KINE 4020 Final Exam - PDF Practice Questions

PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION NOT SURE 1.​ Which below are effects of short-chain fatty acids? Enhanced colonic blood flow Increase fecal volume Promote peristalsis Enhance cholesterol synthesis by the liver Reduce bile acid secretion 2.​ Which statement below is co...

PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION NOT SURE 1.​ Which below are effects of short-chain fatty acids? Enhanced colonic blood flow Increase fecal volume Promote peristalsis Enhance cholesterol synthesis by the liver Reduce bile acid secretion 2.​ Which statement below is correct? All options are correct Transcobalamin II is degraded inside of the cell and cobalamin is released The liver contains the highest amount of stored vitamin B12 in the body Cobalamin is the anti-pernicious anemia factor Methylcobalamin 5’ deoxyadensoilcobalamin are active as a coenzyme in humans 3.​ Which statement below is false? Gut microbiota produces acetate, propionate, and butyrate Vitamins produced by gut bacteria are absorbed in the colon Microbes outnumber cells in the human body Colonic cells use the majority of the short-chain fatty acids produced by gut bacteria Gut bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids from fermented cellulose and hemicellulose 4.​ Which fatty acids below are associated with increased LDL and reduced HDL Short-chain fatty acids LEPTIN Trans-fatty acids Omega-6 fatty acids Omega-3 fatty acids Cis-fatty acids 5.​ Which statement below is correct? Lentil or pea protein intake is equivalent to whey proteinat stimulating muscle protein synthesis post-exercise Resistance exercise oxidizes a lot of protein thereby depleting the free AA pool The combination of resistance exercise plus amino acid feeding is no better at stimulating muscle protein synthesis than resistance exercise alone Soy and whey proteins are of equivalent protein quality Although casein protein contain more EAAs and BCAAs than soy protein, soy stimulates muscle protein synthesis better than casein, actually PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 6.​ Which statement below is correct? Nascent HDLs are small and discoidal particles All options are correct HDL becomes spherical after interacting with non-hepatic tissues LCAT converts cholesterol into cholesterol esters within HDL particles HDL particles pick up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and peripheral tissues 7.​ Which below are functions of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol? Quenchers of free radicals Confer protection to cell membranes against oxidative stress Enhance immune function Improve vitamin A absorption All options are correct 8.​ Choose the correct statement Heme and non-heme iron refer to the valence of this mineral Just a small amount of iron in the body is found in non-heme enzymes Most iron found in the human body is within myoglobin in the skeletal muscle The bioavailability of iron in the GI tract is enhanced by chelators The absorption of heme-containing iron take place in the ileum and jejunum 9.​ Which below are effects of elevated leptin signalling in the hypothalamus? Suppression of SNS activity Satiety and reduced energy expenditure Hunger and anabolism Increased food intake and energy expenditure Satiety and activation of catabolism 10.​Which statement below is incorrect? None of these statements are incorrect Polarity of an amino acid depends on its ability to interact with water and electrolytes BCAAS contain non-polar/hydrophobic side chains All polypeptide chains have a primary structure The coiling/folding of one chain and the interaction of two or more peptide chains are the primary and quaternary structures of proteins, respectively 11.​What is the function of LPL in the capillaries of the adipose tissue? To facilitate formation of glycerol from glycolysis To transfer cholesterol esters from HDL to VLDL To hydrolyse triacylglycerols in chylomicrons and VLDL To esterify fatty acids in chylomicrons To hydrolyse triacylglycerols in LDL particles PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 12.​In the absence of pancreatic amylase, which nutrient can be digested in the duodenum? Cellulose Glycogen Glucose Sucrose Verbacose 13.​Which statement below is incorrect? Different set of answers (pg7 eclass) *** -All options are incorrect In the duodenum iron is detached from the porphyrin ring -Trypsin and chymotrypsin are activated in the small intestine and work to break down peptide bonds in chyme -absorption of iron-containing porphyrin ring by enterocytes -Sites of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow contain Hcp 1 -In the blood transferrin exclusively binds to iron 14.​Choose the false statement below: A glycoprotein-rich fluid from Goblet cells protects the small intestine from HCl Pancreas and liver are part of the accessory organs Microvilli on the surface of enterocytes increase the surface area of the intestine Carbohydrate, fat, and protein are mostly absorbed in the duodenum Bile salts released in the duodenum are degraded through the enterohepatic circulation Not degraded, reabsorbed 15.​Which below is a central nervous system effect of alcohol overconsumption Steatosis Cirrhosis All options are incorrect Increased lipid accumulation in the brain VLDL accumulation 16.​What are the functions of liver, gallbladder, and pancreatic, respectively? Storage of bile, production of mucus, and release of pancreatic juice Release of bicarbonate, activation of digestive enzymes, and production of lipase Production of mucus, bile and pancreatic juice Bile production, bile storage, and release of fully active proteases Production of bile, storage and release of bile, and production of zymogens PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 17.​What are the functions of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, respectively? a) Production of mucus, bile, and pancreatic juice. b) Production of bile, storage and release of bile, and production of zymogens. c) Release of bicarbonate, activation of digestive enzymes, and production of lipase. d) Bile production, bile storage, and release of fully active proteases. MAYBE THIS ******* e) All of the above 18.​Adducts can be formed by acetaldehyde binding to which compounds listed below? Proteins Enzymes Phospholipids Nucleotides All compounds listed from adducts 19.​What hormones are elevated in the post-prandial and post-absorptive periods, respectively? Insulin and CCK Ghrelin and CCK Ghrelin and insulin Insulin and ghrelin CCK and insulin 20.​Which below are features of folate? The monoglutamate form requires digestion prior to absorption in the gut All options are correct Along with vitamin B12, it promotes the conversion of of homocysteine into methionine Used as a supplement to prevent egg white injury It is part of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide 21.​Which statement below is correct? Lack of linoleic and linolenic fatty acids can lead to retarded growth in humans The portal vein carries nutrients and insulin towards the pancreas Bacteria in the colon ferment soluble fibres and produce long-chain fatty acids Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids causes rancidity in oils 22:6 Δ ^4,7,10,13,16,19 is an ω-3 fatty acid PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 22.​What is 1,25-OHD3? Vitamin D3 after undergoing hydroxylations in the liver and kidney Provitamin D produced in the skin The inactive form of Vitamin D3 in the circulation Calcitriol formed in the gut Precursor of Vitamin D 23.​Which statement below is correct? ADH and MEOS contribute equally to alcohol metabolism in the liver Enlarged thyroid is a symptom of too much dietary organified iodine Phytate and oxalate enhance calcium absorption by the gut Dietary iodine exists in the free and organified forms Absorption of vitamin C is directly proportional to its dietary intake 24.​Choose the correct statement below Amylopectin is branched because it contains alpha and beta (1-4) glycosidic bonds Most starch in foods is in the form of amylose Amylose is a branched polymer of glucose containing alpha (1-6) glycosidic bonds Cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose found in cell walls of plants Liver and skeletal muscles store amylopectin and glycogen 25.​What is the function of LCAT? To transfer cholesterol esters from hepatocytes to the HDL particle To esterify cholesterol moving from non-hepatic tissues into HDL To allow the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL particles To promote Apo CII-induced LPL activation To convert cholesterol into triglycerides within HDL particles 26.​Besides protein synthesis, which below are also functions of amino acids? Can be oxidized for energy during exercise Some can serve as gluconeogenic precursors (i.e., they can be turned into glucose) *** All are functions of amino acids Regulation of fluid balance (osmotic pressure) Regulation of acid-base (pH) balance 27.​What are chylomicrons composed of when they enter the lacteal? 2-MAGs, cholesterol, and apoB-48 Phospholipids, 1-MAGs, and cholesterol Cholesterol, phospholipids, and Apo-CII Cholesterol, phospholipids, and apoB-48 Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and apoB-48 PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 28.​Choose the correct statement below: Amylase and lipase in saliva digest most carbohydrates and lipids in foods The portal vein drains to the apical membrane of enterocytes The distal portion of the stomach ends at the lumen of the jejunum The brush border of the stomach is important for gastric secretions The acidity of chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate released in the duodenum 29.​Broccoli and kale are rich in vitamin C; therefore, what cellular processes can be supported by the ingestion of these foods? Collagen synthesis Quenching of free radicals All options are correct DNA synthesis Iron absorption in the gut 30.​Which statement below is incorrect? Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone reduce circulating calcium Parathyroid hormone stimulates the formation of 25-OHD3 Calcium absorption by enterocytes is regulated by circulating calcium Calcium transporter 1 and calbindin content and activity are calcitriol-dependent The release of parathyroid hormone is determined by circulating calcium levels 31.​Choose the correct statement below: Vitamin K affects bone mineralization through calcitonin Rhodopsin is formed by retinoic acid and opsin All options are correct Excess beta carotene is stored in the subcutaneous adipose tissue Essential amino acids are only used by skeletal muscles for protein synthesis 32.​What effects are attributed to the intake of the n-3 fatty acids Eicosapentenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in the body? Increased production of short-chain fatty acids by the gut bacteria? Attenuation of inflammation Enhanced inflammation Enhanced iron absorption Increased oxidation of fatty acids by the liver 33.​What is the main fate of bile acids in the gut? PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION Conversion into free cholesterol by gut bacteria Excretion in the feces Reabsorption in the terminal Degradation by the liver Degradation by colonic bacteria 34.​What is the bomb calorimeter used for? To measure energy expenditure To measure the heat released by the combustion of foods To assess the alcohol content of processed foods To raise the temperature of 1L of water by 1 degree from 15 to 16 C To determine the fibre content in foods 35.​Which statement below is correct? NEEEEEED TO VERIFY D2 and D3 require two hydroxylations to display Vitamin D activity in vivo According to the diet-heart hypothesis, consumption of trans-fat causes heart disease Xeroftaimia is a symptom of Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin K works as an anti clogging agent When heated, saturated fat produces more toxic aldehydes than unsaturated ones 36.​In the absence of mitochondrial ALDH, which step of ethanol metabolism is prevented? Conversion of acetate into acetaldehyde Formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol The formation of adducts Formation of acetaldehyde by the MEOS Oxidation of ethanol-derived acetate 37.​Which statement below is correct? The RDA represents the daily protein intake amount (i.e. the recommended amount) that Amino acids that cannot be made by the adult human body are called indispensable amino acids Hydrolysis reactions form polypeptide bonds Deamination refers to the transfer of the amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form another amino acid None of the statements are correct 38.​Which statement below is incorrect? Secretin stimulates the release of bicarbonate into the small intestine Dietary iodine exists in the free and organified Pepsin is responsible for digesting protein in the stomach Bicarbonate is secreted by the pancreas HCl denatures pepsinogen in the stomach causing it to unfold and become activated PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 39.​What does the term metabolizable energy The term liberated by the combustion of fat, carbohydrate, and protein using a bomb calorimeter The difference between the energy stored in the adipose tissue and energy absorbed by the gut The difference between the gross energy of consumed foods and the energy eliminated in feces and urine The energy derived from the breakdown of fat, carbohydrate and proteins in the gut The energy output during daily activities 40.​Which statement below is correct? Calcitonin and calcitriol acts synergistically to promote bone resorption Low and high levels of circulating calcium stimulate and inhibit calcitonin and PTH, respectively Intestinal absorption of calcium is increased oxalic and phytic acids It is the ionized form of calcium that is absorbed by enterocytes None of the above 41.​Which one of the following amino acid side chains are considered non polar and aromatic Aspartic acid Tryptophan Proline Isoleucine Alanine 42.​ What are the effects of increased insulinemia in the post-prandial period? Suppression of lipolysis Stimulation of protein breakdown Increased hepatic glucose uptake Increased hunger Activation of gluconeogenesis 43.​What are the effects of increased insulinemia in the post-prandial period? Suppression of lipolysis Suppression of protein breakdown Increased hepatic glucose uptake Activation of gluconeogenesis 44.​What body tissue/cell relies exclusively on glucose for its energy supply? Kidneys Liver All listed organs rely exclusively on glucose for energy Brain Erythrocytes PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 45.​Which form of carbohydrate has the highest number of alpha (1-4) glycosidic bonds? this is right because limit dextrins basically amylopectins Cellulose Sucrose Stachiose Limit dextrins Lactose 46.​Choose the correct statement below Reduced adiposity leads to activation of catabolic centres in the hypothalamus All are correct Expansion and reduction of fat mass reduce and increase leptinemia, respectively CRH and NPY exert antagonistic effects on the regulation of energy homeostasis The size of the adipose tissue does not affect whole-body energy homeostasis 47.​Which of the foods and/dietary factors increase iron absorption by the enterocyte? HCL, phytic acid, and beef Vitamin C, poultry, and fish Vitamin C and tannins Milk and dairy HCL, vitamin C, tannins, and poultry 48.​Which statement below is correct? Intrinsic factor is produced by oxyntic cells in the duodenum Interstitial fluid accounts for the majority of the extracellular water compartment Gastric juice contains HCL, pepsins, and mucus PCSK9 is released when hepatic cholesterol content is low Non-water miscibility is a feature of essential amino acids 49.​Which statement below is correct? The thyroid and parathyroid glands sense low and high circulating calcium levels, respectively High intake of milk and dairy is associated with rickets and osteomalacia PTH increases circulating calcium inhibiting the activity of 25- and 1-hydroxylases Calcitonin and calcitriol promote bone resorption and raise circulating calcium 25- and 1-hydroxylases indirectly regulate calcium absorption by enterocytes 50.​Which statement below is incorrect? Older adults require more protein than younger adults Peptide bonds are formed between the amino ends of two amino acids PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION High quality proteins are more easily obtained from animal sources None of these statement are incorrect Muscle tissue and some hormones like insulin represent an endogenous source of amino acids 51.​Choose the correct statement below: Glucose is a alpha (1-4) monosaccharide, whereas galactose is a alpha (1-4) disaccharide Glucose molecules within cellulose are digested to provide monosaccharides None of the options are correct Bacteria in the colon ferment cellulose and cause flatulence Fructose is a monosaccharide hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes to form glucose 52.​Which below is not a feature of ethanol It easily crosses cell membranes because of its high solubility in lipids and water It is converted into acetate in the mitochondria by ALDH Induces the activity of MEOS It is converted into acetaldehyde and then into acetate in the liver It is only hazardous to the organisms if converted into acetaldehyde ​ ​ ​ 53.​Choose the correct statement below (SUS similar to #135 I think answer is yellow): Riboflavin is used to form NAD Vitamin B6 exists in 3 isoforms/vitamers Thiamine is important for the synthesis of NADPH Nicotinamide is used to produce CoA in the cytoplasm of cells Vitamin B12 is also known as the protein vitamin 54.​How does LDL donate its cholesterol content to its peripheral tissues? By turning into LDL and interacting with HDL in the circulation By receiving apoE from HDL and undergoing endocytosis in hepatocytes By exchanging lipids with HDL upon binding to the LDL receptor By undergoing endocytosis after interacting with the LDL receptor By interacting with PCSK9 in the circulation 55.​BMR, TEF, and adaptive thermogenesis are determinants of Ketone production Whole-body energy expenditure Energy availability in the organism Muscle metabolism Total glucose utilization PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 56.​Which below are symptoms of hypothyroidism in an infant? Cretinism and impaired protein synthesis Stunted growth All options are correct Impaired body temperature regulation Impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism 57.​Choose the correct statement below: Cyanocobalamin is the active form of vitamin B12 Degradation of IF by proteases in the duodenum allows vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum Folate prevents avidin from binding to biotin The vitamin B12:IF complex is absorbed in the ileum by receptor-mediated endocytosis Along with riboflavin, vitamin B12 plays a key role in DNA synthesis and cell differentiation 58.​Which sequence of organs displays the highest to lowest metabolic rate in Kcal/kg/day? Skeletal muscle, liver, heart, and kidney Heart, brain, brain kidney, and skeletal muscle Kidney, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver Brain, kidney, liver, and adipose tissue 59.​In which of the following situations would someone be in negative nitrogen balance? Pregnancy None of these statements are correct When you are trying to build muscle mass Disease states like sepsis or cancer When you are on a hypercaloric diet 60.​ What could cause elevation of CRH in hypothalamic areas that control food intake? ** why are both purple Activation of the anabolic arm of the hypothalamus Weight loss Increased energy expenditure Energy balance Adipose tissue expansion 61.​Which statement below is correct Which statement below is correct? Correct Answer: c. The active transport of calcium in the gut is mostly a. ❌ calcitriol-dependent – Not all options are correct; one is definitely false. PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION b. c. ✅❌ – Calcitriol (not calcitonin) regulates PTH and calcium absorption. CORRECT – Calcitriol (active vitamin D) promotes active transport of calcium by d. ❌ increasing calbindin and transport proteins. – While passive diffusion of calcium does occur, active transport is dominant when calcium intake is low. The active transport of calcium in the gut is mostly calcitriol-dependent 62.​Choose the correct statement below Iron derived from the catabolism of red blood cells is stored in the liver Bone marrow is rich in iron Heme iron is bound to the porphyrin ring in red blood cells Ferritin is the main iron storage protein All options are correct 63.​What are considered chelators in nutrition? -Elements that bind and impair the absorption of nutrients in the gut 66. With regards to carbohydrates, which statement below is correct? a. Stachyose, sucrose, and verbascose are not hydrolyzed by human digestive enzymes b. Except for fiber, all mono-, di-, and polysaccharides are classified as carbohydrates c. Amylopectin accounts for most of the starch in potatoes, cereal grains, and legumes d. Glucose and lactose are monosaccharides found in fruits and milk, respectively e. Oligosaccharides are the simplest form of dietary sugar 64.​Choose the correct statement below: The acidity of the stomach helps with the absorption of nonheme iron Choose the correct statement below: a. The acidity of the stomach helps with the absorption of non-heme iron b. Calcium is absorbed in the colon more efficiently than in the duodenum c. Iron absorption is improved in an alkaline environment d. Iron is stored in red blood cells ✅ e. All of the above Correct Answer: a PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 65.​What factors limit calcium bioavailability -Fibre and phytic acid 66.​Which statement below is incorrect? a) Cholesterol and phospholipids provide energy and compose cell membranes. b) Visceral adipose tissue provides cushioning for internal organs. Acts as mechanical support c) Triglycerides are mostly hydrolysed in the duodenum and reassembled in the enterocyte. d) Fat-soluble vitamins from foods enter the circulation through the portal vein. (enter through the thoracic duct from lymphatic system = bypass liver) e) None of the above 67.​Which statement below is incorrect CCK and ghrelin are released in the post-prandial and post-absorptive states, respectively 68.​Choose the correct statement below: The rate of HMG-CoA conversion into mevalonate is inversely proportional to cellular cholesterol content 69.​Which of the following amino acid side chains are considered polar and negatively charged -Aspartic Acid Which amino acid side chains are polar and negatively charged? a. Glycine b. Glutamine c. Phenylalanine d. Aspartic acid ✅ e. Lysine Correct Answer: d 70.​Which below are features of folate? Used as a supplement to prevent the occurrence of neural tube def Along with vitamin B12, it promotes the conversion of homocysteine into methionine 71.​Which statement below is correct? PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION a) Minerals can be broken down by heat and mechanical pressure. b) The glycemic response of a meal is affected by its fiber content. c) Interstitial volume (11.2 L) is smaller than plasma volume (3.2L). larger d) Triglycerides and glycogen store equal amounts of energy in the human body. More TG glycogen is also limited in its capacity b/c every 1g of glycogen carries 3g of water e) c and d 72.​ Which below are features of the stomach? a) Can be distended because it lacks enterocytes. b) Contains a longitudinal layer of smooth muscle that forms the pyloric sphincter. Has longitudinal, does not form sphincter c) Releases chyme into the colon. d) Produces lipases that break down most dietary triglycerides. e) None of the above 73.​Choose the correct statement below. a) Amylase and lipase in the saliva digest most of the carbohydrates and lipids in the food. Does a little by starting it, not most b) The acidity of chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate present in the mucus. Not in mucus REAL ANSWER (The acidity of chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate released in the duodenum) c) The brush border of the stomach is important for gastric secretions. Inc SA d) The distal portion of the stomach communicates with the lumen of the jejunum. duodenum e) None of the above 74.​Choose the correct statement below. a) The acidity of the stomach helps with the absorption of non-heme iron. b) Vitamin B12 degradation is prevented by intrinsic factor in the stomach. IF protects it in SI protein R protects it in the stomach c) The stomach releases chyme immediately when food enters the stomach. Food turns into chyme d) Protein R is secreted into the blood stream to carry vitamin B12. Protects protein in stomach, IF in SI e) All of the above 75.​ Why is it important to maintain a healthy layer of enterocytes in the small intestine? a) To allow complete digestion of nutrients. Keep inc SA b) For the gut to be able to assemble chylomicrons. Enter enterocyte c) To prevent harmful bacteria from entering the bloodstream. protective d) To form an unstirred water layer and to embed digestive enzymes. e) All of the above PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 76.​Lignin and pectin are examples of: a) Soluble and insoluble fibers, respectively. b) Carbohydrates with high glycemic load. c) Insoluble and fermentable fibers, respectively. Soluble fibers are fermented d) Carbohydrates with low glycemic index. e) None of the above 77.​What substances below can be found in bile? a) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and waste products of hemoglobin degradation. b) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and bicarbonate. c) Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol. d) Concentrated cholesterol and bicarbonate. e) None of the above 78.​Raffinose, stachiose, and verbacose are: a) Tri-saccharide, tetra-saccharide, and penta-saccharides, respectively. oligo b) Disaccharides. c) Polysaccharides. d) Polymers of glucose. e) None of the above 79.​. Which digestive enzymes originate in enterocytes? a) Sucrase, lactase, maltase. b) Lactase, co-lipase, and trypsinogen. Trypsinogen from pancreas c) -amylase, lipase, and co-lipase. Mouth/stomach lipase, alpha? Amylase in pancreas d) Chymotrypsinogen, and proelastase. Proelastase from pancreas, e) None of the above 80.​With regards to carbohydrates, which statement below is correct? a) Include mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, but not fiber. Fiber is a carb b) Amylopectin accounts for most of the starch present in potatoes, cereal grains and legumes. Amylopectin accounts for most of starches c) Oligosaccharides are the simplest form of sugar obtained from the diet. mono d) Stachyose, sucrose, and verbacose are not hydrolyzed by human digestive enzymes. Sucrose is e) None of the above 81.​Choose the correct statement below: PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION a) Cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose found in cell walls of plants. b) Amylose is a branched polymer of glucose containing (1-6) glycosidic bonds. No 1-6 bonds c) Amylopectin is branched because it contains β(1-4) and β(1-6) glycosidic bonds. Alpha bonds d) Glycogen is rich in β(1-6) glycosidic bonds and stores glucose in liver and skeletal muscles. Alpha bonds e) None of the above. 82.​. Which sugar transporters are present in enterocytes localized in the duodenum? a) SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5. b) SGLT1 and GLUT5 only. c) GLUT2 and GLUT5 only. d) GLUT2 only. e) None of the above 83.​What is glucose mostly used for in the adipose tissue? a) To produce energy. stores b) To form glycerol-3P. forms glucose into this, combine w FA = TG c) To store energy as glycogen. d) To form fatty acids. Doesn’t form it e) None of the above 84.​Why is the enzyme α(1-6)-glucosidase important for digestion? a) Because it hydrolyzes glucose and polysaccharides containing β(1-4) glycosidic bonds. alpha b) Because it hydrolyzes the disaccharide isomaltose containing an α(1-6) glycosidic bond. c) Because it hydrolyzes α(1-6) glycosidic bonds in amylose. Amylose has no 1-6 bonds d) Because it hydrolyzes glycosidic bonds adjacent to branching points in polysaccharides. glucoamylase e) None of the above 85.​Which statement below is incorrect? a) Peptidases originate from enterocytes and are crucial for protein digestion. b) Enterocytes secrete enteropeptidases in response to CCK and secretin. Carboxypeptidases, aminopeptidases c) Amino acids can be used for gluconeogenesis. d) The enzymatic breakdown of proteins starts in the mouth. Starts in stomach e) Insulin increases amino acid uptake in cells. 86.​Where in the digestive system are acetic, butyric, and propionic acids produced? a) Stomach. b) Small intestine. PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION c) Large intestine. d) Stomach and large intestine. e) Small and large intestines. 87.​Choose the correct statement below: a) Bacteria in the large intestine use insoluble fiber to produce vitamin K. Insoluble is nonfermentable b) Insoluble fiber can be fermented and cause flatulence. Soluble fibers are fermented c) HMG-CoA reductase is the rate limiting enzyme for endogenous cholesterol production. d) Amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids can be used to make cholesterol in cells. e) c and d 88.​What is the main fate of bile acids in the gut? a) Excretion in the feces. b) Degradation by colonic bacteria. c) Reabsorption in the terminal part of the ileum. Enterohepatic circulation d) Conversion into free cholesterol by gut bacteria. e) All of the above 89.​Which form of carbohydrate below contains the highest number of β(1-4) glycosidic bonds? this is right a) Amylopectin. b) Amylose. c) Glycogen. d) Cellulose. Only one w beta links e) Lactose. 90.​What are chelators? a) Compounds that form complexes and impair the absorption of nutrients. OTHER ANSWER (Elements that bind and impair nutrient absorption in the gut) b) Compounds that enhance absorption of iron and calcium. Does opposite to iron c) Inorganic matter that is eliminated in the feces. d) Inorganic matter that form complexes with bile residues and are excreted in feces. e) None of the above 91.​Choose the correct statement below: a) Glucose is a (1-4) monosaccharide whereas galactose is a (1-4) disaccharide. Both mono b) Fructose is a monosaccharide hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes to form glucose. In liver c) Bacteria in the colon ferment cellulose and cause flatulence. Doesn’t get there turn to glucose at liver (first stop) PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION d) Glucose molecules within cellulose are digested to provide monosaccharides. Diff molecules Cellulose is a polysaccharide 92.​Which statement below is correct? a) Calcium is mostly absorbed in the intestine by diffusion. Small amount b) Only two thirds of dietary calcium is absorbed by the enterocyte’s brush border. 25-30% c) The active transport of calcium in the gut is mostly calcitriol-dependent. Vit D d) In general, dietary calcium is better absorbed by enterocytes than calcium from supplements. Slightly higher absorption from supplements e) None of the above 93.​Which statement below is incorrect? a) Calcium absorption by enterocytes is regulated by circulating calcium. b) Calcium transporter 1 and calbindin content and activity are calcitriol-dependent. c) Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone reduce circulating calcium. Para and calcitriol inc d) The release of parathyroid hormone is determined by circulating calcium levels. In response to low levels of calcium e) None of the above 94.​Which statement below is correct? a) Calcitonin and calcitriol act synergistically to promote bone resorption. Opposing effects b) Intestinal absorption of calcium is increased by oxalic and phytic acids. Chelators, dec absorption c) Low and high levels of circulating calcium stimulate and inhibit calcitonin and PTH, respectively. Low stim pth, inhibit calcitonin (weirdly worded.. cunts fr) d) It is the ionized form of calcium that is absorbed by enterocytes. e) None of the above 95.​Which statement below is correct? a) 25- and 1-hydroxylases play important indirect roles in calcium absorption by enterocytes. b) The sensors for low and high circulating calcium levels are in the thyroid and parathyroid glands, respectively. opposite c) Calcitonin and calcitriol activate osteoclasts in the bone and increase circulating calcium levels. Only calcitonin interacts w osteoclasts to inc d) PTH increases circulating calcium by inhibiting the activity of 25- and 1-hydroxylases. promotes e) All of the above 96.​Which statement below is correct? PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION a) Iodine combines with tyrosine to form T4. b) Iodide is the most efficiently absorbed form of dietary iodine. c) Organified iodide present in T3 and T4 can be absorbed without digestion. d) Iodine indirectly regulates protein synthesis, growth, and mental development. e) All of the above 97.​Which below are symptoms of hypothyroidism in an infant? *** a) Cretinism and impaired protein synthesis. b) Impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism. c) Stunted growth. d) Impaired body temperature regulation. e) All of the above 98.​What is the cause of goiter? a) Thyroid gland hyperplasia due to iodine deficiency. b) Iodine-induced enlargement of the thyroid gland. c) Increased circulating T3. d) Lack of tyrosine to bind iodine and produce T3 and T4. e) a and d 99.​Choose the correct statement below. a) Most iron found in the human body is within myoglobin in the skeletal muscle. RBC b) Just a small amount of iron in the body is found in non-heme enzymes c) Chelators are compounds that increase the bioavailability of iron in the GI tract. decrease d) The absorption of heme-containing iron takes place in the ileum and jejunum. Broken up in stomach, absorbed in SI e) None of the above 100.​ Choose the correct statement below. a) Heme iron is bound to the porphyrin ring in red blood cells. b) Ferritin is the main iron storage protein. c) Bone marrow is rich in iron. d) Iron derived from the catabolism of red blood cells is stored in the liver. e) All of the above 101.​ Which statement below is correct? a) In the duodenum iron is detached from the porphyrin ring and protoporphyrin is released. Heme oxygenase b) Hemosiderin derives from the breakdown of transferrin in the bone marrow. Ferritin in blood PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION c) Heme carrier protein allows for the absorption of iron-containing porphyrin ring by enterocytes. d) Sites of erythropoiesis in the bone are rich in protoporphyrin. e) a and c 102.​ Which below is an effect of alcohol overconsumption in central nervous system effects? **********NEED TO CHECK THIS ONE a) Increased lipid accumulation in the brain. Inc ethanol in brain b) Steatosis. Yes? c) VLDL accumulation. TG accumulation in liver d) Cirrhosis. Yes? e) None of the above ** eclass says no, but the brain is CNS? 103.​ Choose the correct statement below. a) The structure of ethanol resembles a carbohydrate, but its metabolism most closely resembles that of proteins.(?) b) In moderate drinkers and alcoholics, ethanol accounts for about 50% and 10% of total daily energy intake, respectively. c) The liver is the primary organ that metabolizes ethanol. d) Ethanol is absorbed in the duodenum by a transporter-mediated mechanism. e) a and c 104.​ “Adducts” can be formed by acetaldehyde biding to which compounds listed below? a) Phospholipids. b) Proteins. c) Nucleotides. d) Enzymes. e) All of the above. Adducts can come from acetaldehyde binding to anything 105.​ Which below are not features of ethanol? a) It is only hazardous to the organism if converted to acetaldehyde. Acet is more harmful b) It is converted into acetaldehyde and then into acetate in the liver. c) Crosses cell membranes very easily because it is highly soluble in lipids and water. d) It is converted into acetate in the mitochondria by ALDH. e) None of the above 106.​ Which below are features of MEOS? a) Metabolizes most of the ethanol ingested. metabolizes excess PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION b) Increases its detoxifying capacity when the organism is chronically exposed to high amounts of ethanol. c) It increases the tolerance to alcohol in individuals who ingest 1 to 2 drinks per day. Tolerance in heavy drinkers d) It oxidizes “adducts” in cells and tissues. Adducts is excess from ADH that doesn’t go into MEOS e) All of the above 107.​ Which symptoms below can be found in people who chronically ingest high amounts of ethanol? a) Hepatosteatosis. Fatty liver syndrome b) Reduced de novo lipid synthesis in the liver. Acet inc DNL c) Increased insulin sensitivity. dec d) Increased albumin in the urine (albuminuria). e) All of the above 108.​ In the absence of mitochondrial ALDH, which step of ethanol metabolism is prevented? a) Formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol. ADH b) Formation of acetaldehyde by the MEOS. Doesn’t create acetaldehyde c) Oxidation of ethanol-derived acetate. d) Conversion of acetate into acetaldehyde. Acetald -> acetate e) None of the above 109.​ Choose the correct statement below? a) A drink is defined as the amount of a beverage that contains ~15 ml of alcohol. b) In general, the ethanol content of beer is higher than that of wine. opposite c) 1 drink for women and two drinks for men per week is the recommendation to drink safely. Per day d) Moderate alcohol intake has been shown to be free of health risks. No.. e) None of the above 110.​ What is the bomb calorimeter used for? a) To raise the temperature of 1L of water by 1 degree from 15 to 16 oC. = 1kcal b) To measure the heat released by the combustion of foods. c) To measure the energy expenditure. No energy being spent? d) To assess the alcohol content of processed foods. …just no e) All of the above PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 111.​ What does the term “metabolizable energy” refer to? a) The energy derived from the breakdown of fat, carbohydrate and proteins in the gut. b) The difference between the energy stored in the adipose tissue and energy absorbed by the gut. c) The difference between the gross energy of consumed foods and the energy contained in feces and urine. d) The energy liberated by the combustion of fat, carbohydrate, and protein using a bomb calorimeter. e) None of the above 112.​ BMR, TEF, and adaptive thermogenesis are determinants of: a) Whole-body energy expenditure. b) Ketone production. c) Muscle metabolism. d) Total glucose utilization. e) None of the above 113.​ Which below are effects of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus? Inc leptin a) Increased food intake and energy expenditure. b) Satiety and reduced energy expenditure. c) Satiety and activation of catabolism. d) Hunger and anabolism. e) None of the above 114.​ Choose the correct statement below: a) Expansion and reduction of fat mass reduce and increase leptinemia, respectively. Expansion inc b) The size of the adipose tissue does not affect energy homeostasis. Controls leptin c) Reduced adiposity leads to activation of catabolic centers in the hypothalamus. Inc adi = cat d) The neuropeptides CRH and NPY exert antagonistic effects on the regulation of energy homeostasis. e) All of the above 115.​ With regards to the metabolic rate of various organs measured per kg of tissue, which option below is correct? a) Of all organs, heart and kidneys have the highest metabolic rates under resting conditions. b) Metabolic rate of resting skeletal muscles is as high as the brain’s. c) Brain has a much higher metabolic rate than liver. d) Liver, brain, heart, and kidneys account for most of resting metabolic rate in men but not in women. In both PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION e) The adipose tissue contributes as much as skeletal muscles to resting metabolic rate 116.​ What effects are attributed to the intake of the -3 fatty acids Eicosapentenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in the body? (where is this) a) Enhanced inflammation. b) Attenuation of inflammation. c) Enhanced iron absorption d) Increased oxidation of fatty acids by the liver e) All of the above 117.​ Which organs below rely on insulin to uptake glucose? this questions weird cause brain dosent but liver does so it cant be all of the above a) Liver b) Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle c) Brain d) Intestine e) All of the above 118.​ What is the function of LCAT? a) To allow the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL particles. b) To transfer cholesterol esters from hepatocytes to the HDL particle. c) To convert cholesterol into triglycerides within HDL particles d) To esterify cholesterol moving from non-hepatic tissues into HDL allows compartmentalization of cholesterol to increase uptake at tissues e) None of the above 119.​ What is the function of LPL in the capillaries of the adipose tissue? a) To hydrolyse triglycerides in the LDL particle. In chylo and VLDL b) To esterify fatty acids in chylomicrons. No esterification at all c) To hydrolyse triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL. d) To transfer cholesterol esters from HDL to VLDL. e) None of the above 120.​ What are chylomicrons composed of when they enter the lacteal? a) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and apoB-48. b) Phospholipids, 1-MAGs, and cholesterol. c) Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and apoB-48. This is all of em d) 2-MAGs, cholesterol, and apoB-48. e) None of the above PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 121.​ What can cholesterol be used for in the body? a) Steroid hormone production. b) TAG formation. c) LPL activation. d) Lipogenesis. e) None of the above 122.​ What is 1,25-OHD3? a) Provitamin D produced in the skin. b) Precursor of Vitamin D. the active/processed form of vitamin D c) Calcitriol formed in the gut. Not made in the gut d) Vitamin D3 after undergoing hydroxylation in the liver and kidney. e) All of the above 123.​ What is apoC-II important for? a) Reverse cholesterol transport. b) Activation of LPL and triglyceride hydrolysis. c) Lipolysis inside of adipocytes. d) Transport of fatty acids into chylomicrons. e) None of the above 124.​ Which below are functions of -tocopherol and -tocotrienol? (Vit E) a) Confer protection to cell membranes against oxidative stress. b) Enhance immune function. c) Improve vitamin A absorption. d) Quenchers of free radicals. e) All of the above 125.​ Which statement below is correct? a) Nascent HDLs are small and discoidal particles. b) HDL particles pick up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and peripheral tissues. c) LCAT converts cholesterol into cholesterol esters within HDL particles. Pack it in d) HDL becomes spherical after interacting with non-hepatic tissues. e) All of the above 126.​ How does LDL donate its cholesterol content to peripheral tissues? a) By undergoing endocytosis after interacting with the LDL receptor. PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION b) By exchanging lipids with HDL upon binding to the LDL receptor. HDL which goes back to liver not peripheral, happens before LDLR c) By receiving apoE from HDL and undergoing endocytosis in hepatocytes. Receives A, C2, donates to HDL which goes back to liver not peripheral d) By turning into IDL and interacting with HDL in the circulation. VLDL -> IDL after donating e) None of the above 127.​ Alcoholism impairs the ability of the liver to produce: a) VLDL. too much of it b) TAG. ? c) Albumin. d) Adducts. e) None of the above 128.​ How is the glycemic index (GI) of a food determined? a) By comparing the glycemic response of a food containing 50g of carbohydrate with the glycemic response of 50g of glucose or white bread with similar carbohydrate content. b) By comparing the glycemic response of any food portion with the glycemic response of 50g of glucose. c) By comparing the glycemic response of any food containing 50g of carbohydrate with the glycemic response of a bagel with similar carbohydrate content. d) By comparing the glycemic response of a portion of any food with the glycemic response of 50g of glucose. e) None of the above 129.​ Which fatty acids below are associated with increased LDL and reduced HDL? a) Cis-fatty acids. b) Trans-fatty acids. c) Omega-3 fatty acids. d) Omega 6 fatty acids. e) None of the above 130.​ What is the main site of endogenous cholesterol production? a) Skeletal muscle. b) Adipose tissue. c) Liver. d) Brain. e) Heart. PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION 131.​ Which option below contains features of Trans-fatty acids? a) They protect fatty acids from oxidation in foods. b) They reduce cholesterol oxidation by the liver. c) They make oils less creamy. d) They are mostly found in plant foods. e) All of the above 132.​ Which statement below is correct? a) The liver contains the highest amount of stored vitamin B12 in the body. b) Transcobalamin II is degraded Inside of the cell and cobalamin is released. c) Methylcobalamin is active as a coenzyme in humans. d) Cobalamin is the anti-pernicious anemia factor. e) All of the above 133.​ What factors limit calcium bioavailability? a) Sugar alcohols and proteins. b) Calcitriol. c) Fiber and phytic acid. d) Parathyroid hormone. e) Calcitonin 134.​. Broccoli and kale are rich in vitamin C; therefore, what cellular processes can be supported by the ingestion of these foods? a) Iron absorption in the gut. b) Collagen synthesis. c) Quenching of free radicals. d) DNA synthesis. e) All of the above. 135.​ Choose the correct statement below: a) Thiamine is important for the synthesis of NADPH. b) Riboflavin is used to form NAD. B3 c) Vitamin B12 is also known as the protein vitamin. B6 d) Nicotinamide is used to produce CoA in the cytoplasm of cells. Into NADPH or NADH e) None of the above. 136.​ Deficiency of what vitamin below is associated with “egg white injury”? PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION a) Thiamin b) Biotin c) Pantothenic acid d) Cobalamin e) Tetrahydrofolate 137.​ Choose the correct statement below. a) Cyanocobalamin is the active form of vitamin B12. inactive, body makes it active when ingested b) The vitamin B12:IF complex is absorbed in the ileum by receptor-mediated endocytosis. c) Along with riboflavin, vitamin B12 plays a key role in DNA synthesis and cell differentiation. Not riboflavin d) Degradation of IF by proteases in the duodenum allows vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Absorbed as a unit into ilieum enterocyte e) None of the above 138.​ Which below are features of folate? a) Used as a supplement to prevent neural tube defects. b) It is part of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. b2 c) The monoglutamate form requires digestion prior to absorption. 3-11 glutamates d) Along with vitamin B12, it promotes the conversion of homocysteine into methionine. e) a and d 139.​ Choose the correct statement below. a) Excess beta-carotene is stored in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. b) Rhodopsin is formed by retinoic acid and opsin. Cis retinal and opsin c) Vitamin K affects bone mineralization through calcitonin. Promotes through calcitrol d) Essential amino acids are only used by skeletal muscles for protein synthesis. e) All of the above 140.​ Choose the correct statement below. a) Protein synthesis begins with transcription of DNA in the nucleus of the cell. b) Elongation is the final step in protein synthesis. c) Anabolic hormones inhibit DNA transcription and enhance mRNA formation. d) Protein synthesis is enhanced when plasma insulin and glucocorticoids increase. e) All of the above 141.​ Why is oncotic pressure in the blood and inside cells physiologically important? a) To maintain normal distribution of proteins in the extra- and intracellular compartments. b) To help maintain proper distribution of water in the plasma and in the cytoplasm. PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION c) To allow water to flow in the interstitial space. d) To regulate the flow of ions into the interstitial compartment. e) None of the above 142.​ What hormones are elevated in the post-prandial and post-absorptive periods, respectively? a) Insulin and CCK. b) Ghrelin and insulin. c) Insulin and ghrelin. d) ghrelin and CCK. e) CCK and Insulin. 143.​ Choose the incorrect statement. a) Insulin promotes amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in skeletal muscles. b) Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema and low content of visceral proteins. c) Growth hormone and testosterone are important regulators of protein synthesis. d) Hyperthyroidism leads to protein breakdown and loss of muscle mass. e) None of the above 144.​ What are the effects of increased insulinemia in the post-prandial period? a) Suppression of lipolysis. b) Activation of gluconeogenesis. c) Suppression of protein breakdown. d) Increased hepatic glucose uptake. Liver, Muscle and Adipose e) a and c 145.​ ***(EXTRA, FROM ECLASS NOT EVEN ON SHEET) What statement is incorrect? a)C6H12O6 is the formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose b)insulin is not required for glucose to enter the brain c)cellulose is rich in beta (1-4) glycosidic bonds d)Glut3/Glut1 are saturated with substrate at normal glycemia e) Salivary and Pancreatic alpha amylase hydrolyze alpha(1-6) glycosidic bonds 146.​ **EXTRA All of the following are true pertaining to protein intakes for active individuals except a) according to a recent meta analysis, 1.6g/kg per day is the amount that optimizes resistance exercise benefits on fat free mass 59. All the following are true pertaining to protein intakes for active individuals, except? PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION a. The post-exercise anabolic window is of utmost importance b. Protein intakes before bed may be beneficial c. 0.25-0.4 per kg (4-5 times per day) is the relative amount of protein recommended to be ingested at one time d. According to a recent meta-analysis, 1.6g per kg per day is the amount of protein that optimizes resistance exercise benefits on fat free mass e. 20-30g is the absolute amount of protein recommended to be ingested at one time post-exercise 147.​ EXTRA Which statement below is correct? a. HCl denatures pepsinogen in the stomach causing it to unfold and become activated b. Pepsin is responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach c. Secretin stimulates the release of bicarbonate into the small intestine d. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are activated in the small intestine and work to break down peptide bonds in chyme ✅ e. Bicarbonate is secreted by the pancreas Correct Answer: e 148.​ EXTRA 149. Choose the correct statement below: a. Amino acids, oligosaccharides, and fatty acids can be used to make cholesterol in hepatocytes and neurons b. Hepatocytes make bile from cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids c. Insoluble fibre can be fermented and cause flatulence PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION d. The rate of HMG-CoA conversion into mevalonate is inversely proportional to cellular cholesterol content e. Bacteria in the large intestine produce vitamin K from hemicellulose, branched-chain amino acids, and water-soluble vitamins 150. Which statement below is incorrect? a. None of these statements are incorrect b. Ferritin is an intracellular iron storage protein c. Transferrin carries iron in the blood d. Iron absorption increases when body iron is low ✅ e. Iron from meat is more bioavailable than from plants Correct Answer: a 151. Which statement below is correct? a. Hcp1 promotes the absorption of iron-containing porphyrin ring by enterocytes b. Ferritin transports iron in the bloodstream c. Transferrin stores iron in the liver d. Iron is absorbed primarily in the colon ✅ e. Iron is excreted through the kidneys Correct Answer: a 152. EXTRA 153. EXTRA Q38. Choose the correct statement below: a. All disaccharides are made of glucose units b. Amylose is more branched than glycogen PURPLE CORRECT AND FROM THE ECLASS VERSION c. None of the options are correct d. Galactose is the primary sugar in fruits ✅ e. Sucrase breaks down lactose Correct Answer: c Q39. Choose the correct statement below: a. Starch is a monosaccharide made of glucose b. Glycogen is a disaccharide stored in the muscles c. Cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose found in cell walls of plants d. Fructose is a protein stored in the liver ✅ e. Lactose is found in meat Correct Answer: c 154. EXTRA: What does the term metabolize energy refer to? a)​ the difference between the gross energy of consumed foods and the energy eliminated in feces and urine 57. Which statement below is correct? a. Adaptive thermogenesis refers to the ability of the organism to adjust its energy expenditure according to BMR b. In sedentary subjects and athletes, BMR accounts for the majority of total daily energy expenditure c. CCK and ghrelin are released in the postprandial and postabsorptive states, respectively d. Because the adipose tissue has a low metabolic rate, it cannot affect whole-body metabolic rate under basal/resting conditions e. All options are correct