Karnataka Geography Book PDF
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This textbook covers Karnataka geography, focusing on topics relevant for KPSC exams. The book details the state's various aspects, including its evolution, geological formations, climate, drainage, natural vegetation, and agricultural practices. It's a comprehensive guide for those preparing for KPSC exams.
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KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BANGALORE IAS Academy NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 1 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS...
KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BANGALORE IAS Academy NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 1 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BANGALORE IAS Academy NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 2 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 7 EVOLUTION OF KARNATAKA................................................................................................................................... 7 TOWARDS UNIFICATION OF KARNATAKA........................................................................................................ 9 LOCATION, SIZE AND EXTENT........................................................................................................................................... 12 THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF KARNATAKA.................................................................................................... 13 GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL FEATURES OF KARNATAKA...................................................... 18 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF KARNATAKA......................................................................................................................... 18 CLASSES OF ROCKS IN KARNATAKA BASED ON AGE.................................................................................. 24 UNIQUE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN KARNATAKA.............................................................................. 25 GEOPHYSICAL FEATURES OF KARNATAKA.................................................................................................... 26 GEO-HERITAGE SITES OF KARNATAKA.......................................................................................................................... 35 CLIMATE OF KARNATAKA.................................................................................................................. 39 INTRODCTION............................................................................................................................................................... 39 FACTORS DETERMINING THE CLIMATE OF KARNATAKA........................................................................................ 39 SEASONS OF KARNATAKA....................................................................................................................................... 40 THE SOUTH WEST MONSOON SEASON............................................................................................................. 43 MONSOON RAINFALL IN KARNATAKA – RAIN SHADOW AND DISTRIBUTION............................. 44 THE RETREATING MONSOON SEASON............................................................................................................. 46 WINTER SEASON.......................................................................................................................................................... 47 METEOROLOGICAL REGIONS OF KARNATAKA – THE KOPPEN’S CLASSIFICATION................... 48 BANGALORE IAS Academy DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF KARNATAKA.............................................................................................. 53 RIVER SYSTEMS OF KARNTAKA............................................................................................................................ 54 MAJOR RIVER BASINS OF KARNATAKA............................................................................................................. 56 THE KRISHNA RIVER BASIN.................................................................................................................................... 56 THE CAUVERY RIVER BASIN................................................................................................................................... 61 GODAVARI RIVER BASIN.......................................................................................................................................... 67 PENNAR RIVER BASIN (NORTH & SOUTH)...................................................................................................... 69 PALAR RIVER BASIN................................................................................................................................................... 70 WEST FLOWING RIVERS........................................................................................................................................... 71 NATURAL VEGETATION OF KARNATAKA...................................................................................... 77 NATURAL VEGETATION OF KARNATAKA........................................................................................................ 77 DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS IN KARNATAKA................................................................................................ 81 PROTECDTED AREAS IN KARNATAKA.............................................................................................................. 84 ANIMAL CONSERVATION IN KARNATAKA...................................................................................................... 97 KARNATAKA STATE GOVERNMENT SCHEMES TO PROTECT FORESTS........................................... 98 BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE..................................................................................................................................... 102 SOILS OF KARNATAKA......................................................................................................................105 FACTORS AFFECTING FORMATION OF SOIL................................................................................................................. 105 SOILS OF KARNATAKA............................................................................................................................................ 105 SOIL CONSERVATION IN KARNATAKA:........................................................................................................................ 107 AGRICULTURE IN KARNATAKA......................................................................................................110 EVOLUTION OF KARNATAKA AGRICULTURE............................................................................................................... 110 AGRICULTURAL: UNDER FIVE YEAR PLANS IN KARNATAKA.................................................................................. 113 OVERVIEW TO AGRICULTURE IN KARNATAKA......................................................................................... 114 AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES IN KARNATAKA...................................................................................................................... 114 MAJOR FOOD CROPS OF KARNATAKA........................................................................................................................... 120 COMMERCIAL AND PLANTATION CROPS IN KARNATAKA........................................................................................ 126 AGRICULTURAL INPUTS.................................................................................................................................................. 131 INDUSTRIES OF KARNATAKA..........................................................................................................141 HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN KARNATAKA:..................................................................................... 142 DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES IN KARNATAKA:....................................................................................................... 142 NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 3 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS MAJOR INDUSTRIES......................................................................................................................................................... 143 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZS) IN KARNATAKA................................................................................................ 156 KARNATAKA TOURISM.......................................................................................................................................... 157 MICRO, SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMES) IN KARNATAKA................................................................. 159 INDUSTRIAL POLICY 2020-2025............................................................................................................................... 160 MINERAL RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA........................................................................................164 MINERAL BELTS IN KARNATAKA................................................................................................................................. 165 REGULATION OF MINERALS.......................................................................................................................................... 169 TRANSPORTATION IN KARNATAKA..............................................................................................177 ROADWAYS:...................................................................................................................................................................... 177 AIR TRANSPORT:............................................................................................................................................................. 179 PORTS AND INLAND WATER TRANSPORT:................................................................................................................. 181 RAILWAYS:........................................................................................................................................................................ 182 POWER SECTOR..................................................................................................................................186 POWER PROJECTS IN KARNATAKA............................................................................................................................... 186 ESCOMS (ELECTRICITY SUPPLY COMPANIES)......................................................................................................... 189 KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED (KPTCL):.......................................................... 189 KARNATAKA ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION (KERC):......................................................................... 189 KARNATAKA RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT LIMITED (KREDL)............................................................ 189 ISSUES/CHALLENGES IN KARNATAKA'S POWER SECTOR......................................................................................... 190 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES........................................................................................................................................... 191 BANGALORE IAS Academy KARNATAKA RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY 2022-2027:..................................................................................... 192 DEMOGRAPHY OF KARNATAKA.....................................................................................................197 POPULATION GROWTH IN KARNATAKA...................................................................................................................... 197 SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBE’S POPULATION................................................................................ 202 KARNATAKA ETHNIC PROFILE...................................................................................................................................... 206 DISASTERS IN KARNATAKA.............................................................................................................208 DROUGHT.......................................................................................................................................................................... 208 FLOODS.............................................................................................................................................................................. 211 LANDSLIDES IN KARNATAKA......................................................................................................................................... 214 EARTHQUAKES................................................................................................................................................................. 216 CYCLONES, WINDS AND COASTAL EROSION............................................................................................... 218 CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS....................................................................................................................... 220 INSTITUTIONS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN KARNATAKA............................................................................... 221 NAMMAKPSC © NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. For information regarding permission, write to Bangalore IAS Academy, Hebbal, Bangalore. Ph- 080-42103963 Text copyright © 2018 All rights reserved. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 4 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY FOR KAS PRELIMS & MAINS BANGALORE IAS Academy Contact: Hebbal: No 18, 2nd floor, near Hebbal police station, Bellary Main Road, Bangalore. Vijayanagar: N0-211, 5th Main, Hampinagar, Vijayanagar, Bangalore. Chandralayout: 38, 3rd Cross, 60 Feet Main Road, Bengaluru. Ph: 9632757615/9886151564/080-42103963 www.nammaKPSC.com NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 5 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BANGALORE IAS Academy Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 6 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS INTRODUCTION EVOLUTION OF KARNATAKA Karnataka's pre-history goes back to a paleolithic culture. Archaeologists have discovered, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region belonging to Palaeolithic period. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also been found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prompting scholars to hypothesise about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the Indus Valley civilisation Many Literary sources speak about the long history of Karnataka. For example, the 9th century work ‘Kavirajamarga’ talks of the land between Cauvery and Godavari as Kannada-nadu The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas and the Western Gangas, marking the region's emergence as an independent political entity. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription and a fifth-century copper coin discovered at Banavasi Following them, Karnataka state was subjected to rule by various kingdoms starting from BANGALORE IAS Academy Rashtakutas to Wodeyars of Mysore. (For Karnataka History – refer NammaKPSC Karnataka History Text Book) After the fall of Tippu Sultan in the fourth Anglo-Mysuru war in 1799, the princely state of Mysuru was handed over the royal family on Mysuru Wodeyars but it was under the control of British through a resident Later many parts of the present Karnataka came under British rule in different periods. The present-day Karnataka was under the different administrative control: 1. The Mysuru state: The Kingdom of Mysore was one of the three largest princely states in British India. Upon India's independence in 1947, Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar signed the instrument of accession, incorporating his realm with the Union of India, on 15 August 1947. 2. The Bombay Presidency: During the British Raj, portions of the western coast of India under direct British rule were part of the Bombay Presidency. In 1937, the Bombay Presidency became a province of British India. After India gained independence in 1947, Bombay Presidency became part of India, and Sind province became part of Pakistan. The territory retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. Bijapur, Belgaum, Dharwar and North Kanara (of present-day Karnataka) was part of Bombay Presidency. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 7 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS 3. The Madras Presidency: The Presidency of Fort St. George, also known as Madras Province, was an administrative subdivision of British India. At its greatest extent, the presidency included most of southern India, including the whole of Tamil Nadu, Andhra state and some parts of Kerala, Karnataka, Odisha and the union territory of Lakshadweep. Bellary district (which was 1st made part of Andra state and then Mysore) and South Canara were part of Madras presidency 4. The Hyderabad state: The state was ruled from 1724 to 1857 by the Nizam, who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal empire in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a BANGALORE IAS Academy subsidiary alliance agreement. The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the British Raj. After the Partition of India, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the new dominion of India. Operation Polo was the code name of the military operation conducted on September 1948, by which Hyderabad State was annexed into the Indian Union. Koppal, Raichur, Kalaburagi and Bidar districts was part of Hyderabad state. 5. Coorg Province/state: Coorg Province was a province of British India from 1834 to 1947 and the Dominion of India from 1947 to 1950. Mercara was the capital of the province. It was administered by a commissioner and later, Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. Coorg Province became a Part-C state of the Indian Union when the Republic of India was inaugurated on 26 January 1950 up to 1st November 1956. The present-day state came into existence only after the States Reorganisation Act on 1 November 1956, when the Kannada-speaking districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwar, and North Canara were transferred from Bombay State to Mysore State. Bellary district and South Canara was transferred from Madras State and Koppal, Raichur, Kalaburagi and Bidar districts from Hyderabad State. Also, the Coorg State was merged, becoming a district in Mysore State. It was called Mysuru State after its creation It was renamed ‘Karnataka’ on 1st November 1973 Q. Write a short note on the formation of Karnataka state. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 8 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Now know this… Who was the 1st Chief minister of Mysore state: K.C. Reddy Who was the 1st and the only chief minister of Coorg State: C. M. Poonacha Who was the chief minister of Mysore state following the state's reorganisation: S. Nijalingappa Who was the Chief minister when Mysuru state was renamed Karnataka: D.Devaraja Urs PRE INDEPENDENCE-THE STATE OF MYSURU The Princely State of Mysuru came into existence in 1799 after the fall of Tipu Sultan The British restored the Wodeyars to their throne by way of a subsidiary alliance and the diminished Mysore was transformed into a princely state. Following the Nagar revolt (a civil insurrection) Princely state came under direct British rule in 1831 For the next fifty years, Mysore passed under the rule of successive British Commissioners Later the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ordered the reversal of the British East India Company's decision to annexe Mysore. By the Rendition Act of 1881, the princely state of Mysore was reconstituted and restored to the Wadiyar dynasty. Chamarajendra Wadiyar BANGALORE IAS Academy X was officially handed the reins of governance on 25 March 1881. The Mysore state was divided into eight districts – Bangalore, Chitradurga, Hassan, Kadur, Kolar, Mysore, Shimoga, and Tumkur Mandya district was formed as the 9th district in 1939 with the division of Mysuru district with 8 taluks. Thus, before independence of the old Mysuru state consisted only of 9 districts. TOWARDS UNIFICATION OF KARNATAKA The efforts of unification began in 1913, Karnataka Vidyavardaka Sangha which was established in 1890 at Dharawada for the promotion of Kannada Language, literature and culture took the lead. In 1915, Karnataka Sahithya Parishat was established at Bengaluru under the patronage of Mysuru rulers. Karnataka Ekikarana Sabha was founded at Dharwada in 1916. This organization further pushed the idea of unification of Karnataka. The Karnataka Unification Conference was held at Belagavi in 1924 in the same venue where Belagavi Congress meeting was also held which was presided by Mahatma Gandhi. Kannada Anthem ‘Udayavagali namma Cheluvina Kannada Nadu’ was composed and sung by Huilgol Narayana Rao in the Congress meeting. Bombay and Madras Legislatures also passed resolution for the formation of Karnataka State. The Indian National Congress also supported the cause for the formation of Andhra and Karnataka states based on languages NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 9 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS At the time of independence the areas of Karnataka were scattered in almost 20 different administrative setups. After independence all these were brought under 5 administrative rules units which were later unified to form the State of Mysuru. After independence Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1953 as the first linguistic state on India. With this Bellary district was added to Mysuru Further Dakshina Kannada district and Kollegal taluk of Madras state were given to newly formed Karnataka state. At the time of state reorganization Belagavi, Vijapura, Dharwad and Uttara Kannada Districts of Bombay presidency were added to the Karnataka State. From Hyderabad state Bidar, Kalburgi and Raichur were added to Karnataka. Lastly, the state of Coorg, which was separate kingdom was annexed to the new Mysuru state. At the end, the state reorganization committee headed by Fazl Ali, and members K.M.Panikkar and Kunzu recommended for BANGALORE IAS Academy the formation of linguistic states As a result, the new state was born on 1956 and it was called as Mysuru Sate which was later renamed as Karnataka on 1st November 1973 Discuss the role of Aluru Venkata Rayaru in Unification of Karnataka (150 words) ALURU VENKATA RAYARU Aluru Venkata Rayaru was a leader of the Karnataka Ekikarana movement Aims of the movement - Fighting for a separate state encompassing all Kannada speaking areas of Mysore, Bombay Presidency and Nizam's Hyderabad. Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha which was established in 1890, the movement took a dramatic turn with the arrival of Aluru Venkata Rayaru. Notable was the publication of Aluru's magnum opus, Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava in 1912. Such was the impact of this work that he came to be known as the Kannada Kula Purohita or the 'High priest of the Kannada kula(family) ' Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava: § Literally means The glory that was Karnataka § Book that recounted in great detail the glorious history that had been Karnataka's until the Marathas, Nizam and the British took over § This made People rally around the Ekikarana movement, which picked up momentum The book received its ideas as a result of Alurus visit to Anegundi. Whereas Bengalis could not tolerate one division of their motherland, how could Kannadigas afford to be so NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 10 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS apathetic to their mother land being divided into five zones? This was the painful reflection of young Alur § Vast ruins of Hampi provided Alur a clear vision about his future course of action. The greatness of Vijayanagara empire and glory of Kannada valour which spread beyond Maharashtra in earlier age, prompted him to awaken Kannada people of his region, who were still wallowing in the ‘hangover’ of Peshwai Maratha rule § Thus ‘Karnataka Gatavaibhava’ was Born § It is a masterpiece bringing out contribution of all Karnataka dynasties enriching Indian culture by conquests, constructing great temples and monuments, promoting trade and commerce, encouraging learning, promoting literature, etc. It took 13 years to collect material from inscriptions, coins, and old manuscripts to write this book, which made history. He met like-minded people scattered in all the five areas specified earlier. In between he was imprisoned and his license to practice as pleader was cancelled. This made Alur devote himself completely for unification of Karnataka. Finally, fifty years of his mission bore fruit. Kannada speaking land became one under the name of Mysore State (1956). BANGALORE IAS Academy Provinces Area in Sq.Km. i. The old Mysuru state with nine districts and the Bellary district 86,273 transferred from Andhra Pradesh ii. Areas transferred from Bombay presidency Belagavi, Vijapura, 54,464 Dharwad and Uttar Kannada district iii. Areas transferred from Hyderabad state Bidar, Kalburgi (Except 35,687 Kodangal and Tandur taluks) and Raichur (Expect Alampur and Gadwal taulks). iv. Areas transferred from Madras presidency Dakshina Kannada district 11,223 (Expect Amindivi island) and Kollegala taluk of Coimbatore district. v. The Coorg Princely state. 4,100 Total 1,91,757 There is no change in the area of the state since 1961, except for the transfer of a small area of 0.03 Sq.km of Abakavaripally in Bagepalli taluk of Kolar district to Andhra Pradesh. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 11 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Did you know? In 1956 Kasaragod taluk was a part of South Canara district of Madras state. The common people of Kasaragod as well as the people from South Canara used Kannada for writing and official purposes. South Canara was added to Karnataka. But, a part of South Canara, ie., Kasaragod Taluk was separated from the South Canara District and added to Kerala In 1967, The central government of India appointment Mahajan commission to solve these kind of border issues. It prepared the report and according to that report the parts of Kasaragod District above the Chandragiri River must be added to Karnataka. Even now it is not implemented Location, size and extent LOCATION Part of Deccan Plateau Larger part belongs to the Mysuru Plateau Also consists part of Maharashtra Plateau in the north BORDERS Maharashtra in the North BANGALORE IAS Academy Telangana, Andhra Pradesh in the east Tamil Nadu in the South and South east Kerala in the Southwest Goa in the northwest In the west by the Arabian sea LATITUDE 11°31 to 18° 45’N latitudes (latitudinal extent of 7°14’) LONGITUDE 74° E and 78°30' E longitudes (longitudinal extent of 4°28’) EXTREMETIES The extreme north is Bidar district The Moyar River forms the southern boundary between Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagara district and Udagamandalam district of Tamilnadu. Karawara of Uttar Kannada district lies in the extreme west Mulabagilu taluk of Kolar district is in the extreme east From north to south it is about 750kms long AREA Total land area of 191,791 km² 5.843 percent of the total geographical area of the country Sixth in terms of area POPULATION According to 2011 census the total population of the state is 61,130704 or 61.1 million. In terms of population the state ranks Eighth in the country NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 12 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Did you know? ü A enclave is a land of a state located in other state ü Karnataka has two ‘enclaves’ completely separated from the main land. ü These are Damne village of Belagavi located in Maharastra and Mukhed (Manya Kheda) of Aurad taluk, Bidar district also lies in Maharasta. ü Similarly Pavadaga taluk of Tumakuru district is a pene enclave which has a narrow zone connected with the mainland The administrative structure of Karnataka REGIONAL DIVISIONS: THE STATE IS DIVIDED IN TO FOUR REGIONAL DIVISIONS EACH ONE HEADED BY A DIVISIONAL COMMISSIONER. THE FOUR DIVISIONS OF THE STATE ARE: 1. Bengaluru Division Districts - Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Chikkaballapur, Chitradurga, Davanagere, BANGALORE IAS Academy Kolar, Ramanagara, Shimoga, and Tumakuru. Administrative headquarters - Bengaluru The total area of the division is 49,936 sq.km The total population as of 2011 census is 22,523,301 2. Mysuru division Districts - Chamarajanagar, Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya, Mysore and Udupi City of Mysore is the administrative headquarters of the division The total area of the division is 43,503 sq.km The total population as of 2011 census is 12,563,598 3. Kitturu(Belagavi) division Districts - Bagalkot, Belgavi, Vijaypura, Dharwad , Gadag , Haveri , Uttara Kannada Covers a geographical area of 44,538 square kilometres (17,196 sq mi) and had a population of 13,499,721 at the 2011 census. 4. Kalyana Karnataka (Kalburgi) division Formerly known as Gulbarga division Districts: Bellary, Bidar , Kalaburagi, Koppal, Raichur, Yadgir , Vijayanagar It was the southwestern part of the former princely state of Hyderabad State Kalaburagi is the headquarters of Kalaburagi division The total area of the division is 44,138 sq.km NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 13 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS The total population as of 2011 census is 11,215,224 These divisions were abolished in 2003 as part of administrative reforms but started once again as regions with a regional commissioner. Districts: The state is divided into 31 districts. Each district is headed by District commissioner Initially, at the time of reorganization the state consisted only 19 districts. Bengaluru urban district was formed in 1986 increasing the number of districts to 20. Further, in 1997-1988 a major district reorganization was made during the period of Sri. J.H. Patel, as Chief minister creating seven more new districts. § Dakshina Kannada was divided to form Udupi district. § Chamarajanagar was separated from Mysuru district which was a pending demand of the people. § Koppal district was formed bifurcating Raichur district. § Bagalkote was formed dividing Vijapaura district § Gadag and Haveri were separated from Dharawada. § Davangere district was created from Chitradurga, Shivamogga and Ballari. BANGALORE IAS Academy In 2007, Ramanagara and Chikkaballapura were formed during the Chief Minstership of Sri. H.D.Kumaraswamy. Ramanagara district was formed dividing the Bengaluru rural district. Chikkaballapur district was separated from Kolar district. In 2010 Yadgir district was carved out of Kalaburagi district Vijayanagara district was carved out of Bellary district officially on 2 October 2021 to become the 31st district of the state with Hosapete as district headquarters. Did you know? Currently there are demands to carve out the following district: Chikkodi and Gokak from Belagavi Tipaturu and Madhugiri from Tumakuru Sirsi from Uttara Kannada Putturu from Dakshina Kannada Hunasuru from Mysuru Jamakhandi from Bagalkote Indi from Vijayapura Sedam from Kalaburagi Sindhanuru from Raichuru Belagavi is the largest district in size and Bengaluru Urban district is the smallest district in size. Most populated district – Bangalore Urban and least populated – Kodagu NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 14 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Taluks There are around 227 taluks in Karnataka The smallest taluk in Karnataka is Yelandur, while the Kankapura Taluk is the biggest. Belgaum (Belgavi) has the most Taluks (15) in Karnataka Manki, Honnavar is the biggest village due to its forest and mountains Did you know? There are nearly 3351 Tandas of Lambani and Banjara communities. These were the migratory communities, recently settled in some locations. These were not included under revenue category and they are lacking of even basic amenities and developments. Hence committee was appointed headed by K.Narasimhaiah, which had recommended for the converting tandas into revenue villages and it was accepted by the government. About 284 Tandas are considered for converting into revenue villages. Panchayats BANGALORE IAS Academy Administered through Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993 Incharge - Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Panchayat Raj in Karnataka have a three-tier structural constitution: o Zilla Panchayats at the district level o Taluka Panchayats at the sub-district level o Gram Panchayats at the village level There are 30 Zilla Panchayats, 176 Taluk Panchayats, and 5,659 Grama Panchayats in the state The government had constituted a committee headed by S.G.Nanjayya Mutt to look into Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993 in 2014 which recommended for the o Formation of 439 New Gram Panchayats, increasing the total number New Gram Panchayats into 669 o Dividing the panchayats into two categories namely Malnad and Maidan region panchayats o Fixed minimum population of Gram Panchayats, in the Malnad from 250 to 5000, while in the maidan region it is from 5000 to 7000. In case, the population is less than 25 it can be considered as special case o In case where the population is more than 7000, they will be continued as panchayats, but the panchayats with more than 1500 will be converted into town panchayats. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 15 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Urban Local Body According to 2011 census of India, Karnataka has about 39.6% of total population living in urbanized areas Considering the demography, they are further classified into the following categories à o Municipal corporations (urban areas with a population of more than one million) o Municipalities o Town panchayat At present there are 11 Municipal Corporations, 59 City Municipal Councils, 116 Town Municipal Councils and 97 Town / Pattana Panchayats in Karnataka. They are regulated by Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act 1976 The 11 City Corporations are à Bengaluru, Mangaluru, Mysuru, Huballi- Dharawada, Davangagere, Bellary, Kalburgi, Belagavi, Tumakuru, Shivamogga and Vijayapura. Q. Describe the administrative structure of Karnataka in brief. BANGALORE IAS Academy Prelims Practice Questions 1.In which period did Karnataka's pre- 4.Which kingdom was the first to use history trace back to base on the Kannada in administration, as evidenced discovery of hand axes and cleavers? by the Halmidi inscription? a) Paleolithic culture a) Western Gangas b) Neolithic culture b) Kadambas c) Harappan culture c) Rashtrakutas d) Indus Valley culture d) Chalukyas 2.The literary work 'Kavirajamarga' 5.What is the name of the anthem describes the region between which composed for Karnataka during the rivers as Kannada-nadu? Karnataka Unification Conference? a) Ganges and Brahmaputra a) 'Udayavagali namma Cheluvina b) Krishna and Tungabhadra Kannada Nadu' c) Cauvery and Godavari b) 'Vande Mataram' d) Yamuna and Sutlej c) 'Jana Gana Mana' d) 'Saare Jahan se Accha' 3.What marked the emergence of Karnataka as an independent political Answers: entity? 1. a) Paleolithic culture a) Rise of the Satavahanas 2. c) Cauvery and Godavari b) Decline of the Western Gangas 3. d) Decline of Satavahana power c) Rule of the Kadambas 4. b) Kadambas d) Decline of Satavahana power 5. a) 'Udayavagali namma Cheluvina Kannada Nadu' NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 16 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BANGALORE IAS Academy CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL FEATURES OF KARNATAKA NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 17 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL FEATURES OF KARNATAKA The chapter deals with the study of o Geological History of Karnataka o Relief features (characteristics that are related to the landscape of Karnataka) SOME IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHIC FACTS REGARDING KARNATAKA Karnataka is broadly divided into 3 physiographic divisions o The Coastal Plains o The Malnad o The Eastern Maidan Region or Bayalu Seeme General Elevation of the state 300-1500 meters from the mean sea level Highest Point Mullaiyyangiri (1913 meters from the mean sea level) Lowest Point Bhimeswar valley in Sagar taluk of Shivamogga (86 meters from the mean sea level) Geological History of Karnataka BANGALORE IAS Academy Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations Note: The geological history of Karnataka is largely confined to the two oldest eras - the Archaean and the Proterozoic Q. Write a short note on the Geological history of Karnataka Thank you for purchasing this book directly from www.nammaKPSC.com and supporting our team. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 18 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Think back… basics: In order the understand this topic, here we have given some basic understanding of earth history and term that you need to be aware of. Geological Time Scale: Chronological dating of various geological formations (Geological strata) and life according to their time and place of origin, evolution, and extinction. “Giovanni Ardunia developed Geological Time Scale in 1760”. Standard Geological Time Scale developed in International Geological Congress held in 1881, Italy. The Indian Geological Time Scale, advocated by T.S. Holland. THE BANGALORE IAS Academy NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 19 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS ARCHEAN COMPLEX Made up of Dharwar schists and Archean granitic gneisses Archean Granitic Gneisses belt Oldest formation - covering about 60% of the State area [pre-Cambrian era] [formed about 4 billion years ago]. Rocks formed due to solidification of molten magma. It is Known as the ‘Basement Complex’ Unfossiliferous (Not containing fossils), crystalline, contrasted and faulted rocks Chief rocks are gneisses, granites and charnockite Cover larger areas from southern boundary upto Belgaum and Raichur in the North Classified into Champion, Peninsular, Nilgiri and Bellary Gneisses The Dharwad schist belt Consists of Proterozoic alternate with the Archean crystalline rocks Both igneous and altered sedimentary are found in 8 well-defined bands running in south-easterly direction Known for their mineral ores Composed of rocks like à dolomite, limestone, gabbro, quartzite, pyroxenite, manganese and iron ores and metabasalt BANGALORE IAS Academy THE PROTEROZOIC NON-FOSSILIFEROUS SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS Northern districts of Karnataka have two Proterozoic non fossiliferous sedimentary formations 1. Kaladgi series: It has horizontal rocks that run 160 km through Belgaum, Raichur, Dharwar, Bijapur districts and extend into parts of Maharashtra 2. Bhima series: It occurs in the Northeast of the Kaladgi series on either side of the Bhima River The rocks are horizontal consisting of non- fossiliferous sandstone, limestone and shales and are distributed mainly in Gulbarga and Bijapur districts Deposits of Uranium are also found in Bhima Basin, Kaladgi Basin and Cuddapah Basin. THE DECCAN TRAP AND INTERTRAPPEAN DEPOSITS A thick succession of (3200 metres) late Cretaceous basaltic lava flows known as the Deccan Traps It represents one of the largest accumulations of basaltic continental lava covering an area of 500,000 km2 This landform mostly consists of greyish to black augite-basalt These (the Deccan Traps) might be considered Peninsular India’s most widespread geological formations after the Archean Rocks. It occurs in Bidar, Belgaum, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Chikmagalur and Shimoga districts and extends into Maharashtra NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 20 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS THE TERTIARY AND RECENT LATERITES AND ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS LATERITES Laterite deposits are seen over the Deccan Trap, which started forming at the cessation of Deccan volcanic activity in the early tertiary period It is more recent and is found on the coast as well as in several districts of Deccan Plateau How was it formed? It is a result of sub-ariel weathering and leaching action in different rocks during monsoon in conditions of excessive wetting followed by dryness Distribution: Belgaum, Bellary, Chikmagalur and Hassan districts Laterite: Laterite is both a soil and a rock type. It rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. It is rusty-red because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock, usually when there are conditions of high temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. ALLUVIUM It consist of the coastal alluvium and is very recent occurrence Formed by weather and deposition of laterite rock and other sedimentary rock by BANGALORE IAS Academy rivers and sea lake Location: The narrow coastal belt, between the coastline and the Western Ghats The coastal districts of Karnataka like Udupi, Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada have this type of soil. This soil consists of sand and clay. It is very rich in organic nutrients. Paddy, cashew, coconut, arecanut, banana and other crops grow well in this type of soil. -TIME TO THINK- Karnataka has a table land geography ü 48.81 percent of the total area of the state has an elevation of more than 600 meters. ü The plains with an elevation of less than 150 meters is only 5.16 percent of the total area of the state. ü Thus, larger part of the state is typical table land dissected by traversing several rivers rising mainly from the Sahyadris NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 21 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BANGALORE IAS Academy NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 22 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BANGALORE IAS Academy NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 23 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS CLASSES OF ROCKS IN KARNATAKA BASED ON AGE The geological history of Karnataka is largely confined to the two oldest eras - the Archaean and the Proterozoic. The bulk of the rocks of Karnataka are Archaean in age. Some classes of rocks found in Karnataka based on age are given below: What is a supracrustal rock? Rocks that were deposited on the existing Ancient basement rocks of the crust How old are the rocks in Karnataka? supracrustal 3,400 million years(Oldest rocks dated in rocks Karnataka) Common type found - Group of grey gneisses Example - Sargur schists What is a Auriferous rock? Rocks with gold minerals How old are these rocks in Karnataka? 3,400 to 3,000 million years old Auriferous Type - Basic igneous rocks that are Schist Belts Locations - Well developed in the eastern part of the State BANGALORE IAS Academy Common examples - Schist belt with gold minerals (AURIFEROUS) Common feature - Older gneiss form basement for schists Younger Age -2,700 to 2,000 million years Location - Found in the eastern parts of the State Gneiss Common Examples - Group of gneissic rocks mostly of complex granodioritic and granitic composition Age - Archaean in age - 2,900 to 2,600 million Younger years Schist Belts Examples - (Dharwar Prominent schistose rocks type) Two main divisions in this super group are Bababudan and Chitradurga. Age - 2,600 million years Location - Extends in north-south directions Younger as a narrow belt 50 km (Closepet) Features - Wide Complex of coarse to Granites medium pink and grey granites Examples - Isolated masses of granites like those of Chitradurga, Arasikere, and Banavara NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 24 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS UNIQUE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN KARNATAKA Following are the examples of Few unique geological formations in Karnataka Peninsular Gneissic Complex rock at Lalbagh What is Peninsular Gneiss - Term coined to highlight the older gneissic complex of the metamorphics found all over the Indian Peninsula (By W.F.Smeeth) How old are these rocks – Belongs to Precambrian rocks of India - dated 2.5 to 3.4 billion years Lalbagh rocks – Best exposures of Peninsular Gneiss, protruding high above the ground as a hillock Declared it as a National Geological Monument to propagate the knowledge of the rock formation It has dark biolite gneiss of granitic to granodioritic composition containing streaks of biolite Columnar basalts of St. Mary’s Islands Where is St. Mary's Islands - set of four small islands in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Malpe in Udupi What is the Island famous for - Columnar basaltic lava BANGALORE IAS Academy How are these columnar rocks formed – Volacnic Eruptions which was caused by movement of India over Madagascar Island What are the features of these rocks o Formations of basalts of Deccan Traps o Exhibit range of hexagonal shaped or multi-faced (polygonal) columns split into a horizontal mosaic. In geological terms these are called "columnar joints" o The lava rocks form regular five, six or seven-sided pillars found in varying heights in all the islands; the tallest of the columns is about 6 m Considering the importance and rarity of such an occurrence, these islands were classified as a National Geological Monument in 2001 by the Geological Survey of India Yana Where is Yana - Located in forests of Uttara Kannada in Karnataka What is it known for - unusual karst rock formations What is a Karst Rock - Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 25 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS GEOPHYSICAL FEATURES OF KARNATAKA Based on the relief features, Karnataka is divided into three well marked physiographic regions PHYSICAL DIVISONS OF KARNATAKA Coastal Maidan Malnad Plains Region Northern Maidan Southern Know your basics: WHAT ARE RELIEF FEATURES Maidan BANGALORE IAS Academy – The characteristics that are related to the landscape of specific areas WHAT IS A PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGION – Unique Region defined by relief features COASTAL PLAINS THE KARNATAKA KARAVALI Coastal strip of Karnataka between Arabian sea and the Sahyadri mountain range (Western Ghats) Forms the Western most part of the state of Karnataka Named Canara (also Kanara) by European traders GEOGRAPHY OF KARNATAKA COAST How is the coast Breakup of the Indian subcontinent from that of Africa and down Formed faulting during cretaceous period Width 13 kms in the North 50-60 kms in the South Average height Less than 20 meters from the mean sea level Area 4,000 square miles (10,000 square km) Important rivers Kali, Gangavali, Bedti, Tadri, Sharavati, and Netravati Flow in a westerly direction Soils Alluvial soils occur in the south Rest of the coast has infertile red soils that are often gravelly and sandy NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 26 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Features Transitional zone between the Konkan coast in the north and the plains of Malabar Coast in the south coast - has both the features of adjoining coastal regions Has both submergence and emergence features. Erosional plain - Due to swift short west flowing rivers ( wave cut platform ) Sandy, and in places rocky cliffs overhang the sea Rivers have carved out narrow valleys with steep gradients Ports Karwar, Kumta, Honavar, Malpe , Mangaluru Mangaluru and Karwar have been developed as deepwater ports for the export of mineral ores Zones of the coastal plain: o Along the shore line there is a narrow belt of recent deposits. It is characterized with Sand dunes, estuarine mud and valley plains. This zone is almost flat and the elevation is less than 3 meters. o East of the coastal low land, there is a parallel zone. It is an erosional platform and it extends upto 60 meters of elevation. It is about 25 km wide in the south. It is deeply BANGALORE IAS Academy dissected and steep valleys are formed by the west flowing streams. Usually a cliff mars the slope between the western recent deposits and the eastern erosional platform. o Further east the coastal plains consists of group of low hills. The elevations range between 90 to 300 meters NOTE Emergent coasts are a result of local tectonic uplift of the land surface or a fall in the elevation of sea level because of a reduction in the water volume of ocean basins Submergent Coasts are those that have been flooded by ocean waters because of a relative rise in the elevation of sea level at that location. OTHER FEATURES OF KARNATAKA COAST BEACHES WHAT IS A BEACH? Features of Beaches in Karnataka Geological landform Palm-fringed beaches along the shoreline of an Beaches ocean, sea, lake or a river o South of Bhatkal is ‘Straight without headlands’ WHAT IS HEADLAND? o North of Bhatkal, are ‘crescent’ shaped (shape of moon), formed between headlands and estuaries Also known as a head, is o Around Someshwar, Surtkal and Baindur are cliffed a coastal landform, a point of land usually high and often with a sheer drop, that extends into a body of water NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 27 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS FAMOUS BEACHES IN KARNATAKA OM BEACH MARAVANTE BEACH Unique combination of sea and river on each side Famous beach in Gokarna of a highway is hard to find elsewhere and is said Very good example for crescent type to be the only one in India Beach resembles the word Om Best example for straight beach without headlands ESTUARIES WHAT IS AN ESTUARY - Area where a freshwater BANGALORE IAS Academy river or stream meets the ocean Estuaries in Karnataka - Netravati-Gurpur, Gangolli, Hangarkatta, Sharavthi, Aganashini, Gangavali and Kalinadi Aghanashini estuary o Southern bank of Aghanashini River in the Kumta taluka of Uttar Kannada district o Famous for mangroves SANDBARS Submerged or partly exposed ridge of sand or coarse sediment that is built by waves offshore from a beach Sand bars have developed in most of the estuaries SPIT WHAT IS A SPIT – o Stretch of beach material that projects out to the sea o Connected to the mainland at one end Spits in Karnataka is Confined to the southern part of the coast Famous - Honnavar (gently curved), Malpe (hook shaped), Kumta, Ullal beach , North of Mangaluru ISLANDS ISLANDS IN KARNATAKA - Kanjigudda, Kurmaada island, Devgada, Mogeraguda and Anjidiv off Karwar, Basavarayanardurga off Honnavar, Pigeon, Keerekund and Hog islands off Bhatkal, Coconut Island, Saint Mary’s Island, Dariya Bhadurgarh & South Island near Malpe NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 28 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS TOMBOLO WHAT IS A TOMBOLO - Sandy deposition landform by which an island becomes attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar Seen near Murdeshwar and South of Honnavar BAY WHAT IS A BAY - Body of water partially surrounded by land. A bay is usually smaller and less enclosed than a gulf The important bays along the west coast are Karwar Bay north of Karwar, Binge Bay south of Karwar and Belekeri Bay located north of Ankola CORAL REEF Reefs are seen in Nethrani Island In the Gurpur area the barrier reef run for about 10 kms MALNAD / MALENADU Area of western ghats in Karnataka Also called Sahyadri Region is home to source of major rivers in Karnataka BANGALORE IAS Academy WHY THE NAME MALENADU - In kannada, ‘Male’ means hills. The word MALENADU translates to Highlands/ Hilly area. Locally the term used is MALNAD ORIGIN OF WESTERN GHATS Originated due to normal faulting, when India was separated from the continent of Africa and Madagascar Island As Indian sub-continent drifted to northeast a escarpment along the western margin of India was formed due to wave action Marine erosion and marine transgression and regression caused Recession of the ghats, that resulted in the formation of coastal plain Later, westerly drainage was gradually evolved. Dominant westerly drainage has captured rivulets of easterly drainage resulting in lengthening of westerly rivers. Estuaries and lagoons along the coast were developed in the later period. The heavy monsoon rainfall caused rapid erosion and retreat of Western Ghats scrap eastwards NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 29 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS WHAT IS NORMAL FAULT? Fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the block below WHAT IS ESCARPMENT? A escarpment is a long, steep slope, especially one at the edge of a plateau or separating areas of land at different heights GEOGRAPHY OF MALENADU Length 650 km (north west to south east) Width 50-76 km Elevation Average elevation - 2,500 to 3,000 feet (750 to 900 metres) Rise sharply from the coastal plain Forms escarpment (steep slope or long cliff that forms as a result of faulting or erosion) in the west Features of Ghats Merges with the maidan region in the east with a gentle slope Show conspicuous west facing high scraps It is a hilly terrain and comes under the heavy rain fall belt BANGALORE IAS Academy Western Ghats act as the rain barrier during south-west Climate monsoon season Malenadu region is humid and has an annual rainfall of 1000 to 3800 mm OTHER FEATURES OF MALENADU PEAKS Formed by the erosional action of rivers on the flat topped residual plateau Uneroded blocks are pointed and appear as peaks. Mullayyanagiri is the highest peak of the State. Its height is 1930meters MULLAYYANAG MOUNTAIN PASSES IRI These are Navigable route through the ghats Mountain passes in Karnataka Charmudi ghat Connects Chikkamagaluru and Magnalkuru passes through Mudigere, Charmudi Belthangadi and Bantwal Agumbe ghat Connects Shivamogga and Udupi passes through Thrithahalli, Agumbe and Someswara Kollur ghat Connects Shirur and Bindur in Udupi district Hulikal Ghat Connects Shivamogga and Kundapur NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 30 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS MAJOR MOUNTAIN PEAKS IN MALENADU Name Elevation Location District 1,930 m Chandra Dhrona Hill Mullayana Giri Chikmagalur (6,330 ft) Ranges 1,894 m Kudremukh Kudremukh National Park Chikmagalur (6,214 ft) 1,748 m Brahmagiri Wildlife Tadiandamol Kodagu (5,735 ft) Sanctuary 1,712 m Pushpagiri Wildlife Kumara Parvata Kodagu (5,617 ft) Sanctuary 1,676 m Merthi Gudda Basarikatte Chikmagalur (5,499 ft) 1,620 m Kote betta Sirangalli Kodagu (5,310 ft) 1,608 m Brahmagiri Karnataka-Kerala Border Kodagu (5,276 ft) Gangamoola 1,458 m Kudremukh National Park Chikmagalur (Varaha Parvata) (4,783 ft) BANGALORE IAS Academy 1,440 m Chennagiri/Channagiri Chennagiri/Channgiri Chikkaballapura (4,720 ft) 1,343 m Mookambika Wildlife Kodachadri Shivamogga (4,406 ft) Sanctuary 826 m Kundadri Thirthahalli Shivamogga (2,710 ft) 823 m Agumbe Thirthahalli Shivamogga (2,700 ft) HILL STATIONS Western ghats is home to major hill stations of Karnataka Famous Hill stations in Karnataka Coorg Well known for its breathtakingly exotic scenery and lush greenery, Forest covered hills, spice and coffee plantations Because of orange cultivation Kodagu is also called ‘Orange Country’ Chikmagalur Famously known as the ‘Coffee Land of Karnataka’ Famous for its tall mountains, lush green forests and its tranquil environment (apart from its coffee production) Very popular tourist destination and is a quaint getaway from the busy life of the city NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 31 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS WATERFALLS Major waterfalls of Karnataka include: Jog falls (253m) on Sharavati river Dood sagar falls in Uttara Kannada district Kalasa water falls and Surla water falls (152 m) on Mahadayee river in Khanapura taluk, Unchalli falls on the Aghanashini river (116m) Magod falls on Bedti river in Yellapur taluk Hebbe falls in Bababudangiri hills in Chikkamagaluru district (53m) Dabbe falls in Shivamogga district (100m) Yelaneeru falls on Maavina Sasi river in Beltangadi taluk Maniyadhara falls in Bababudangiri hills in Chikkamagaluru district Irpu falls on Lakshmana Tirta in Kodagu district (51m) THE MAIDAN REGION Area lying to the east of Malenadu Majorly part of Deccan plateau Presents an undulating landscape i.e. Rolling Topography BANGALORE IAS Academy Triangular in shape Deeply dissected indicating that original peneplained (peneplain - relief plain formed by protracted erosion) surface has been rejuvenated by upliftment Topography is matured Entire plateau is slightly titled to the east during the cretaceous period attributed to tectonic forces Geologically it is essentially Precambrian Several of the large rivers that rise in the Western Ghats and flow eastward to empty into the Bay of Bengal Conveniently divided into two sub divisions – North and South, by the Thugabhadra river which flows from southwest to northeast in the central part of the maidan region NORTHERN MAIDAN Also called as Bayalu seeme Forms part of Deccan plateau Area represents an extensive deforested plateau landscape Elevation - 300 to 730 metres (980 to 2,400 ft) Drained by the Krishna River and its tributaries the Bhima, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra Lies within the Deccan thorn scrub forests ecoregion, which extends north into eastern Maharashtra In some of the limestone areas faulting has resulted in giving rugged appearance to the landform to the east of Saudatti and Badami. The area is a rain shadow region with an annual mean rainfall of less than 70 cm. Not only the amount of rainfall is low, it is also highly variable and uncertain. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 32 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF NORTHERN MAIDAN HILLS There are some chains of flat topped hills such as Kaladgi and Badami areas in Bagalkote district A low extension of Mahadeo range ending at Vijayapura forms the watershed between the Bhima and the Krishna rivers WATER-FALLS Gokak Falls Gets its name from the Goki trees found in abundance in these areas Resembles the Niagara Falls due to its features like the fall, shape etc Formed by River Ghataprabha Height - 52 metres Major rock - sand-stone Other important water falls are Chayabhagavati and Sogala SOUTHERN MAIDAN Also called as Mysuru plateau BANGALORE IAS Academy Extends from the Tungabhadra river in the north to Moyar river in the south till Nilgiri hills of Tamilnadu Highly undulating topography that slopes towards east Known for red and red sandy soils which are not highly fertile Irrigation is most widespread Kaveri and Nandidurga rivers namely Pennar and Palar are the major rivers of the region, large part being Kaveri basin Rain shadow region but gets comparatively more rainfall than the northern counterpart due to Palakkad gap IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF SOUTHERN MAIDAN HILLS The area is known for inselbergs and flat topped hills FEW IMPORTANT HILLS CHITRADUGRA HILLS Length - Continuous chain for 270 kms ( Chitradurga to INSELBERG - Isolated Chikkanayakana halli ) rock hill or small Tallest - Madhugiri hills - 1199 meters (largest single rock hill mountain range that (monolith) in the continent of Asia) rises abruptly from a NANDI HILLS gently sloping or virtually Also called Nandidurg level surrounding plain Source of - Arkavathy river, Ponnaiyar River, Palar River ,Papagni River Highest point is at altitude of 4850 feet above sea level NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 33 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BILIGIRIRANGA HILLS Situated in south-western Karnataka, at its border with Tamil Nadu Important biological bridge for the biota of the entire Deccan plateau - Starting point Eastern Ghats and contacts with border of the Western Ghats allowing animals to move between them and facilitating gene flow between populations of species in these areas Other hills include Chamundi Hills, Male Mahadeshwara hills, Basavana betta Narayanadurga, Devarayana durga, Nandihills etc RIVERINE ISLANDS Kaveri forms the islands of Srirangapatna and Shimsha Srirangapatna Small island town in Mandya district Has an average elevation of 679 metres Confluence of the three holy streams creating the island BANGALORE IAS Academy WATER FALLS The area is noted for many small & big waterfalls SHIVANASAMUDRA Created by river Kaveri Made up of Bharachukki Falls and Gaganachukki Falls Gaganachukki has a height of 90 metre and Bharachukki has a height of 69 metre It is the location of the first hydro-electric power stations in Asia, which were set up in 1902. The project was designed by Diwan Sheshadri Iyer and Diwan Sir M. Visvesvaraya of the Kingdom of Mysuru HOGENAKKAL FALLS Formed by Kaveri river Borders Karnataka & Tamilnadu Sometimes referred to as the "Niagara Falls of India," Carbonatite rocks in this site are considered to be the oldest of its kind in South Asia and one of the oldest in the world. NOTE : The southern maidan region is also known for Hesarghatta grasslands MUST KNOW - CENTRAL KARNATAKA PLATEAU Region represents the transitional surface between the Northern Karnataka Plateau of Deccan Trap and Southern Karnataka Plateau with relatively higher surface Represents the area of Tungabhadra basin General elevation varies between 450 and 700 metres Transitional ground is broken by several sets of parallel ridges mainly made up of Dharwar system of The general slope of this region is towards the east NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 34 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Geo-Heritage Sites of Karnataka Geological Survey of India (GSI) declares geo-heritage sites/ national geological monuments for protection and maintenance. GSI or the respective State governments take necessary measures to protect these sites. After declaring as a monument, it becomes the Government property which cannot be used for any other purpose other than study. Stealing of the rocks or trespassing in the area attracts punishment. Columnar Lava, St Mary Island Udupi District St. Mary's Islands, also known as Coconut Island and Thonsepar, are a set of four small islands in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Malpe in Udupi, Karnataka. They are known for their distinctive geological formation of columnar basaltic lava. Scientific studies indicate that the basalt of the St. Mary's Islands was formed by sub-aerial subvolcanic activity, because BANGALORE IAS Academy at that time Madagascar was attached to India. St. MARY ISLAND The rifting of Madagascar took place around 88 million years ago. The columnar basaltic lava found in these Islands, which is very well developed in the basalts of Deccan Traps, exhibit an imposing range of hexagonal shaped or multi- faced (polygonal) columns split into a horizontal mosaic. In geological terms these are called "columnar joints”. Islands comprise fully of igneous rocks. They have acid composition that consist of dacites, rhyodacites, rhyolites and granophyres and carry basic patches. Pillow lavas near Mardihalli, Chitradurga District The stone formation which is found here, estimated to be nearly 2,600 million years old, is one of the best preserved ones in the world The formation of Pillow Lava rock was the result of sudden chilling of molten magma. The stone which is also called “volcanic rock” takes the shape of a round pillow when the red-hot lava comes into contact with cold water. The availability of Pillow Lava here clearly indicates that this range was either submerged in a river or an ocean some 2,600 million years ago. Since the rocky structure was best preserved here, it was an ideal place for geologists to learn more about the formation of this rare rock. Pillow Lava helps in establishing the relative ages of rock types and the environment of their formation. Knowing the importance of the rock, the Government declared the entire hill as National Geographic Monument in 1976. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 35 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Peninsular Gneiss, Lalbagh, Banglore Peninsular Gneiss is a term coined to highlight the older gneissic complex of the metamorphics found all over the Indian Peninsula. This term was first fashioned by W.F.Smeeth of the Mysore Geological Department in 1916 based on the first scientific study of this rock exposure. The Geological Survey of India identified one of the best exposures of this rock mass, protruding high above the ground as a hillock (pictured), dated 2.5 to 3.4 billion years, in the Bangalore city at the famous Lalbagh gardens and declared it as a National Geological Monument to propagate the knowledge of the rock formation among the public It is also called the Lalbagh rock. As general information, gneiss is a coarse-grained high grade metamorphic rock formed at high pressures and temperatures in which light and dark mineral constituents are segregated into visible bands. The Lalbagh hill, which has been declared as a Geological Monument (plaque pictured) to represent the Peninsular Gneiss, has dark biolite gneiss of granitic to BANGALORE IAS Academy granodioritic composition containing streaks of biolite. Remnants of older rocks are seen in the form of enclaves Pyroclastics & Pillow lavas, Kolar Gold fields, Kolar District Pyroclastic Pyroclasts is also called as tepra and they are nothing but volcanic fragments that was hurled through the air by volcanic activity that took place here several millions of years ago. The explosions could have been one or many and such rocks would have hardened over a period of several million years. A pyroclastic rock is a hardened, solidified or compressed version of an originally loose pyroclastic deposit that was thrown up in air and fell in a heap on the ground and subsequently solidified. The word pyroclastics is derived from a Greek word meaning fire. This is reference to the red hot lava that comes out a volcano. Thus the term pyroclastic means broken by fire. If the volcanic rocks has been transported and reworked through mechanical action either by wind or water, they are then called volcaniclastic. Some rock fragments of granite gneiss found in Peddahali measure upto 80 cm in diameter The GSI says the Pyroclastic rocks of Peddapalli is a welded rock of large fragments of granite, granite gneiss, basalt and banded ferruginous quartzite which is set in a matrix of ignimbrite. While many rock fragments are angular, some of them are round in shape. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 36 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS Mains Practice Questions: 1. Explain physiographic divisions of Karnataka and their distinguishing features. 2. Explain the primary types of geological formations found in Karnataka. 3. Differentiate between the Archean and Proterozoic sedimentary formations in Karnataka. 4. Explain the significance of the Peninsular Gneissic Complex rock at Lalbagh and its geological age. 5. Describe the distinctive features of the columnar basalts of St. Mary’s Islands and their formation process. 6. Define and describe the coastal plain zones and their specific features. 7. What are the distinguishing features of the Malenadu region in Karnataka? 8. Differentiate between the Northern and Southern Maidan regions in Karnataka. 9. Explain the significance of Water Falls in Karnataka. Compare the features and characteristics of Gokak Falls and Jog Falls. Prelims Practice Questions 1.The Archean Granitic Gneisses belt in 3.What is the common feature of the BANGALORE IAS Academy Karnataka is known as the 'Basement "Younger (Closepet) Granites" in Complex' because: Karnataka? a) It comprises the oldest rocks found in a) Wide Complex of coarse to medium Karnataka pink and grey granites b) It forms about 60% of the State area b) Age dating back to 2,600 million years c) The rocks formed due to solidification c) Predominantly located in the Southern of molten magma Maidan region d) It is predominantly composed of d) Extending in a north-south direction as gabbro and quartzite a narrow belt of 50 km 2.The Deccan Traps in Karnataka are 4.What rivers flow in a westerly direction characterized by: along the Karnataka coast? a) Being formed during the Jurassic period a) Kaveri, Pennar, and Palar b) A composition mainly consisting of pink b) Tungabhadra, Krishna, and Bhima granite c) Kali, Gangavali, and Sharavati c) Extending only within the Karnataka d) Netravati, Ghataprabha, and state boundaries Malaprabha d) Representing one of the largest accumulations of basaltic continental lava Answers: 1. c) The rocks formed due to solidification of molten magma 2. d) Representing one of the largest accumulations of basaltic continental lava. 3. a) Wide Complex of coarse to medium pink and grey granites. 4. c) Kali, Gangavali, and Sharavati. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 37 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS BANGALORE IAS Academy CHAPTER 3 CLIMATE OF KARNATAKA NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 38 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS CLIMATE OF KARNATAKA INTRODCTION Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point in time while Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than 30 years). Weather is the momentary state of the atmosphere and it changes quickly (within a day or week) but climate changes imperceptively and may be noted after 50 years or even more. The elements of weather and climate are the same i.e, atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation. On the basis of the generalised monthly atmospheric conditions, the year is divided into seasons e.g, winter, summer or rainy. This chapter deals with the climatic conditions of Karnataka Factors determining the Climate of KARNATAKA LATITUDE Karnataka lies to south of Tropic of Cancer and hence is part of Tropical zone BANGALORE IAS Academy The zone is nearer to the equator and therefore experiences high temperatures throughout the year with a small daily and annual range WESTERN GHATS Western ghats act as barrier to monsoon winds that cause heavy rainfall in karavalli and Malnad Western ghats also act as rain shadow area of Maidan , that makes it drought prone area DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER Karnataka is bounded by Arabian sea in west Did you know? The sea exerts a moderate influence on climate. Water heats up and cools As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating down quickly as influence decreases and such regions have extreme compared to land weather conditions. This condition is known as This differential heating continentality i.e, very hot summers and very cold creates different air winters. pressure zones The difference can be seen in the mean temperature of Karavalli and Maidan ALTITUDE The places in the mountains are cooler than the places on the plains because with the increase in height temperature decreases Temperature differences is evident in peaks of Malnad and plain areas of maidan RELIEF – The physiography or relief also affects the temperature, air pressure, direction and speed of the wind and, the amount and distribution of rainfall With examples, discuss the various factors that affect the climate of Karnataka. To Join KPSC Mains classes and Test series visit www.nammaKPSC.com Number one institute for KPSC exams NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 39 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS FACTS ABOUT KARNATAKA CLIMATE Ø The state enjoys the benefit of both southwest and northeast monsoons and hence it will be called the land of two monsoons. Ø Karnataka bears influence of both Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal Ø Larger area of Karnataka has dry steppe type of climate Ø Traditionally, Agumbe in Thirthahalli taluk of Shivamogga district receive an average annual rain fall of 827.6 cm. It was considered to be the wettest place in the state. Based on recent rainfall data, Udupi was considered most rainiest place in the state. Bairampalli in Udupi received rainfall of 5916 mm in 2016. Hulikal located about few km away from Agumbe is also recording highest rainfall in Karnataka (Shivamogga district) Ø Challakere of Chitradurga district which is about 196 km receive only 45.6 cm of rainfall annually. It is the driest place in Karnataka state SEASONS OF KARNATAKA Annual weather condition of the state is conveniently divided into four well marked seasons BANGALORE IAS Academy SUMMER SEASON CHANGES DURING THE SEASON The movement of Sun is towards Tropic of Cancer from Equator – Doldrum too shifts Northwards Change in temperature in India, South India being more warmer than North India due to moderating effect of Oceans The diurnal range of temperature is also very high. It may be as high as 18°C in some parts The maximum summer temperatures are comparatively lower in the costal and southern peninsular regions due to moderating effect of the sea The temperatures along the west coast are comparatively lower than those prevailing on the east coast due to the prevailing westerly winds NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 40 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS IN KARNATAKA Temperature May records highest temperature and it is the hottest months in the State North eastern districts have more than 400 C temperature Kalburgi records highest monthly average temperature in May in the state, which is about 42.20 C Humidity Relative humidity is quite low North of Chitradurga - Less than 30 percent Malnad and the coastal areas - more than 40 percent Southern part of the state - 30-40 percent Rainfall State gets about 7 percent of its annual rainfall during the summers Malnad and the southern part of the state gets more rainfall and it decreases towards north Extreme southern districts gets about 20 percent of annual rainfall during the summer period March gets lowest rainfall where as maximum rainfall is in the month of May SUMMER RAINFALL BANGALORE IAS Academy Convectional rain occurs mainly in equatorial regions where daily heating of the ground surface causes convection currents The ground surface is intensely heated due to the enormous amount of heat received. The air in contact with a warm surface also gets heated expands and ultimately rises upward. The ascending warm and moist air cools becomes saturated, causes condensation and cloud formation, and rainfall starts India receives convectional rainfall during the summer season before the onset of Southwest monsoon these are known by local names in India like mango showers, Kal Baisakhi, bhardoli cheera, etc Summer Rainfall in Karnataka The summer rains are also described as pre-monsoons. Other names: o Coffee blossoms à as these rains helps flowering of coffee plantations o Mango showers à as the rainfall is highly favourable for mango crop In the southern districts of the state the summer rainfall is quite vital and most of the tanks get filled during this period. As the summer rainfall is more regular and reliable in the southern districs, the agricultural operations begin in this period. Even in the irrigated tracts summer crops (zaid) are grown depending on pre monsoon rains NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 41 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS During April-May, the state experiences thunder storms, lightning and hailstones. This is due to very high temperature resulting in the convective currents which causes cumulo- nimbus clouds associated with heavy rainfall with thunder storms, lighting and hailstone HEATWAVES A Heat Wave Period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the summer season Typically occur between March and June, and in some rare cases even extend till July HEATWAVES IN KARNATAKA Heat wave is usually experienced between March and June in as many as 14 districts of North Karnataka South Karnataka too experiences these conditions According to KSNDMC data, all districts in Kalyana Karnataka experienced heatwaves in 2022 Bidar and Raichur recorded 430, it was 410 in in Vijayapura, 420 in Yadgir and 410 in Bagalkot districts in 2022 Raichur on 23 May 1928 has recorded a temperature of 45.60 C which is the highest temperature ever recorded till date BANGALORE IAS Academy Did you know? In 2016, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) issued comprehensive guidelines to prepare national level key strategies for mitigating the impact of heatwaves. Time to think? What are the strategies that Karnataka government needs to adopt to reduce the impacts of heat waves in the state. (12 Marks) Did you know? India Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies heat waves according to regions and their temperature ranges. The Heatwave is considered when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions. If the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C, then an increase of 5°C to 6°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition. Further, an increase of 7°C or more from the normal temperature is considered a severe heat wave condition. If the normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40°C, then an increase of 4°C to 5°Cfrom the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition. Further, an increase of 6°C or more is considered a severe heat wave condition. Additionally, if the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, a heat wave is declared. NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 42 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS THE SOUTH WEST MONSOON SEASON Important rainy season of India Period: June to September CHANGES DURING THE SEASON FORMATION OF SOUTHWEST MONSOON Caused by an intense low-pressure system forming over the Tibetan Plateau as a result of intense heating during the summer season Overheated Tibetan Plateau attracts southeast trade winds , which cross the equator and enter the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, only to become entangled in the air circulation over India These winds bring a lot of moisture with them as they pass over the equatorial warm currents The rain begins when these winds hit or strike the mountain barriers Most parts of the country experience heavy rainfall due to the monsoon season winds BANGALORE IAS Academy Monsoon burst - caused by intensive low pressure bordering the Himalayas called monsoon through and shifting of Doldrum towards north. It results in the bursting of south west monsoons which bring huge amount of rainfall IN KARNATAKA Temperature Large amount of cloudiness and heavy rainfall are the common features of the season. So gradually temperature decreases. In the north-eastern districts like Kalburgi, Raichur, Bellary and Yadagir temperature is relatively high of about 320 C and elsewhere in the state it is below 300 C. In most districts of Karnataka the average temperature is 20-240 C Humidity Relative Humidity is very high during the south west monsoons. Maximum of about 90 percent in the malnad and the coastal regions Remaining parts of the state it is about 60-80 percent Maximum in the month of July and decrease drastically after September Rainfall There is sudden bursting of south-west monsoon. Monsoons winds are effectively checked by the Western Ghats Temperature decreases adiabatically resulting in the formation of Cumulo- nimbus clouds which gets torrential heavy rains, Both the malnad and coastal areas of the state are known for incessant rainfall for several days during the season. Rain fall is not continuous but has breaks for few days and continues once again. Rainfall is very high in the malnad and the coastal areas. It is about 320cm in the coastal region while it is maximum of more than 500 cm in the malnad region The amount of rainfall decreases after crossing the crest of the western ghats NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY Hebbal | Vijayanagar 43 KARNATAKA GEOGRAPHY KPSC EXAMS MONSOON RAINFALL IN KARNATAKA – RAIN SHADOW AND DISTRIBUTION The isohyets run north-south almost parallel to the coastal. In the western part of the state the isohyets are very close where as in the eastern part, these are irregular indicating large variations of rain fall THE RAIN SHADOW EFFECT The amount of rainfall decreases after crossing the crest of the western ghats A rain shadow is an area of significantly reduced rainfall behind a mountainous region, on the side facing away from prevailing winds, known as its leeward side. In case of Karnataka - To the east of the western Ghats there is a large rain shadow region It extends from the eastern parts of the Belagavi district in the north continues south wards upto Mysuru and chamarajanagara district This belt gets only 40 cm of rainfall during the season. Within the
