Health Psychology Chapter 14 PowerPoint PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 14: Health Psychology Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Chapter Preview Health Psycho...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 14: Health Psychology Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Chapter Preview Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. Making Positive Life Changes. Resources for Effective Life Change. Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress. Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It. Psychology and Your Good Life. © McGraw Hill LLC 2  Healthy Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Health psychology: a subfield that emphasizes psychology’s role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness. Behavioral medicine: an interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness. Health promotion: helping people optimize their health and achieve balance. © McGraw Hill LLC 3  The Biopsychosocial Model The biopsychosocial model applies to health psychology because it integrates: Biological factors. Psychological factors. Social factors. © McGraw Hill LLC 4  Connections Between Mind and Body The many diverse aspects of each human being are tightly intertwined. The mind is responsible for much of what happens in the body—though it is not the only factor. The body, in turn, may influence the mind. Health psychology and behavioral medicine are concerned both with: How psychological states influence health. How health and illness may influence a person’s psychological experience. © McGraw Hill LLC 5  Making Positive Life Changes One of health psychology’s missions is to help people identify and implement ways they can improve their behaviors. Health behaviors: practices that have an impact on physical well-being. © McGraw Hill LLC 6  Theoretical Models of Change The theory of reasoned action suggests that effective change requires three things: Specific intentions about the behavioral change. Positive attitude about the new behavior. Belief that one’s social group looks upon the new behavior favorably. The theory of planned behavior includes a fourth: Perception of control over the outcome. © McGraw Hill LLC 7  The Stages of Change Model 1 Stages of change model: describes a five-step process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles. Precontemplation. Contemplation. Preparation/determination. Action/willpower. Maintenance. © McGraw Hill LLC 8  Stage Description Example Precontemplation Individuals are not yet ready to think People with obesity are not aware that about changing and may not be aware they have a health problem. that they have a problem that needs to be changed. Contemplation Individuals acknowledge that they have People with obesity know they have a a problem but may not yet be ready to weight problem but aren’t yet sure they change. want to commit to losing weight. Preparation/ Individuals are preparing to take action. People with obesity explore options determination they can pursue in losing weight. Action/willpower Individuals commit to making People with obesity start an exercise behavioral changes and enact a plan. program and make dietary changes. Maintenance Individuals are successful in continuing People with obesity are able to stick their behavior change over time. with their exercise and diet regimens for 6 months. Figure 1: Stages of Change Model Applied to Losing Weight The stages of change model has been applied to many different health behaviors, including losing weight. © McGraw Hill LLC 9  The Stages of Change Model 2 Relapse: a return to former unhealthy patterns. A common aspect of change. One slip does not mean failure. The stages of change model is controversial. The sequence of stages may vary depending on the specific domain of health change. It refers more to attitudes then behaviors. It does, however, do a good job of capturing the ways that individuals make positive life changes. © McGraw Hill LLC 10  Resources for Effective Life Change: Motivation Motivation is important at every stage in the change process. Intrinsic motivation: because you want to and enjoy it. Extrinsic motivation: for external rewards. Planning and goal setting are crucial. Implementation intentions: specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change. Monitoring progress and obtaining feedback are also key. © McGraw Hill LLC 11  Resources for Effective Life Change: Social Relationships Social support: feedback indicating that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and included in a network of mutual obligation. Three types of benefits: Tangible assistance. Information. Emotional support. Giving support also has benefits. © McGraw Hill LLC 12  Resources for Effective Life Change: Religious Faith Religious faith is strongly related to maintaining a healthy lifestyle and to good health. Religious participation may benefit health through its relationship to social support. Faith and spirituality more generally may also be important because they provide a sense of life meaning and a buffer against stressful life events. © McGraw Hill LLC 13  Resources for Effective Life Change: Personality Characteristics Personality characteristics related to health: Conscientiousness. Internal locus of control—a sense of personal control. Self-efficacy. Optimism. © McGraw Hill LLC kali9/Getty Images 14  Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress 1 Stress is the response to environmental stressors, the circumstances and events that threaten people and tax their coping abilities. General adaptation syndrome (GAS): Hans Selye’s term for the common effects of stressful demands on the body. Alarm. Resistance. Exhaustion. © McGraw Hill LLC 15  Figure 3: Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes an individual’s response to stress in terms of three stages: (1) alarm, in which the body mobilizes its resources; (2) resistance, in which the body strives mightily to endure the stressor; and (3) exhaustion, in which resistance becomes depleted. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 16  Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress 2 The body system that plays the greatest role in Selye’s GAS model is the HPA axis. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis): a complex set of interactions that regulate various body processes and control reactions to stressful events. Stress can be acute or chronic. Acute stress can sometimes be adaptive, and release of cortisol—the “stress hormone”—helps us take action. Under chronic stress, the HPA axis can remain activated over the long haul. © McGraw Hill LLC 17  Stress and the Immune System Psychoneuroimmunology: a new field of scientific inquiry that explores connections among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system. Stress can profoundly affect the immune system. Chronic stressors, especially, are associated with an increasing downturn in immune system responsiveness. When we are under stress, we need to take better care of ourselves than usual. © McGraw Hill LLC 18  Figure 4: Stress and the Risk of Developing a Cold In a study by Sheldon Cohen and others (1998), the longer individuals had a life stressor, the more likely they were to develop a cold. The four-point scale is based on the odds (0 = lower; 4 = higher) of getting a cold. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 19  Stress and Cardiovascular Disease 1 People who have experienced stressful life changes are at increased risk of heart attack. Changes in health behaviors are sometimes implicated. Chronic stress influences the cardiovascular system itself. Type A behavior pattern: a cluster of characteristics that is related to a higher incidence of heart disease. Being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and—especially—hostile. © McGraw Hill LLC 20  Stress and Cardiovascular Disease 2 Type B behavior pattern: relaxed and easygoing; related to a lower incidence of heart disease. Type D behavior pattern: general distress, negative emotions, and social inhibition; related to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Note that the body’s internal reactions to stress do not magically lead to poor heath. It is the way people behave when they are stressed that most contributes. © McGraw Hill LLC 21  Stress and Cancer An uncompromised immune system appears to help provide resistance to cancer. The activation of the HPA axis by chronic stress affects the endocrine and immune systems in ways that damage the body’s capacity to resist cancer and may promote tumor growth. © McGraw Hill LLC 22  Figure 5: NK Cells and Cancer Two natural killer (NK) cells (yellow) are shown attacking a leukemia cell (red). Notice the blisters that the leukemia cell has developed to defend itself. Nonetheless, the NK cells are surrounding the leukemia cell and are about to destroy it. YAY! © McGraw Hill LLC Christoph Burgstedt/Alamy Stock Photo 23  Stress and Prejudice 1 The stigma attached to various identities, including sexual minority status, immigrant status, and veteran status, leads to stress. Anti-Black racism may play a role in the continuing health disparities that exist in the United States. Health disparities: often preventable differences in physical and psychological functioning that are experienced by socially disadvantaged groups. One clear cause is systemic racism. © McGraw Hill LLC 24  Stress and Prejudice 2 At the level of the individual, experiencing discrimination is stressful. It affects the stress response and immune system functioning. Prejudice and discrimination against people with obesity might affect their health. The effect of stress on the body promotes weight gain. Stress predicts obesity over time. © McGraw Hill LLC 25  Cognitive Appraisal and Coping with Stress 1 Cognitive appraisal: an individual’s interpretation of the events in their life as harmful, threatening, or challenging and their determination of whether or not they have the resources to cope effectively. Coping: managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life’s problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress. © McGraw Hill LLC 26  Cognitive Appraisal and Coping with Stress 2 Richard Lazarus described cognitive appraisal in two steps: Primary appraisal: interpretation of whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred, a threat of future danger, or a challenge to be overcome. Secondary appraisal: a person’s evaluation of their resources to determine how effectively they can be marshaled to cope with the event. © McGraw Hill LLC 27  Cognitive Appraisal and Coping with Stress 3 Problem-focused coping: squarely facing one’s troubles and trying to solve them. Emotion-focused coping: responding to the stress by trying to manage one’s emotional reaction rather than focusing on the root problem itself. Denial is one of the main protective mechanisms. Many people successfully use both when adjusting to stressful circumstances. © McGraw Hill LLC 28  Strategies for Successful Coping Effective coping: Positive reappraisal: reinterpreting a potentially stressful experience as positive, valuable, or even beneficial. Multiple coping strategies often work best. Optimism can play a strong role. Hardiness: a personality trait characterized by a sense of commitment rather than alienation, and of control rather than powerlessness; problems are challenges rather than threats. © McGraw Hill LLC 29  Figure 6: Illness in High-Stress Business Executives In one study of high-stress business executives, a low level of all three buffers (hardiness, exercise, and social support) involved a high probability of at least one serious illness in that year. High levels of one, two, and all three buffers decreased the likelihood of at least one serious illness occurring in the year of the study. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 30  Stress Management Programs A stress management program is a regimen that teaches individuals how to: Appraise stressful events. Develop skills for coping with stress. Put these skills into use in everyday life. Programs including physical exercise, relaxation, mindfulness, and other approaches can reduce psychological stress and physiological markers of stress. © McGraw Hill LLC 31  Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It 1 Be physically active. Exercise: structured activities whose goal is to improve health. Aerobic exercise: sustained activity—jogging, swimming, or cycling, for example—that stimulates heart and lung functioning. © McGraw Hill LLC 32  Figure 7: The Jogging Hog Experiment Jogging hogs reveal the dramatic effects of exercise on health. In one investigation, a group of hogs was trained to run approximately 100 miles per week (Bloor & White, 1983). Then the researchers narrowed the arteries that supplied blood to the hogs’ hearts. The hearts of the jogging hogs developed extensive alternate pathways for blood supply, and 42 percent of the threatened heart tissue was salvaged, compared with only 17 percent in a control group of non-jogging hogs. © McGraw Hill LLC Courtesy of Colin M. Bloor/UC San Diego Health Sciences 33  Figure 8: Physical Fitness and Mortality This graph presents the results of an eight-year longitudinal study of more than 10,000 men and women (Blair & others, 1989). The horizontal, or X, axis shows the participants divided by their levels of fitness as well as their sex. The vertical, or Y, axis shows the death rates. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 34  Moderate Vigorous walking briskly (3–4 mph) walking briskly uphill or with a load swimming, moderate effort swimming, fast treading crawl cycling for pleasure or transportation cycling, fast or racing (>10mph) (≤10 mph) racket sports, table tennis racket sports, singles tennis, racketball conditioning exercise, general conditioning exercise, stair calisthenics ergometer, ski machine golf, pulling cart or carrying clubs golf, practice at driving range canoeing, leisurely (2.0–3.9 mph) canoeing, rapidly (≥4 mph) home care, general cleaning moving furniture mowing lawn, power mower mowing lawn, hand mower home repair, painting fix-up projects, including weight bearing work Figure 9: Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activities At minimum, adults should strive for 30 minutes of moderate activity each day. That activity can become even more beneficial if we “pump it up” to vigorous. © McGraw Hill LLC 35  Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It 2 Eat right. Commit to lifelong healthy food habits. Quit tobacco use. Practice safe sex. Sexually transmitted infection (STI): contracted primarily through sexual activity. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); destroys the body’s immune system. © McGraw Hill LLC 36  Figure 10: Changes in the Percentage of U.S. Adults 20 to 74 Years of Age Classified as Overweight or Obese Being overweight or obese poses the greatest overall health risk for Americans today. In this graph, the vertical, or Y, axis shows the percentage of people classified as overweight or obese, and the horizontal, or X, axis shows the years for these values. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 37  Psychology and Your Good Life The mental and physical aspects of your existence intertwine and influence each other. Why do we do the things we do? How do we think and feel? Making the most of what you have learned about psychology means making the most of yourself and your life. © McGraw Hill LLC 38  End of Main Content Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.