KIN3304 Exam 1 Review PDF

**KIN3304 Exam 1 Review** *The following is designed to help you prepare for your first exam. To be successful, you should be able to complete the following without consulting your notes or textbook. This guide is not guaranteed to encompass all material that you may encounter on exam 1.* **Write...

**KIN3304 Exam 1 Review** *The following is designed to help you prepare for your first exam. To be successful, you should be able to complete the following without consulting your notes or textbook. This guide is not guaranteed to encompass all material that you may encounter on exam 1.* **Write an example sentence for each of the following terms:** Superior- Inferior- Lateral- Medial- Proximal- Distal- Anterior- Posterior- Prone- Supine- **Arrange the following in order of the amount of movement allowed:** Amphiarthrodial; Diarthrodial; Synarthrodial **List the subsets of synovial joints.** **What are structural features of diarthrodial joints?** **Complete the tables below:** Planes of Motion Plane Description Axis Common Movements ------- ------------- ------ ------------------ Diarthrodial Joint Classifications Joint Class \# Axes Degrees of Freedom Typical Movement Example Plane of Movement Axis of Movement ------------- --------- -------------------- ------------------ --------- ------------------- ------------------ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A saddle joint has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ degrees of freedom, while a pivot joint has \_\_\_\_\_\_ degree of freedom. Describe the relationship between joint stability and joint mobility. What factors contribute to joint stability? List structures that provide static stability to a diarthrodial joint. Explain the difference between Wolff's Law and Davis's law. **Circle the words below that can be used to describe a type of bony process:** Condyle Head Fossa Facet Trochanter Tubercle Foramen Spine Epicondyle Sulcus Line **List terms associated with bony cavities or depressions.** **Define the following terms related to joint movement:** Abduction: Adduction: Flexion: Extension: External Rotation: Internal Rotation: **Name the categories of muscles with a parallel muscle fiber arrangement?** **Label each fiber arrangements as 'Parallel' or 'Pennate'**   **Define the following terms related to muscle function:** Agonist Antagonist Stabilizers Synergists Neutralizers Relative to the insertion of a muscle, the muscle's origin is typically located \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and displays less/more (circle one) movement. **Next to each statement, place a 'C', an 'E', or an 'I' to indicate if the statement describes a concentric, eccentric, or isometric contraction:** \_\_\_Prevents movement by external forces \_\_\_Decelerates movement \_\_\_Causes the body part to move against gravity or external forces \_\_\_Joint angle changes in the direction of the applied muscle force \_\_\_Muscle gradually lessens in tension to control the descent of resistance \_\_\_ Accelerates movement \_\_\_Muscle force \< resistance \_\_\_Muscle tension acts to maintain joint angle in stable position \_\_\_Muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance or gravity \_\_\_Joint angle changes in the direction of the resistance or external force \_\_\_Muscle force \> resistance **Provide an example of a common movement that involves eccentric contraction:** **Provide an example of a common movement that involves concentric contraction:** **Describe the stretch reflex. What proprioceptors are involved?** **Describe reciprocal inhibition:** **Muscles are usually named based on what factors?** **List the terms that can be found in the name of a skeletal muscle that relates to muscle function:** **List the terms that can be found in the name of a skeletal muscle that relates to muscle location:** What does the name adductor magnus tell you? What does the name rectus abdominis tell you? What causes the difference between a muscle contracting to lift a light barbell and the same muscle contracting to lift a heavy barbell? What are the three ways in which the body increases the number of muscle fibers recruited? **Define the following terms:** Threshold stimulus: Treppe: Summation: Tetanus: What is the relationship between muscle tension and muscle length? What is the advantage of a biarticular muscle over a uniarticular muscle? What is the advantage of concurrent movements over countercurrent movements? **Label each lever as either 1^st^, 2^nd^, or 3^rd^ class:**  What benefit is provided by a 2^nd^ class lever? What benefit is provided by a 3^rd^ class lever? What is the lever equation? Calculate the amount of force needed to balance a 100 newton resistance, if the distance from the resistance and the joint is 50 centimeters and the distance between the agonist insertion and joint is 20 centimeters. How is MA calculated (there are two equations)? Calculate the MA of a lever system, where the force arm is 50 centimeters and the resistance arm is 200 centimeters. How much force is required to balance 10 newtons of resistance, given a force arm of 5cm and a resistance arm of 10cm?  Calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever system, where the force is 6 newtons, the force arm is 10 centimeters, the resistance is 2 newtons, and the resistance arm is 30 centimeters. Describe ways in which the amount of force needed to move a lever could be reduced: What advantage(s) do wheels and axles provide? Consider scenarios where force is applied to the axel as well as to the wheel. What advantage do pulleys provide? You are lying prone on a table with your knee fully extended. What type of contraction is occurring at the hamstrings when you very slowly flex your knee to 90 degrees? Sample Questions: These are questions that are SIMILAR to the questions on the exam. Use these to familiarize yourself with the wording of questions as well as the content. 1. You are attempting to extend your knee maximally. What strategy do your knee extensors (quadriceps) use to increase the amount of muscle tension? a. Activate those motor units which contain a greater number of muscle fibers b. Increase the number of motor units activated c. Activate motor units with a greater number of muscle fibers AND increase the number of motor units activated d. None of these options are correct 2. Tension development is **minimized** in muscle fibers that are \_\_\_\_\_\_ of their resting length. e. shortened to around 60% OR increased beyond 130% f. shortened to around 60% g. increased to beyond 130% h. none of these 3. Which of the following statements best describes the fulcrum? i. It is the perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis j. It may occur in any orientation relative to the force application and the resistance k. It is the perpendicular distance from the location of resistance application and the axis l. It is the shortest distance from the location of force application to the resistance 4. Which of the following levers would be best to use to move a specific object if your objective was to increase speed of the object\'s movement? m. a third class lever n. a second class lever o. a fourth class lever p. each class would be equally as effective 5. In the scenario where the radius of the wheel is greater than the radius of the axle, then the \_\_\_\_\_ has the mechanical advantage. q. Wheel r. Axle s. Neither, both wheel and axle are equal and MA=1 t. Neither, MA is not a consideration with wheels and axles 6. When determining possible muscle action, which of the following is NOT one of the main considerations to bear in mind? u. Consider which joint(s) the muscle crosses v. Consider what motion is available at the joint w. Consider the movement resulting from moving tendon of origin towards tendon of insertion x. Consider the location (i.e. posterior, medial) of the muscle at the joint 7. The length of the muscle during its contraction is a factor in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. y. the amount of active tension the muscle may develop z. determining the number of muscle fibers activated a. determining whether the muscle can reach tetanus b. whether the speed of the contraction will reach its maximum 8. Which of the following is a characteristic for which skeletal muscles are typically named? c. Size d. Excitability e. Number of motor units f. Fiber type 9. How much muscle tension is required to balance a 5 newton resistance, given that the distance between the weight and the joint is 20 centimeters and the distance between the joint and the muscle tendon of insertion is 10 centimeters? g. 10 newtons h. 4 newtons i. 20 newtons j. 40 newtons