Kins 428 Quiz 2 PDF - Physical Activity & Sedentary Behavior

Chapter 5: Predictors and Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Physical Activity & Sedentary Behavior ​ Physical Activity: Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure​. ​ Sedentary Activity: Any waking behavior characterized by a...

Chapter 5: Predictors and Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Physical Activity & Sedentary Behavior ​ Physical Activity: Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure​. ​ Sedentary Activity: Any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure of ≤1.5 METs while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture​. ​ MET Threshold for Sedentary Activity: A MET (Metabolic Equivalent of Task) of ≤1.5 while seated, lying, or reclining is considered sedentary​. Theory of Planned Behavior This theory suggests that intentions are the strongest predictor of physical activity. Intentions are influenced by: ​ Attitudes – How favorable or unfavorable a person views physical activity​. ​ Subjective Norms – Social pressures from important people regarding physical activity​. ​ Perceived Behavioral Control – How easy or difficult a person believes it is to be active​. Interventions based on this theory aim to change attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control to strengthen intentions toward being physically active​. Social Cognitive Theory ​ Self-Efficacy (confidence in one’s ability) is the key predictor of physical activity​. ​ Sources of Self-Efficacy: ○​ Past Performance Accomplishments – Previous success in physical activities. ○​ Social Persuasion – Encouragement from others. ○​ Vicarious Experiences – Watching others succeed in activity. ○​ Interpretation of Physiological & Affective States – Understanding bodily responses like fatigue or enjoyment​. Self-Determination Theory This theory identifies three basic psychological needs that influence motivation: 1.​ Autonomy – Feeling in control of one's actions. 2.​ Competence – Feeling capable of performing physical activity. 3.​ Relatedness – Feeling connected to others while being active​. Types of Motivation: ​ Amotivation – No motivation to be physically active. ​ Controlled Motivation – Engaging in activity due to external pressures. ​ Self-Determined Motivation – Engaging in activity because of personal value or enjoyment​. Predicting Sedentary Behavior The Ecological Model explains four domains of sedentary behavior: 1.​ Domestic – Time spent sitting at home. 2.​ Occupation – Time spent sitting at work/school. 3.​ Transport – Time spent sitting in cars, buses, etc. 4.​ Leisure – Sitting while watching TV, using computers, or reading​. Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior ​ Personal: ○​ Physical activity declines with age​. ○​ Self-efficacy is a strong predictor of engagement in physical activity​. ​ Social: ○​ Socioeconomic Status affects access to physical activity opportunities​. ○​ Peers can discourage PA through teasing or lack of support​. ○​ Social Relationships encourage PA through accountability and shared activity​. ​ Environmental: ○​ Walkability and infrastructure impact activity levels​. ○​ Weather can either encourage or limit outdoor activity​. The Dual-Process Models of Behavior explain how human behavior is influenced by two systems: 1.​ Reflective System – This involves deliberate thought, conscious awareness, and planned decision-making. Social-cognitive theories fit within this system, as they study how individuals reflect on and plan physical activity behavior. 2.​ Reflexive System – This operates automatically, often unconsciously, and influences behavior through habits, implicit attitudes, and automatic evaluations​. Application to Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior ​ Physical Activity: The decision to engage in exercise often requires reflective processing, as people consciously set goals and plan workouts. However, reflexive  processes like positive past experiences or automatic habits (e.g., always taking the stairs) also influence PA behavior. ​ Sedentary Behavior: Unlike PA, sedentary behavior is often guided by reflexive processes because it does not require deliberate planning. People may automatically default to sitting for long periods due to habits, environmental cues, or social norms​. Research Supporting Dual-Process Models in PA and SB ​ Reflexive processes, such as implicit attitudes and habitual responses, contribute significantly to PA and SB. ​ Studies show that automatic associations with PA (e.g., enjoyment, discomfort) impact activity choices. ​ Approach-avoidance tendencies also play a role, where individuals with negative past experiences tend to avoid PA​. Interventions Based on Dual-Process Models ​ Computer-based conditioning tasks can alter automatic evaluations of exercise, leading to increased PA engagement. ​ Training interventions focused on modifying reflexive processes may be more effective in reducing sedentary behavior, as they target ingrained habits rather than just encouraging conscious decisions​. Chapter 6: Personality and Physical Activity Personality & Physical Activity The Five Factor Model (FFM) suggests personality traits influence PA levels: ​ Extraversion – More social and energetic individuals are more likely to be active​. ○​ Extravert Characteristics: Social, energetic, active, thrill-seeking. ○​ Introvert Characteristics: Prefer solitude, lower energy for social settings. ​ Neuroticism – Higher neuroticism is linked to inactivity​. ○​ Neurotic Characteristics: Anxiety, stress, emotional instability. ○​ Emotionally Stable Characteristics: Resilience, calmness, better PA adherence. ​ Conscientiousness – High conscientiousness correlates with regular PA​. ○​ Conscientious Characteristics: Organized, disciplined, goal-oriented. ○​ Undirected Characteristics: Less structured, spontaneous. ​ Openness – More open individuals are inclined toward diverse PA experiences​.  ○​ Open-Minded Characteristics: Curious, creative, seek new experiences. ○​ Closed-Minded Characteristics: Prefer routine, resist new experiences. ​ Agreeableness – Less impact on PA behavior​. ○​ Agreeable Characteristics: Cooperative, empathetic, more likely to engage in group PA. ○​ Antagonistic Characteristics: Competitive, less teamwork-oriented. How These Traits Relate to PA Participation ​ Extraverts are more likely to enjoy social and energetic physical activities. ​ Neurotic individuals may avoid PA due to anxiety or stress. ​ Conscientious individuals are more likely to adhere to a structured PA routine. ​ Open individuals might be drawn to novel or outdoor activities​. Chapter 7: Body Image and Physical Activity Body Image & Physical Activity ​ Body Image Constructs include appearance and functionality perceptions​. ​ Positive Body Image leads to motivation for physical activity. ​ Negative Body Image can result in body dysmorphia, eating disorders, or exercise avoidance​. Positive & Negative Facets of Body Image ​ Body Image Investment – How much one values their body’s appearance/function. ​ Body Image Internalization – Adopting societal beauty standards. ​ Body Image Pathologies – Disorders related to extreme body image concerns. Body Image Disorders ​ Body Dysmorphia – Obsession with perceived flaws in appearance. ​ Muscle Dysmorphia – Obsession with muscle size and leanness. ​ Eating Disorders: ○​ Bulimia – Binge eating followed by purging. ○​ Anorexia – Extreme food restriction. ○​ Binge Eating – Uncontrolled excessive eating​. How Body Image Develops Three primary social influences:  1.​ Parents – Influence body perception from childhood. 2.​ Peers – Comparison and social pressures shape body image. 3.​ Media – Unrealistic portrayals affect self-perception​. Mechanisms Linking PA and Body Image ​ Perceptions – How individuals see themselves. ​ Efficacy – Confidence in achieving fitness goals. ​ Motivation – Can be controlled (external) or autonomous (internal)​. Individual Differences in Body Image ​ Age – Body image concerns change over time. ​ Gender – Women may experience more pressure for thinness, men for muscularity. ​ Race/Ethnicity/Culture – Cultural norms influence body ideals. ​ Sexual Orientation – LGBTQ+ individuals may experience unique body image challenges​.