastoralism?

Adaptation to specific environments through animal husbandry Signup and view all the answers

What marks the development of cities in ancient civilizations?

The establishment of trade centers and defense mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main element of civilization?

Homogeneous social structure Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of marriage, as defined in the content?

A culturally sanctioned union establishing rights and obligations Signup and view all the answers

What does globalization primarily emphasize?

A global range of ideas and changes Signup and view all the answers

Which region is associated with the cultivation of maize and potatoes in ancient times?

The Americas Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anthropocene

Anthropocene challenges involve nature-culture, human-non-human, biology-technology, and economy-ecology interactions.
Nine barriers to Earth's resilience include climate change, biosphere integrity, stratospheric ozone depletion, ocean acidification, biochemical flows (nitrogen and phosphorus), freshwater consumption, land system change, chemical pollution, and atmospheric aerosol loading.
Tipping points are critical thresholds where rising global temperatures push Earth's system towards irreversible changes.
Climate change is evidenced by rapid increases in atmospheric CO2 levels (1950-present), the greenhouse effect, rising average temperatures, warming ocean waters, shrinking glaciers, rising sea levels, extreme weather, and ocean acidification, which is largely caused by human activity (approximately 97%).

Climate Change

The Paris Agreement (2015) aimed to reduce CO2 emissions below 1.5°C.
China and the USA were the largest emitters of CO2, contributing 45% globally.
Kiribati's visible effect of climate change is its location 4 meters above sea level, with rising ocean levels leading to negative impacts.

IPCC Report

The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) provided a 2021 report on the physical science basis of climate change.
The IPCC's findings were approved by 195 countries.

COP 2021 and 2022

COP2021 aimed to find solutions for keeping global temperature increases to 1.5°C. Strategies included reducing fossil fuel use, stopping deforestation, developing electric transport, investing in renewable energy, and protecting societies and nature.
COP2022 focused on agreeing on policies to limit global temperature increases and adapt to climate change impacts, with a stated goal of a loss and damage fund and compliance with emission reductions.

COP 2023 and 2024

COP2023 aims for a more inclusive conference to push for mitigation solutions and advance operationalization of the loss and damage fund.
COP2024 emphasizes "In Solidarity For a Green World," aiming for main financial solutions, increasing the Loss and Damage Fund, and climate change adaptation and mitigation.

UN Actions

UN bodies like UNDP and REDD+ are involved in initiatives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (https://www.undp.org/ and https://www.un-redd.org/)

Beyond Anthropocene

Anthropocene is about disorder in human and nature relations, the need for different approaches to thinking about nature requiring human responsibility.
Anthropology's role encompasses reminding that things are different from how we perceive them, illustrating that everything is connected.

Anthropology

Anthropology (as a science) is about the human condition across all times and places. This holistic perspective explores biological, social, and cultural characteristics.
Anthropology strives to understand why humans do what they do.

Sources of Anthropology

Anthropological knowledge originates from geographically diverse discoveries, research on "others," and analyses of "self."

Place in Science

Anthropology encompasses a broad division of sciences, including fields like sociology, cultural studies, history, psychology, and economy. It also intersects across both humanistic and social sciences.

Sub-disciplines of Anthropology

Various disciplines of anthropology exist - Physical anthropology, Cultural anthropology (applied and academic), social and historic anthropology.

Definition of Culture

Culture represents shared ideas, values, and ways of perceiving the world within a society, used for understanding experiences and guiding behavior.

Characteristics of Culture

Cultures are shared, taught through symbols, integrated, and dynamic.

Division of Anthropology

Ethnography, etnology and anthropology are interrelated. Ethnography is the study and description of a particular culture, etnology compares and analyses different cultures. Anthropology studies humanity in its broadest sense.

Anthropology Adaptations

Anthropology research is adapting to new directions including ethnology, ethnoarcheology, medical anthropology, ecological anthropology, anthropology of food, indigenous anthropology, religious studies, urban anthropology, and visual anthropology.

Cultural Events

A single human species exists, understanding humans is a matter of biology, origin, language, and cultural differences and similarities. People living in different groups vary by culture and language but mostly share the same biology.

Contacts Between Cultures

Contacts between cultures manifest through trade, projects, barter, communication, education, migration, and tourism, with four key models including globalization, McDonaldization, hybridization and globalization plus localization.

Anthropogenesis

Anthropogenesis is the study of the origins and development of humankind, tracing species evolution emphasizing the shift from biological to cultural adaptive strategies over time. Early changes (2.5 million years ago) are distinguished from late periods of adaptation.
Human evolution across the categories Mammalian - Order primates - Hominidae - homininae - Homini - genus Homo - to Homo sapiens, is detailed with important species/groups like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus.

Origins of Humans

Two main theories explain the origins of humans: the Multiregional Theory and the "Out of Africa" Theory.

Homo Sapiens

Homo Sapiens are the archetypal, modern, biological human beings, originating approximately 300,000 years ago, exhibiting cultural explosion behaviors around 40,000 years ago, and displaying biological continuity with prior archaic species.

Anthropogenesis - Clarification

Homo Sapiens emerged around 300,000 years ago, with cultural expansion and the disappearance of other archaic human species about 40,000 years ago.
Present-day Homo sapiens share contemporary biology from 40,000 years ago, tracing their origins outside Africa.

Anthropogenesis of Europe

Settlements in Europe began about 1 million years ago, with theories regarding migrations from Africa and Asia, and subsequent development into Indo-European groups and other groups.
Psychical diversity (race) is considered in terms of its social construct of human species and race, with historical analyses including early ideas like "Caucasian," "Ethiopian," "Mongoid," and "Malayan".

Neolisation in Europe, Asia, and Americas

Neolithic developments have a wide geographic spread in Europe, Asia, and Americas, and demonstrate the transition from the hunter-gatherer to sedentary agriculture, and agriculture as widespread adaptation, as seen in different regions from Jarmo and Jerycho (Europe and Asia) to settlements in agricultural areas in the Americas.

Cultural Development and Environment

Cultural adaptations evolved as complex developments allowing for human survival, including use of tools and technologies for societal needs. Environmental factors shaped cultural groups' evolution.

Characteristics of Food-foraging Societies

Key characteristics of food-foraging societies are small group sizes, simple technologies and economy, social ties and a lack of writing or stability.

Food Producing Communities

Food producing communities in Neolithic societies, displayed changes in social organization and life structures towards greater sedentism (as contrasted with mobility in hunter-gatherers) and a variety of agricultural practices, depending on climate and geographic factors.

Development of Cultivation in Relation to Climate

Different regions show cultivation development (Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, and Americas) based on the climate as a factor, with corresponding crops and techniques, like wheat vs rice cultivation.

Pastoralism

Pastoralism is an adaptation to specific environments, chiefly in southwest Asia, featuring animal husbandry and grazing, with estimations of 21 million pastoralists in the world, along with transhumance.

Development of Settlements and Civilisations

The development of early cities and later civilizations, from advancements and social orders in regions such as Mesopotamia (Uruk, Sumerians), and more widely to early civilizations.

Marriage

Marriage is a culturally sanctioned union defining rights and responsibilities among individuals and families, detailing rights regarding work, property, raising children, and status.

Globalisation

Globalisation demonstrates a range of ideas, influence, and changes including intensification of social and cultural relations beyond traditional borders. Key elements include technology, de-stabilization of centers and peripheries in systems, and the growth of economic connections around the world from the start of the 20th century.

Global Corporations

Global corporations (such as the Dutch East India Company, VOC), represent major economic and political powers with international character, and a structural model built around administration. Global corporations wield enormous influence over the lives of individuals and societies due to their economic power.

Ideas Induced on Culture

Globalisation induces changes in culture centered on ideas around supply and demand chains, the creation of needs, and examples like engagement rings and food marketing, and corporations' impact on cultural practices and needs.

Corporate Greed

The pursuit of profit can affect cultures and societies. Corporations, in this context, exploit the appropriation of ideas, resources, and land for profit, as seen in the example of Coca-Cola and its water use

Global Cities

Global cities as significant hubs for corporations and economic activity are characterized by aspects like international labor markets and ethnic economies.

Antiglobalism

The concept of antiglobalism critiques aspects of globalization, including monopolies, exploitation of workers, environmental issues, wealth disparity, and minimal impact on communities. Activists from the Global South may identify double standards in globalisation.

Alterglobalism

Alterglobalism envisions changes to globalization that include improvements on human rights, arms control, and environmental protection, including broader democratic participation in global processes with a focus on social justice, and a hoped-for 'New Globalization.'

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in anthropology with this quiz. Questions cover aspects of culture, hunter-gatherer societies, and anthropological methods. Ideal for students looking to solidify their foundational knowledge in the subject.