JD/JW Army Specialised Subject (PDF)

JD/JW CADET’S HAND BOOK (ARMY) SPECIALISED SUBJECT  Preface 1. National Cadet Corps (NCC), came into existence, on 15 July 1948 under an Act of Parliament. Over the years, NCC has spread its activities and values, across the length and breadth of...

JD/JW CADET’S HAND BOOK (ARMY) SPECIALISED SUBJECT  Preface 1. National Cadet Corps (NCC), came into existence, on 15 July 1948 under an Act of Parliament. Over the years, NCC has spread its activities and values, across the length and breadth of the country; in schools and colleges, in almost all the districts of India. It has attracted millions of young boys and girls, to the very ethos espoused by its motto, “unity and discipline” and molded them into disciplined and responsible citizens of the country. NCC has attained an enviable brand value for itself, in the Young India’s mind space. 2. National Cadet Corps (NCC), aims at character building and leadership, in all walks of life and promotes the spirit of patriotism and National Integration amongst the youth of the country. Towards this end, it runs a multifaceted training; varied in content, style and processes, with added emphasis on practical training, outdoor training and training as a community. 3. With the dawn of Third Millennia, there have been rapid strides in technology, information, social and economic fields, bringing in a paradigm shift in learning field too; NCC being no exception. A need was felt to change with times. NCC has introduced its New Training Philosophy, catering to all the new changes and developments, taking place in the Indian Society. It has streamlined and completely overhauled its training philosophy, objectives, syllabus, methodology etc, thus making it in sync with times. Subjects like National Integration, Personality Development and Life Skills, Social Service and Community Development activities etc, have been given prominent thrust. 4. The new syllabus, has been crystallised after obtaining a detailed feedback, from all the Directorates and the same having been brainstormed at HQ DG NCC. The syllabus has been implemented with effect from 01 May 2019. 5. For the ease of Trainees, a summary has been given at the end of each chapter. The syllabus has been revised, to make it cadet friendly, by removing the commonalities in subjects, of the school/college syllabus and making it more relevant. It is hoped, that this will facilitate, better assimilation and increased interest among the cadets. 6. The book has been the outcome, of sincere devotion and relentless effort of the Study Team ordered by HQ DG NCC. Our sincere gratitude and compliments to them. Any suggestions are welcome for its improvement in the future editions 7. Contents of this hard work, must form the basis of Institutional Training, with explicit commitment. (Rajeev Chopra) Lieutenant General Director General National Cadet Corps  1 Acknowledgement ADVISORY PANEL Lieutenant General Rajeev Chopra, AVSM, DG NCC Major General Sanjay Gupta, VSM, ADG (B) HQ DG NCC STUDY TEAM Brigadier SP Sinha, Group Commander, Ghaziabad (UP) Colonel GS Dhillon , SM UP Dte Colonel Rahul Srivastava, SM TN&P Dte Captain (IN ) RK Saini, PHHP&C Dte Group Captain Neeraj Amba, UP Dte Lieutenant Colonel Narain Dass, UP Dte Major R S Shekhawat, OTA, Kamptee CONSULTATIVE SUPPORT TEAM Brigadier Ajay Kumar Mahajan, Brig Trg, HQ, DG NCC Colonel Manish Sinha, Trg Dte, HQ DG NCC Col Vijay Kumar Trg Dte, HQ DG NCC SECRETARIAL SUPPORT Mr Jai Prakash, Senior Assistant Mr Manoj Bisht, Senior Assistant  1 JD / JW (ARMY) SPECIALISED SUBJECTS BLOCK SYLLABUS Periods S No Subject Second Total First Year Year Periods 1 Armed Forces 03 03 06 2 Map Reading 09 09 18 3 Field Craft & Battle Craft 18 09 27 4 Military History 6 10 16 5 Communication 00 03 06 Total 36 34 70  1 JD/JW (ARMY) SPECIALISED SUBJECTS INDEX Page Number S No Subject From To 1 Armed Forces 01 20 2 Map Reading 21 33 3 Field Craft & Battle Craft 34 52 4 Military History 53 60 5 Communication 61 68  2 INDEX Page S Chapter Lesson Year Periods Number No From To Armed Forces 1. AF-1 Army, Police and Central Armed Police Forces I 03 01 08 Modes of Entry into Army, Police and 2. AF-2 II 03 09 20 CAPF. Map Reading 3. MR-1 Introduction to Map Reading I 03 21 28 Conduct of Map Reading, Google Tourist Maps and I 06 4.. MR-2 II 09 29 33 Applications Field Craft & Battle Craft FC & 5. Introduction to Field Craft I 03 34 35 BC-1 FC & I 03 6. Indication of landmark 36 37 BC-2 II 03 FC & I 03 7. Observation, Camouflage & Concealment 38 39 BC-3 II 03 FC & I 03 8. Use of Ground and Movement 40 44 BC-4 II 03 BC & I 03 9. Section Formations 45 47 FC-5 II 03 BC & 9. Knots, Lashing and Stretchers I 03 48 52 FC-6 Military History 11. MH-1 Biographies of Renowned Generals I 03 53 54 12. MH-2 War Heroes : Param Veer Chakra Awardees II 03 55 56 13. MH-3 Study of Battles of Indo-Pak Wars 1965, 1971, & II 03 57 58 Kargil 14. MH-4 I 03 War Movies 59 60 II 04 Communication 15. C-1 Introduction to Communication & Latest Trends II 03 61 68  1 CHAPTER 1 : ARMED FORCES : ARMY, POLICE AND CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES (CAPF) INTRODUCTION 1. Defence Services plays a vital role in maintaining sovereignty and territorial integrity of our nation and responsibility is with Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Home Affairs. All these elements of national security strive in achieving the assigned role and task. It is an approach towards ‘Unity and Integration’ of nation and all cadets of NCC must understands the basic organisation of Armed Forces, Police organisations and Central Armed Police Forces of the country. Armed Forces ARMY 2. Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces and The President of India is the Supreme Commander. It is headed by The Chief of Army staff (COAS), who is a four-star general Command Headquarters 3. Command Headquarters is commanded by an officer of the rank of ‘Lieutenant General’, who is known as the Army Commander or General Officer Commanding – in - Chief. The whole country is divided into eight theatre Commands who have subordinate formations under them. These are: - Command Command Name Headquarters Insignia Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of New Delhi Defence (Army) Central Command Lucknow Eastern Command Kolkata Northern Command Udhampur Southern Command Pune South Western Command Jaipur Western Command Chandimandir Army Training Command Shimla Andaman & Nicobar Command Andaman Strategic Force Command New Delhi NAVY 4. Our country is covered almost from three sides with water with a coastline of approximately over 6000 Km. The sea around India has impact / effect on India’s freedom, trade, commerce, and culture. The Chief of Naval Staff, usually a four-star officer in the rank of Admiral, commands the navy. The Indian Navy is the seventh largest in the world. The primary objective of the navy is to secure the nation's maritime borders.  2 Constituents of the Navy 5. As of 2018, the Indian Navy has a strength of 67,228 personnel and a large operational fleet consisting of one aircraft carrier, one amphibious transport dock, eight landing ship tanks, 11 destroyers, 14 frigates, one nuclear-powered attack submarine, one ballistic missile submarine, 13 conventionally-powered attack submarines, 23 corvettes, six mine countermeasure vessels, 29 patrol vessels, four fleet tankers and various other auxiliary vessels. Organisation and Administration 6. Chief of Naval Staff commands Indian Navy. Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence (Navy) is located in New Delhi. The Navy is divided into three commands: - Command Headquarter Western Naval Command Mumbai Eastern Naval Command Vishakhapatnam Southern Naval Command Kochi AIR FORCE Air Headquarters 7. Indian Air Force is commanded by Chief of the Air Staff. The staff of Air Headquarters consists of three branches: - (a) Air Staff branch. (b) Administrative branch. (c) Maintenance branch. Commands 8. The Air Force is organized into seven commands which are controlled by Air HQ. Each Command is placed under the command of an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief. The Commands are: - Command Headquarter Operational commands Central Air Command (CAC) Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh Eastern Air Command (EAC) Shillong, Meghalaya Southern Air Command (SAC) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala South Western Air Command (SWAC) Gandhinagar, Gujarat Western Air Command (WAC) New Delhi Functional Commands Training Command (TC) Bangalore, Karnataka Maintenance Command (MC) Nagpur, Maharashtra POLICE ORGANISATIONS & CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES 9. Central Armed Police Forces & Other Police Organisations (a) Border Security Force. (b) Central Industrial Security Force. (c) Central Reserve Police Force. (d) Indo-Tibetan Border Police. (e) National Security Guards. (f) Special Protection Group. (g) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB). (h) Assam Rifles (AR).  3 10. Central Investigation and Intelligence Institutions of Police Organisations: - (a) Central Bureau of Investigation. (b) Indian Income-tax Department. (c) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence. (d) Central Economic Intelligence Bureau. (e) Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence. (f) National Investigation Agency. (g) Narcotics Control Bureau. (h) Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD). (j) National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). 11. Central Forensic Institutions of Police Organisations:- (a) Central Forensic Science Laboratory. (b) LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences (LNJN-NICFS). State Police Organisations 12. Each state and union territory of India has a state police force, headed by a director general of police ranked officer. Under the inspector general are a number of police "Ranges" composed of three to six districts, headed by Deputy Inspectors General. District police headquarters are commanded by Superintendents of Police (SP). BADGES OF RANKS, HONOURS AND AWARDS IN ARMED FORCES, POLICE AND CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES BADGES OF RANK - ARMY Commissioned Officers - Army 13. Commissioned Officers of Indian Army are those who command their troops from Platoon or equivalent up to armies and hold Presidents commission. Field Marshal is an honorary rank and is given to a General for his valuable services. The badges of rank worn by commissioned officers are as shown:- Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) Army 14. The second set of officers in the Army is Junior Commissioned Officers. The soldiers who become JCOs come up through the Non-Commissioned Officer’s ranks. The badges of rank worn by the JCOs are as shown:- Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Army 15. The third set of officers is the Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs). These ranks are given to jawans according to their merit and seniority. The badges of ranks for NCOs are as shown:-  4 BADGES OF RANK- NAVY Commissioned Officers Navy 16. Admiral of the Fleet is an honorary rank given to an Admiral for his invaluable services and will continue to serve the rest of his term with the honorary rank. This rank has not been used in the Indian Navy. The badges of rank worn by Naval Officers are: - Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) Navy 17. The badges of rank worn by Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) Navy are as shown:-. Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) Navy 18. The badges of rank worn by the NCOs are as shown:- PETTY OFFICER LEADING LEADING SEAMAN SEAMAN-II BADGES OF RANK- AIR FORCE Commissioned Officers Air Force 19. Marshall of the Air Force is an honorary rank given to an Air Chief Marshall for his invaluable services. In recognition of his services the Government of India gave the rank of Marshall of the Air Force to Arjan Singh in January 2002 making him the first and the only “Five Star” rank officer with the Indian Air Force. The badges of rank worn by officers are as shown:- Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) Air Force 20. The badges of rank worn by these Officers are as shown:-  5 Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) Air Force 21. The badges of rank worn by these NCOs are as shown:- BADGES OF RANK- POLICE & CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES 22. The badges of ranks worn by CAPF & Police are as shown:- HONOURS AND AWARDS 23. Honours and awards awarded are divided into following categories: - (a) Gallantry Awards of Armed forces. (b) Padma Awards. (c) President's Police Medal (PPM) for Distinguished Service. (d) President’s Police Medal (PM) for Meritorious Service. (e) Distinguished Service Awards of Armed Forces. (f) Governor’s Police Medals for Gallantry & Distinguished Service. (g) Union Home Minister's Medal for Excellence in Investigation. (h) Antrik Suraksha Seva Medal. (j) Police Special Duty Medal. (k) Parakram Padak. (l) Kabir Puraskar (m) Communal Harmony Awards (n) Fire Service Medals (o) Home Guard & Civil Defence Medals. 24. Gallantry Awards in the Face of Enemy (War Time). (a) Param Vir Chakra. (b) Maha Vir Chakra. (c) Vir Chakra. (d) Sena Medal / Nau Sena Medal / Vayu Sena Medal. (e) Mention in Dispatch. (f) Chief of Staff Commendation Card. 25. Gallantry Awards Other than in the Face of Enemy (Peace Time). (a) Ashoka Chakra. (b) Kirti Chakra. (c) Shaurya Chakra. (d) President's Police Medal (PPM) for Gallantry. (e) President's Police Medal (PPM) for Distinguished Service.  6 26. Non-Gallantry Awards /Distinguished Service Awards. (a) Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal. (b) Param Vishisht Seva Medal. (c) Uttam Yudh Seva Medal. (d) Ati Vishisht Seva Medal. (e) Yuddh Seva Medal. (f) Vishisht Seva Medal. ROLE OF ARMY, POLICE & CAPF Command and Control 27. The Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defense (Army) functions under the Ministry of Defence and is located at New Delhi. Command HQs have field formations and static formations under them. Field Formations 28. These are the field forces for the battle, grouped into following three categories:- (a) Corps. (b) Divisions. (c) Brigades. Static Formations 29. Area Headquarters, Sub Area Headquarters and Station Headquarters are commanded by an officer of the rank of Lieutenant General, Major General and Brigadier respectively. These formations are extended all over the country and look after the infrastructural assets, lines of communication logistics, administration and all civil-military matters. FIGHTING ARMS, ROLE 30. Armoured Corps. To destroy the enemy by relentless mobile and offensive action in both offensive as well as defensive operations. 31. Infantry. Infantry is the main combat arm, best arm suited for close battle. Its role is to close in with the enemy and destroy him or capture his territory. In Defence, they hold the ground against all types of attack. They also take part in counter insurgency and counter terrorist operations. Infantry also provides assistance in aid to civil authorities when called for. 32. Mechanised Infantry. It is infantry with more mobility and fire power. Mechanized Infantry operates in armoured personnel carrier (APC) which has enough protection against small arms fire. They operate along with Armour in battle field. Equipments used are BMP- I and II. SUPPORTING ARMS, ROLE 33. Artillery. The role of Artillery is to provide such fire power in the battle area that enemy neither interferes with our operations, nor develops his own effectively. 34. Army Air Defence. Army Air Defence is equipped with air defence guns and Short and Medium range surface to air missile systems. Along with Air force it provides air defence to mobile forces, Vulnerable Areas and Vulnerable Points. 35. Army Aviation Corps. The role of Army Aviation corps is to carry out recce and observation and also to provide commanders and staff, rapid means of communication for liaison visits and reconnaissance. It is ideally suited for evacuation of battle casualties. 36. Corps of Engineers. It is one of the oldest supporting arms of the Indian army. The role of Engineers in War is to provide support for offensive and defensive operations in mine warfare, bridging, demolition, constructions of field fortifications and operational roads/tracks.  7 37. Corps of Signals. They are the communicators of Indian Army and provide Radio, Radio Relay, data and line communication and establish Signal Centres during war and peace. It also monitors enemy’s communication systems. 38. Intelligence Corps. The main task of Intelligence Corps is to gather intelligence of the enemy and prevent the leakage of own information to the enemy. SUPPORTING SERVICES 39. The following are Supporting Services, as they provide logistical support to fighting & Supporting Arms:- (a) Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (b) Army Service Corps (c) Army Medical Corps (d) Army Dental Corps (e) Military Nursing Service (f) Army Ordinance Corps (g) Remount and Veterinary Corps (h) Military Farms (i) Corps of Military Police (j) Judge Advocate General Branch (k) Military Engineering Services (l) Border Roads Organisation (m) Army Pioneer Corps ROLE OF CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES & POLICE Central Armed Police Forces & Other Police Agencies 40. Assam Rifles (AR). Assam Rifles (AR) is the oldest paramilitary force in India whose primary role is to protect part of India’s North eastern borders and also the internal security also. It also maintained law and order in the tribal areas. 41. Border Security Force. The Indian Border Security Force (BSF) is responsible for policing India's land borders during peacetime and preventing trans-border crimes along Pakistan and Bangladesh. 42. Central Industrial Security Force. The primary task of CISF is providing industrial security. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) guards industrial installations around the country owned by the Central government as well as securing seaports and airports. The CISF also provides security to certain NGOs. They provide security for atomic power plants, space installations, mines, oil fields and refineries, major ports, heavy engineering plants, steel plants, barrages, fertilizer units, airports, hydroelectric/thermal power plants and other installations partially or wholly run by the government. 43. Central Reserve Police Force. The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is one of the largest Central Police organizations in the world. Its main objective is to assist and help states and union territories' law enforcement agencies in maintaining law and order and to contain insurgency 44. Indo-Tibetan Border Police. The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is responsible for security along the Indo-Tibetan Border. 45. National Security Guards. It is India's premier counter-terror outfit and is typically deployed in situations that would be beyond the capabilities of regular police units. An NSG team with a dedicated transport aircraft is always stationed at Palam airport in New Delhi, ready to deploy in 30 minutes. The NSG has also been increasingly tasked with the protection of VIPs. 46. Special Protection Group. The Special Protection Group (SPG) is the executive protection agency of the Government of India. It provides the security 24 by 7 all over India to Prime Minister including ex-prime Ministers and their Family Members at any location across India.  8 47. Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB). The Sashastra Seema Bal, formed in the year 1963, deployed at the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders. The SSB personnel are trained in the fields of law and order, military tactics, jungle warfare, counter-insurgency, and internal security. 48. Other Central investigation and intelligence agencies are as under: - (a) Central Bureau of Investigation. (b) Indian Income-tax Department. (c) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence. (d) Central Economic Intelligence Bureau. (e) Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence. (f) National Investigation Agency. (g) Narcotics Control Bureau. (h) Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD). (i) National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). (j) Central Forensic Science Laboratory. (k) National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences. CONCLUSION 49. The organisation of the Armed Forces, Police organisation and Central Armed Police Forces is structured in a manner to facilitate coordination of the functioning of all the services with the nucleus being the Headquarters and formations. As NCC cadets and responsible youth it is essential to understand these organisations, which play major role in national security, development as well as in nation building.  9 CHAPTER 2 : MODES OF ENTRY TO ARMY, CAPF AND POLICE Introduction 1. The Indian Army’s primary mission is to ensure the national security and defence of the Republic of India from external threats and maintaining peace and security. It also provides aid to civil authorities in maintaining essential services. It is important for NCC cadets to understands how to join services and police organisations. ARMY 2. The Army offers both Permanent and Short Service Commission. Permanent Commission (PC) is granted through the Indian Military Academy (IMA) Dehradun and Short Service Commission (SSC) is granted through Officers Training Academy (OTA) Chennai:- (a) Permanent Commission. (i) NDA / AFMC - after 10+2 (Through UPSC). (ii) Direct Entry (Through UPSC). (iii) Engineering Graduates – TGC. (iv) University Entry Scheme. (v) Technical Entry Scheme 10 +2. (vi) Army Cadet College Wing, after 10+2. (vii) SCO / PCSL Entry from Regular Army. (b) Short Service Commission. (i) Non-Tech (Both Men & Women). (ii) Tech (Both Men & Women). (iii) NCC Special Entry (Both Men & Women). (iv) Law Graduates (Both Men & Women). Note. Details of eligibility criteria, duration and venue of training and other information is freely available through newspapers or may be obtained from www.joinindianarmy.nic.in. ENTRY SCHEMES OFFICERS (MEN AND WOMEN) 3. National Defence Academy (NDA). Vacancies Per Course 320 (Twice a year) Army – 208, Air Force – 70, Navy - 42 Notification Published in Jun and Dec, Notified by UPSC Employment News and leading Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 16 ½ to 19½ yrs as on first day of the month in which course is due to commence Qualification 12th Class of 10+2 System of Education of Equivalent for Army and with Physics and Maths for AF/Navy Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply Online on UPSC Website as per dates given in the Notfication in the months of Jun and Dec. Likely SSB Date Sep to Oct for Jan Course and Jan to Apr for Jul Course Date Commencement of Jan and Jul Training Training Academy NDA , Khadakwasla, Pune Duration of Training 3 Yrs at NDA and 1 Yr at IMA  10 4. 10+2 Technical Entry Scheme (TES). Vacancies Per Course 90 (Twice a year) Notification Published in Notified by DG Rtg AG’s branch IHQ of MOD(Army) in May/Jun & Employment News and leading Oct/Nov Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 16 ½ to 19½ yrs as on first day of the month in which course is due to commence Qualification 10+2 Physics, Chemistry & Maths (aggregate 70% and above to apply) Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply online on Official website of DG Rtg www.joinindianarmy.nic.in as Notified in the Notification. Likely SSB Date Aug to Oct and Feb to Apr Date Commencement of Training Jan and Jul Training Academy OTA Gaya Duration of Training 5 Yrs (1 Yr OTA GAYA & 4 Yrs CTWS) Permanent Commission after 4 Yrs. Phase-I- 01 Year Pre-commissioning Training at OTA Gaya & 03 Years at CME Pune/MCTE Mhow/MCEME Secunderabad Phase-II- 01 Year Post commission training at CME Pune/MCTE Mhow/MCEME Secunderabad 5. Indian Military Academy Direct (IMA). Vacancies Per Course 200 (Twice a year). Notification Published in Notified by UPSC under the aegis of CDSE in Jul and Nov Employment News and leading Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 19 to 24 years Qualification Graduation from Recognised University. Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply Online on UPSC Website as per dates given in the Notfication in the months of Jul and Nov. Likely SSB Date Aug / Sep and Feb / Mar Date Commencement of Training Jan and Jul Training Academy IMA, Dehradun Duration of Training 1 ½ Years  11 6. Officers Training Academy (Non-Technical Men). Vacancies Per Course 175 (Twice a year) Notification Published in Notified by UPSC under the aegis of CDSE in Jul and Nov Employment News and leading Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 19 to 25 yrs Qualification Graduation from Recognised University. Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply Online on UPSC Website as per dates given in the Notfication in the months of Jul and Nov. Likely SSB Date Nov / Dec and May / Jun Date Commencement of Training Oct and Apr Training Academy OTA Chennai Duration of Training 49 Weeks 7. Judge Advocate General (JAG) Men. Vacancies Per Course 10(As Notified)(Twice a year) Notification Published in Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in Jul/Aug Employment News and leading and Jan/Feb Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 21 to 27 years Qualification Graduate with LLB with 55% marks. Eligible for Registration with Bar Council of India / State. Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply online on Official website of DG Rtg www.joinindianarmy.nic.in as Notified in the Notification. Likely SSB Date Dec / Jan and Jul / Aug Date Commencement of Apr and Oct Training Training Academy OTA, Chennai Duration of Training 49 Weeks 8. NCC (Spl) Entry Men. Vacancies Per Course 50 (Twice a Year) Notification Published in Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in Jun and Employment News and leading Dec Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 19 to 25 years Qualification Graduate with 50% Aggregate marks, Two Years’ service in NCC Senior Div Army with minimum 'B' Grade in 'C' Certificate Exam.  12 Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply offline as Notified in the Notification through NCC Dte Likely SSB Date Dec / Jan and Jun / July Date Commencement of Apr and Oct Training Training Academy OTA, Chennai Duration of Training 49 Weeks 9. University Entry Scheme (UES). Vacancies Per Course 60 (As Notified) (Once a Year) Notification Published in Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in Jun/Jul Employment News and leading Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 18 to 24 years Qualification Pre Final year students of Notified Engineering Streams Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply online on Official website of DG Rtg www.joinindianarmy.nic.in as Notified in the Notification. Likely SSB Date Nov to Feb Date Commencement of Jul Training Training Academy IMA, Dehradun Duration of Training One Year 10. Technical Graduate Course (TGC) Engineers. Vacancies Per Course 60 (As Notified) (Twice a Year) Notification Published in Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in Mar/Apr and Employment News and leading Sep/Oct. Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 20 to 27 years Qualification BE / B Tech in notified streams of Engineering Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply online on Official website of DG Rtg www.joinindianarmy.nic.in as Notified in the Notification. Likely SSB Date Mar / Apr and Sep / Oct Date Commencement of Jan and Jul Training Training Academy IMA, Dehradun Duration of Training One Year  13 11. Short Service Commission Tech (Men). Vacancies Per Course 100 (As Notified) (Twice a year) Notification Published in Employment Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in Jun News and leading Daily news Paper / Jul and Dec/Jan Eligibility Criteria Age between 20 to 27 years Qualification Engineering Degree in notified stream Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply online on Official website of DG Rtg www.joinindianarmy.nic.in as Notified in the Notification. Likely SSB Date Dec-Jan and Jun-Jul Date Commencement of Training Apr and Oct Training Academy OTA, Chennai Duration of Training 49 Weeks 12. Army Education Corps (AEC) Men. Vacancies Per Course 20 (As Notified) (Twice a Year) Notification Published in Employment Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in News and leading Daily news Paper Mar/Apr and Sep/Oct Eligibility Criteria Age 23 to 27 years Qualification MA / MSc in 1st or 2nd division in notified subjects from recognised university. Marital Status Married and Un Married How to Apply Apply online on Official website of DG Rtg www.joinindianarmy.nic.in as Notified in the Notification. Likely SSB Date Mar / Apr and Sep / Oct Date Commencement of Training Jan and Jul Training Academy IMA, Dehradun Duration of Training One Year 13. Army Cadet College (ACC). Vacancies Per Course 75 (Twice in a Year) Tentative Month of Publication of Notified by MP Directorate / AGs Br through Units in Mar and Notification Aug Eligibility Criteria Age 20 to 27 years , minimum service of two years one can apply Qualification 10+2 Pattern Class with 12th pass or Equivalent. Should have qualified ACC written test Marital Status Unmarried / Married Likely Date of SSB Sep to Nov for Jan Course Mar to May for Jul Course Training Academy ACC Wing at IMA, Dehradun  14 Duration of Training Four Years (Three Years in ACC Wing & One Year at IMA) 14. Permanent Commission (PC SL). Vacancies Per Course 100 (Once in a Year) Tentative Month of Publication of Notified by MP Dte / AGs Br through Units in Apr and Jul Notification Eligibility Criteria Age Maximum age 42 years, 45 years for Engineers & 45 years for IOB Minimum service 10 years Qualification Matric & Above Marital Status Unmarried / Married Serving JCOs / NCOs excluding Sepoys Likely Date of SSB Sep and Oct for Jul Course Training Academy AEC Centre & College, Pachmarhi & IMA, Dehradun Duration of Training Eight Weeks at AEC Centre & College, Pachmarhi & Four Weeks at IMA 15. Special Commissioned Officer (SCO). Vacancies Per Course 100 (Twice in a Year) Tentative Month of Publication of Notified by MP Directorate / AGs Br through Units in Apr Notification and Jul Eligibility Criteria Age Between 30 to 35 years. minimum service of five years can apply Qualification Matric with One Year Diploma or above Marital Status Unmarried / Married Likely Date of SSB Jul/Aug for Jan Course & Nov/Dec for Jul Course Training Academy OTA, Gaya Duration of Training Eight Weeks at AEC Centre & College, Pachmarhi & One Year at OTA, Gaya 16. Territorial Army (TA). Vacancies Per Course Notified by Line Directorate (Twice in a Year) Tentative Month of Publication of Notified by TA Directorate Notification Eligibility Criteria Age 18 to 42 years Qualification Graduate from a recognised university Marital Status Unmarried / Married Likely Date of SSB Aug / Sep & May / Jun Training Recruit Training. 30 days under TA Battalion. Annual Training Camp. Two calendar month in each training year.  15 Post Commission Training. Three month in IMA within two years of commissioning. 17. Remount & Veterinary Corps (RVC). Vacancies Per Course Notified by Line Directorate Tentative Month of Publication of Notification Nov / Dec , Notified by RVC Directorate Eligibility Criteria Age 21- 32 years Qualification BVSc & AH Marital Status Unmarried / Married Likely Date of SSB Sep / Oct Training Academy RVC, Meerut Duration of Training Three months 18. Army Medical Corps (Non-Technical). Vacancies Per Course Notified by Line Directorate Tentative Month of Publication of Notification Notified by AMC Directorate Eligibility Criteria Age Max 42 years Qualification Minimum Matric Marital Status Unmarried / Married Likely Date of SSB Nov / Dec Training Academy AMC Centre & College. Duration of Training Three months 19. Army Postal Service (APS). Vacancies Per Course Notified by Line Directorate Tentative Month of Publication of Notified by APS Directorate Notification Eligibility Criteria Age Max 45 years Qualification Minimum Matric Marital Status Unmarried / Married Likely Date of SSB Sep /Oct WOMEN ENTRY SCHEMES 20. Short Service Commission (Non-Technical) Women. Vacancies Per Course 12 (Twice a year)  16 Notification Published in Employment News Notified by UPSC under the aegis of CDSE in July and and leading Daily news Paper Nov Eligibility Criteria Age 19 to 25 years Qualification Graduation from Recognized University. Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply Online on UPSC Website as per dates given in the Notfication in the months of Jul and Nov. Likely SSB Date Jun / July and Nov / Dec Date Commencement of Training Oct and Apr Training Academy OTA Chennai Duration of Training 49 Weeks 21. NCC Special Entry Scheme (Women). Vacancies Per Course Four (Twice a year) Notification Published in Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in Jun and Employment News and leading Dec Daily news Paper Eligibility Criteria Age 19 to 25 years Qualification Graduate with 50% Aggregate marks, Two Years service in NCC Senior Div Army with minimum 'B' Grade in 'C' Certificate Exam. Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply online as Notified in the Notification through NCC Dte. Likely SSB Date Dec / Jan and Jun / July Date Commencement of Training Apr and Oct Training Academy OTA, Chennai Duration of Training 49 Weeks 22. Short Service Commission for Women (SSCW) JAG. Vacancies Per Course Four (As Notified) (Twice a year) Notification Published in Employment Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in News and leading Daily news Paper Jul/Aug and Jan/Feb. Eligibility Criteria Age 21 to 27 years Qualification Graduate with LLB with 55% marks. Eligible for Registration with Bar Council of India / State. Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply online on Official website of DG Rtg www.joinindianarmy.nic.in as Notified in the Notification. Likely SSB Date Dec / Jan and Jun / Jul Date Commencement of Training Apr and Oct  17 Training Academy OTA, Chennai Duration of Training 49 Weeks 23. Short Service Commission (Technical) Women. Vacancies Per Course 20 (As Notified) (Twice a year) Notification Published in Employment Notified by Directorate General Recruiting / AG Branch in Jun News and leading Daily news Paper / Jul and Dec/Jan Eligibility Criteria Age 20 to 27 years Qualification Engineering Degree in notified stream. Marital Status Un Married How to Apply Apply online on Official website of DG Rtg www.joinindianarmy.nic.in as Notified in the Notification. Likely SSB Date Dec-Jan and Jun-July. Date Commencement of Training Apr & Oct Training Academy OTA Chennai Duration of Training 49 Weeks JCOS & OTHER RANKS 24. Educational Qualification and Age Criteria. Ser. No Category Education Age (1) Soldier (General Cl 10th /Matric pass with Min 45% mks in aggregate and 17 ½ - 21 Duty) (All Arms) Min 33% in each subject. Yrs (2) Soldier Technical (a) Sol Tech 10+2/Intermediate Exam pass in Science 17 ½ - 23 (Technical Arms, with Physics, Chemistry, Maths and English with min 50% Yrs Artillery, Army Air marks in aggregate and min 40% marks in each subject. Defence) (b)Sol Tech (Aviation & Ammunition Examiner)10+2/Intermediate Exam pass in Science with Physics, Chemistry, Maths and English with min 50% marks in aggregate and min 40% marks in each subject. (3) Soldier Clerk / Store 10+2/Intermediate Examination Pass in any stream (Arts, 17 ½ - 23 Keeper Technical Commerce, Science) with min 60% marks in aggregate Yrs (All Arms) and min 50% in each subject. Securing 50% in English and Maths/Accounts/Book keeping in Class 12th is mandatory. (4) Soldier Nursing 10+2/Intermediate Exam pass in Science with Physics, 17 ½ - 23 Assistant (Army Chemistry, Biology and English with min 50% marks in Yrs Medical Corps) aggregate and min 40% in each subject.  18 (5) Sepoy Pharma 10+2 or equivalent exam passed with Physics, Chemistry, 19 - 25 Yrs (Army Medical Biology and English, qualified in D Pharma with minimum Corps) 55% marks in aggregate and registered with State Pharmacy Council/Pharmacy Council of India. Individual qualified in B Pharma with minimum 50% marks and registered with State Pharmacy Council/Pharmacy Council of India will also be eligible. (6) Soldier Nursing 10+2/Intermediate Exam pass in Science with Physics, 17 ½ - 23 Assistant Veterinary Chemistry, Biology and English with min 50% marks in Yrs (Remount Veterinary aggregate and min 40% in each subject. Corps) (7) Soldier Tradesmen i) 10th Simple Pass. 17 ½ - 23 (All Arms except ii) No stipulation in aggregate percentage but should have Yrs Syce, Mess Keeper scored min 33% in each subject. and House Keeper ) (8) Soldier Tradesmen i) 8th Simple Pass. 17 ½ - 23 (Syce, Mess Keeper ii) No stipulation in aggregate percentage but should have Yrs and House Keeper) scored min 33% in each subject. (9) Survey Automated BA/BSc with Maths. Must have also passed 20-25 Yrs Cartographer 12thclass(10+2) or equivalent with Maths and Science as (Engineers) main subjects. (10) Junior As per the Notification. 25-34 Yrs Commissioned Officer Religious Teacher (All Arms) (11) Junior Diploma in Hotel Management and Catering Technology. 21-27 Yrs Commissioned Officer Catering (Army Service Corps) (12) Havildar Education Group X - MA / MSc / MCA or BA / BSc / BCA / BSc (IT) 20-25 Yrs (Army Education with B Ed Group Y - BSc/BA/BCA/B Sc (IT) (w/o B Ed.) Corps) (13) Soldier (General Minimum education qualification is Matric /10th/SSLC or 17 ½ - 21 Duty) Women equivalent with 45% marks in aggregate and minimum Yrs Military police 33% marks in each subject studied at matric/10th/SSLC # level, without mentioning any specific subjects. (Note: # Upper Age limit will be relaxable upto 30 yrs of age (as on date of joining training) in respect of widows of Defence personnel who have died in harness.) POLICE ORGANISATIONS AND OTHER CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES Entry into Police Services as an Officer 25. There are two ways of getting into Indian Police Services: - (a) Passing All India Civil Services Examination conducted by All India UPSC Civil Services Examinations. (b) Promotions from State Cadre Police Services. 26. Central Armed Police Forces Officer Cadre and Personnel. The Central Armed Police Forces have their own officers and personnel to these forces are recruited directly as well as obtained from respective departments. Recruitment is conducted mainly in three modes. (a) Gazetted Officers. (b) Subordinate Officers.  19 (c) Constables. 27. Assistant Commandant. Out of total vacancies of Assistant Commandants in CAPF, 50% are filled by Direct Recruitment (including 10% from SSCO), 33% by promotion from Inspector to AC & 17% by limited Departmental Competitive examination be conducted by CAPFs. 28. Eligibility Criteria for Entries into Police & CAPF. Enrolment Rank Age Educational Qualification Relaxation Physical Standards Criteria 33% of SI Relaxable by (GD) are Relaxable Height -170 5 cms for filled by for Cms candidates Direct SC/ST/OBC from Hill recruitment in areas 20 to (Including accordance Chest - 80- 77-82 cms for Degree of a recognized Inspector 25 10% from with the 85 Cms STs University or equivalent years ESM), 50% instructions by issued by promotion, the Govt Weight - 17% by from time to Proportionate -do- limited time. to height Departmental Relaxable Height Gen- Matric with 3-year Diploma for 170 Cms Tribal/Adivasi- in Radio and TV technology SC/ST/OBC 162.5 Cms Assistant / Electronics / Tele- in Sub 18 to Communications / Computer accordance Chest - 80- 77-82Cms for Inspector 25 / Electrical / Mechanical / with the 85 Cms STs Radio years Engineering / Domestic instructions Mechanic appliance from an Institution issued by Weight - recognized by State/Central the Govt Proportionate -do- Government or 10+2 from time to to height time. Relaxable Relaxable by for Height -170 5 Cms for Matric or equivalent plus two SC/ST/OBC Cms candidates years ITI certificate in Radio in from Hill and TV/ Electronics or Head 18 to accordance areas Intermediate or 10+2 or Constable 23 with the Chest - 80- 77-82Cms for equivalent with Physics, (Operator) years instructions 85 Cms STs Chemistry and Mathematics issued by from a recognized Board of Weight - the Govt Education Proportionate -do- from time to time. to height Relaxable Relaxable by for Height -170 5 Cms for Matric or equivalent plus two Cms candidates SC/ST/OBC years ITI certificate in from Hill in engine/fitter/Diesel areas Head 18 to accordance Mechanic/Automobile/Motor Constable 23 with the Chest - 80- 77-82Cms for Mechanic from an Institution (Fitter) years instructions 85 Cms STs recognized by State/Central issued by Government or equivalent or Weight - the Govt 10+2 Proportionate -do- from time to time. to height Relaxable Relaxable by Height (cms) for 5 Cms for Male -170 18 to SC/ST/OBC candidates Matriculation/10th / 12th class Female – 157 Constable 23 in from Hill pass areas years accordance with the Chest - 80- 77-82Cms for instructions 85 Cms STs  20 issued by Weight - the Govt Proportionate -do- from time to to height time. 29. The aspirants seeking employment into the Police & CAPF must go through their respective websites of Police & CAPF to ascertain the latest enrolment conditions which are notified from time to time. CONCLUSION 30. A candidate if desirous to join, mandatorily has to register individual online after entering his criteria. As and when the vacancies are allotted by UPSC, Central Staff Selection Commission, State Public Service commission or any other Government agencies, intimation to individual is given via Email or in website. SUMMARY 31. The Indian Army has seven Commands ie. Northern, Western, Central, Southern, South Western, Eastern and Training Command. 32. The Navy is organised into three Commands i.e Western Naval Command, Eastern Naval Command and Southern Naval Command. 33. The Air Force is organized into seven commands i.e Western Air Command, Central Air Command, Eastern Air Command, South Western Air Command, Southern Air Command. Training Command and Maintenance Command. 34. The Combat Commands of Indian Army comprises Corps, Division and Brigades. These are commanded by an Officer of the rank of Lieutenant General, Major General and Brigadier respectively. 35. There are three major categories of army based on their role:- (a) Fighting arms - Armour, Infantry and Meachanised Infantry. (b) Supporting Arms- Artillery, Engineers, Army Aviation, Army Air Defence and Signals. (c) Supporting Services – Army Service Corps, Army Medical Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, Corps of Electronic and Mechanical Engineers etc. 36. Field Marshal is an honorary rank given to a General for his invaluable services rendered to our country. 37. Admiral of the Fleet is an honorary rank given to an admiral for his invaluable services and will continue to serve the rest of his term with the honorary rank. 38. Marshal of the Air Force is an honorary rank given to an Air Chief Marshal for his invaluable services. 39. Indian Armed Forces render honours and awards to the personnel excelling during peace and war. 40. Entry into Police Services as an Officer. (a) Passing All India Civil Services Examination conducted by All India UPSC Civil Services Examinations. (b) Promotions from State Cadre Police Services. 41. The other Police organizations Central Investigation and Intelligence Agencies are also function. 42. Central Armed Police Forces Cadre and Personnel. (a) Gazetted Officers. (b) Subordinate Officers. (c) Constables.  21 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO MAP READING MAPS, CONVENTIONAL SIGNS, SCALE AND GRID SYSTEMS Definition of Map 1. A map represents selected natural and manmade features of the whole or part of the earth's surface on a sheet of paper. It has a definite scale and correct relative geographical positions and elevations. Symbols, colour differences and contours on map help to show the physical features i.e. mountains, valleys and plains. Maps show important natural and cultural features such as relief, vegetation, water bodies, cultivated land, settlements, and transportation networks, etc. These maps are prepared and published by the National Mapping Organisation of each country. The science of making maps is called as Cartography. For example, the Survey of India prepares the topographical maps in India for the entire country. A map, however, has one major limitation that it cannot show everything that exists on the ground. Conventional Signs 2. Conventional signs are symbols used to represent certain artificial or natural features/objects on the map. Some common types of conventional signs are listed as follows in Figure - 1 (a) Roads-metalled with Km-stone. (b) Roads-unmetalled with Km-stone. (c) Cart track, camel track, mule path. (d) Footpath, road in bed of stream, Level crossing. (e) Bridges with pier sand without, Causeway, Ford. (f) Stream-Approx water course, canal River banks, shelving, steep 10 to 20 feet,, over 20 feet. (g) River beds-dry, with stream, With island and rocks. (h) Tidal river-shoal-submerged rocks. (i) Wells-lined and unlined, spring, Tanks- perennial and dry. (j) Kaeaz - in, flow and dry, swamp, Reeds. (k) Embankments, road or rail, tank cutting tunnel. (l) Broken ground, camping ground, Vineontrellis. (m) Railways, broad gauge, Double, Single (Station), under construction.  22 (n) Railways other Gauges, double, Single (milestone) and under Construction. (o) Light railway or tramway, Telegraphline. (p) Circuit house, Dak, Travellers, Bungalow, Rest House. (q) Inspection bungalow, Police station, Buddhist Kyaung. (r) Post office, telegraph office, Combined office. (s) Forest-reserved, state and protected. (t) Spaced names, Administrative, Locality, tribal. (u) Villages: open, walled, ruined, Deserted antiquities. (v) Huts, permanent and temporary, Fort, Tower chhatvi. (w) Church, Mosque, Temple, Pagoda, Idgah, tomb. (x) Dams, masonry and Earthwork-work. (y) Grass high and low cane, Bamboo plantation. (z) Palms, Areca, palmyra, Other conifer, other trees, scrub. (aa) Contours, Form lines, Rocky slopes. (ab) Cliffs-sand features. (ac) Moraine, Glacier, Screen. (ad) Boundary demarcated; International. (ae) Boundary demarcated; Province or state. (af) Boundary un-demarcated; International, province or state. (ag) Boundary; district or Tribal.  23 (ah) Boundary; Sub Divisional, Tehsil, Taluka or township forest. (aj) Boundary pillars, surveyed, not found. (ak) Graves, oil wells, Mine-Battle field with year. (al) Heights triangulated, Bench Mark. - 200, BM200 SCALES AND GRID SYSTEMS Definition 3. Scale is the proportion which the distances between the two points on the map that relates to the distance between two points on the ground. Everything on the map must be reduced and the extent to which the size is reduced makes the scale of the map. Methods of Expressing a Scale 4. There are two methods of expressing a scale:- (a) In Words. 1 inch to 1 mile, it means that 1 inch on the map represents 1 mile on the ground. (b) As a Representative Fraction (RF). This is the scale expressed in the form of a fraction. If the scale of a map is given as 1/100000 this means that one unit of the map represents 100000 of the same unit on the ground. It could mean that one centimetre on the map represents 100000 cm on the ground. Scale Line 5. Below the scale is the scale line by means of which distance on the map can be measured. In this scale 2 cm on map is equal to 1 km on ground. An example of the scale line for a scale “2 cm to 1 km” is as shown. Definition of Grid and Grid Lines 6. The ‘Grid’ is a systematic pattern on Earth by laying a vertical and horizontal grid over the Earth's layout. The vertical lines are called the longitude and the horizontal lines are known as the latitude. Combinations of these lines are known as Grid Lines. Purpose 7. The purpose of Grid Lines is to make possible giving and reading Grid References and to facilitate measurement of bearings. Method of Grid Reference 8. In giving a Grid Reference following rules should be remembered:-  24 (a) A reference must always contain an even number of figures, normally it contains six figures. (b) EASTING lines are the black colour vertical lines. (c) NORTHING lines are the black colour horizontal lines. (d) Always count along the EASTING lines first from the WEST to EAST and then NORTHING from SOUTH to NORTH. (e) Grid References are of different types viz. Four Figure, Six Figure, Eight Figure and Ten Figure. (f) Mostly Six Figure Grid Reference is used. (g) For six figure Grid Reference the third and the Sixth figure represent the divisions of 1000 meters square to the nearest 10th part, so they have to be estimated and for these figures a slight latitude is allowed. (h) If a general Grid Reference is to be given or there is only one such object in one square e.g. bridge, temple, road junction then its identity and four figure grid reference would suffice. 9. Example (a) As we already said when giving a four figured grid reference, always give the Easting number first and the northings number second. In the diagram, the number 4 is in square 28 across (on the horizontal) and square 54 up (on the vertical) and therefore, the four-figure grid reference is ‘2854’. (b) The other number in the square above would get the following grid:- 2755; 2855; 2754; 2854. (c) In order to be little more precise with your grid references, you can give a 6 figure grid reference as shown in diagram 5b. (d) Here, we have taken the lower right square from the previous diagram and divided it by 10 in each direction. The circle is in the four-figure grid reference square ‘2552’, but more accurately it is 2 tenth across and 7 tenths up with in that enlarged grid square, therefore the six-figure map reference is ‘252527’. The circle has 6 figure grid references of 257522. Topographical Forms and Technical Terms 10. Topographical. forms are names used to describe geographical features which occur on the ground. The following are more commonly used:- S No Topographical Forms Samples (a) Basin: An area of fairly level ground surrounded by hills or the area drained by a river or its distributaries. (b) Col or saddle: A narrow ridge of high land joining up to higher hills.  25 (c) Crest: A highest part of hill or mountain range. It is that line on the range of hills or mountains from which the ground slopes down in opposite direction. (d) Dead Ground: Ground which because of undulations or hills is not visible to the observer. (e) Knoll: A small isolated hill. (f) Plateau: A table land, an elevated region of considerable extent generally of same level. (g) Ridge: A line along a hill or range of hills or mountains from which water flows in opposite directions. (h) Spur: A piece of high ground jutting out of range of hills into lower ground. (i) Watershed: The line separating the water flowing in two different rivers systems, the edge of a river basin. (j) Defile: Any feature whether natural or artificial which could cause a body of troops to contract DEFILE its front. An example of a natural defile is mountain pass while bridge is an example of an artificial defile. (k) Escarpment: The steep hill side formed by a ESCARPMENT sudden drop in the general ground level usually from a plateau. (l) Bearing: The angle formed by a line joining two points and the North and South line. Bearings are always measured clockwise.  26 (m) Bench Mark: A permanent mark usually cut into a wall recording exact height for future reference. It is marked as BM with height on Ordnance Survey Maps. (n) Gradient: The slope of a hill expressed as a fraction. (o) Spot Height: A point on a map whose height has been determined by Survey methods. These are usually shown as block dot with a number giving exact height above sea level in meters. (p) Trigonometric Point: A point fixed during the triangulation at the beginning of a survey, marked on Ordnance Survey Maps by a small triangle with the height. (q) Contours: A line drawn on the map joining up all points of equal height above sea level. (r) Grid Lines: Lines running parallel to and at right angle to a North and south or East and West, Grid North is the direction of the North South grid lines on a map. (s) Magnetic Variation: The difference between True North and Magnetic North. (t) Horizontal Equivalent: The distance measured on the map between adjacent contour lines. It varies according to the nature of the relief.  27 Relief, Contours and Gradients 11. Relief means the shape of the ground in a vertical plane. Representation of a relief on a map means showing of heights and shape of the ground above or below or datum which is normally sea level. Relief is shown with means of hachure, shading, form lines, layer tints, contours, spot heights, trig heights, bench marks and relative heights. 12. Contour is an imaginary line drawn on map showing same height from mean sea level. If you walk along a contour line you neither gain nor loose elevation. The Contours have following characteristics:- (a) Contours accurately show height, shape and slope of the ground. (b) Contours are shown generally in brown. (c) Height is marked on every fifth contour. (d) Contour lines vary in appearance. (e) These lines never touch or cross each other. 13. Slope means a surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than another. Contour lines represent to slope that is, closer the contour lines are, the steeper is the slope of the hill. If representation of slopes the contour lines are far apart, the slope down is gradual. The slopes are of two types, convex and concave. A convex slope is the one which bulges outwards and concave slope is the one which curves inwards. 14. Gradient is the slope of the ground expressed as the angle the ground makes with the horizontal A gradient of 1 in 15 means that in a horizontal. The horizontal equivalent is obtained by measuring on the map and vertical interval by subtracting the contour heights. You may often need to know just how steep a piece of ground is, whether a road is too steep for a certain type of vehicle to negotiate. The gradient can be worked out quickly from a contoured map. The rise or fall of a slope can be expressed in following two ways:- (a) In an Angle or Degree of Slope. (b) The tangent of the Angle or Gradient. Types of North 15. Types of North There are three types of North :- (a) True North. The direction of North Pole from the observer. (b) Grid North. North as per the Grid on map. (c) Magnetic North. It is the point to which a magnetic needle points, when freely suspended.  28 Magnetic Variation and Grid Convergence 16. True North is Constant. Magnetic North is the point to which the compass needle points. The needle does not point directly to True North, but a little West or East of True North. The point towards which the needle swings is known as Magnetic North and the difference between True North and Magnetic North is called Magnetic Variation. The amount of the Magnetic Variation depends upon two factors, time and place as at Fig below. Magnetic Variation 17. Time. The Variation is not constant but is, gradually changing and even the change each year is not constant but the difference being negligible it is taken to be constant. On the top margin of a map will be found a statement giving the Magnetic Variation. To bring this up-to-date, the year of issue of the map must be noted and for every year that has passed since then the applicable change annually subtracted or added from the figure given as applicable. 18. Place. The amount of the Magnetic Variation also changes in different parts of the world and indeed in different parts of the country. Grid Convergence 19. The angular difference between Grid and True North is called the Angle of Convergence or the Grid Convergence. CONCLUSION 20. Knowledge about Cardinal points and types of North is the first step towards learning map reading. This knowledge is necessary not only with respect to maintaining direction during navigation; but also comes handy in our other daily activities. A good navigator has the ability to quickly orient himself as per the cardinal directions almost naturally; this helps in getting a sense of direction and helps to find out our own position subsequently.  29 CHAPTER II : CONDUCT OF MAP READING, GOOGLE, TOURIST MAP AND APPLICATIONS Introduction 1. Map reading plays very major role in services as well as in governance system. These days digital maps and artificial intelligence has taken over majority usage thereby making such task easy and user friendly along with information technology. Setting of map and finding own position is the essence of the map reading training. Bearing and Its Conversion Methods 2. Types of Bearing. The clock wise angle formed by a straight line joining two points and direction of NORTH, is called the bearing between the two points. A bearing is always measured clockwise. They are three types as given below:- (a) Grid Bearing. Measured on the map from the Grid North by the help of a protractor. (b) Magnetic Bearing. Measured from Magnetic North by the compass. (c) True Bearing. Calculated by finding out the relation of True NORTH and Grid NORTH or Magnetic NORTH. 3. To Convert a Magnetic Bearing to a Grid Bearing. Suppose the bearing of a certain point P is measured with a compass and is found to be 1600. To convert this Magnetic Bearing to a True Bearing, follow under mentioned steps:- (a) First find out the Magnetic Variation of the Area. Magnetic Variation is given on the Top Right corner of each Map. (b) Suppose 50 is the Magnetic Variation of the area. Now subtract this Magnetic Variation to the Magnetic Bearing. (c) The resultant is the Grid Bearing i.e. 1550 4. To Convert Grid Bearing to Magnetic Bearing. (a) Measure the Grid Bearing of an object on the map with help of the service protractor from your own position. (b) Suppose the Grid Bearing of the object is 1500. (c) Now, find out the Magnetic Variation of the area with the help of Map (Magnetic Variation is given on the Top right corner of the map). Suppose Magnetic Variation of the area is 6 0. (d) Now, add this Magnetic Variation to the Grid Bearing. (e) The resultant will be the Magnetic Bearing of the object i.e. 1560. 5. Back Bearing. It is bearing taken opposite of original position of object. The rule is that if the bearing is less than 1800 add 1800 and if bearing is more than 1800 then subtract 1800. For example:- (a) If forward bearing of an object is 700 then its back bearing will be 1800 + 700 = 2500. (b) If forward bearing of an object is 240 then its back bearing will be 240 0- 1800= 600. Service Protractor and its Uses 6. The protractor is made of cardboard or ivories (flexible material) and it measures 6 inches long and 2 inches wide.  30 Measuring a Bearing 7. The angle can be measured by drawing a line from the graduation to the point zero on the protractor. The required angle will be the gap between this line and the line joining the zero. Types of Compass and Acquiring A Bearing including GPS 8. Types of Compass and Taking Bearing. There are two types of prismatic compass, the dry and liquid filled. Liquid type is easier to use though it is less sensitive. 9. Description. Various parts are shown below:- 10. How to Take a Bearing (a) Open the lid of compass. (b) Turn the prism casing over. (c) Put your thumb through the ring. (d) Put your forefinger underneath the compass & hold it to horizontal level. (e) Bring the prism up to the eye. (f) See through the prism via hairline to object. (g) Read the bearing. Navigation by compass and GPS 11. Navigation by Compass. Sometimes it may be necessary to march by night or in thick jungle area in the direction of a certain point; since the point may not be visible in darkness or thick vegetation. In such a situation follow the steps mentioned below:- (a) Calculate the bearing from the Map i.e Grid Bearing (b) Convert it to the magnetic bearing and cater for the compass error to arrive at a figure (say 250 degree), the compass must now be set to this figure to march on it. (c) Unscrew the clamping screw (d) Rotate the milled vane to 25 till it comes exactly on the “lubber line” (e) Tighten the clamping screw (f) Compass is now set for 250 degree (g) To obtain the direction of march, open the lid fully and keep the compass on the palm. (h) Now turn left or right till arrow head comes under the direction mark (i) Direction of march is given by the direction in which tongue is pointing. 12. Compass Error. Sometimes due to the presence of impurities in the material of which a compass is made or other reasons, the magnetic needle may not point toward the magnetic NORTH but a little to the EAST or WEST of it. This deviation of the magnetic needle in the compass from the magnetic NORTH is termed compass error. 13. Global Positioning System. Global Positioning System (GPS) refers to a system of satellites and receivers that allows people and devices to pin point their precise location on the earth. The first GPS satellite was launched in 1974. GPS is funded and controlled by the United States, Department of Defence. Present technology provides very handy and accurate navigation. GPS is used by:-  31 (a) Commonly used in day to day life by general public like. (b) Commonly used in day to day life by general public like for travelling purposes. (c) Fishermen and hikers to navigate. (d) Armed Forces, inbuilt its equipment and in uses in battlefields. SETTING OF A MAP, FINDING NORTH AND OWN POSITION Map Setting by Various Methods 14. Setting of Map. A map is said to be set or oriented when it is placed such that it corresponds directly with the ground i.e. when true NORTH on the map points to true NORTH on the ground. There are two methods of setting a map - by compass and by objects on the ground. Setting by Compass 15. Draw a line showing magnetic NORTH from a point on a grid line. Open the compass and lay it flat on the map over the above drawn diagram, which will show the magnetic variation so that the hair line on the window lies along the magnetic NORTH line on the diagram. Then turn both the map and the compass till the needle points along the hair line. The map is now set, since the magnetic NORTH line on the map is pointing in the direction of magnetic NORTH as indicated by the compass needle. 16. Finding North and own Position Without Compass. The position of NORTH can be discovered by one of the following methods :- (a) Equal Altitude Method. (i) Take a fairly large piece of paper or card board and spread it flat on the ground. In the centre fix a pencil or piece of wood perpendicular to the ground. It can be done with the help of a coin fixed at the base of pencil or wood with sealing wax or by directly pushing it in the ground. (ii) Wait till after mid-day until the sun has moved around sufficiently to throw another shadow as indicated by the dotted line AD i.e. of the same. (b) By Stars. In the Northern hemisphere, the Pole star indicates the position of True North to within 2 degree. It is a bright star and it can be found by protruding a line from Great Bear. The pole star will be found slightly off this line on the side remote from the remaining stars of the Great Bear. 17. Methods of Finding own Position on Map. (a) By resection method or Compass method. (b) By Inspection method. 18. Resection with Compass Method. (a) Recognise three prominent features (A, B, C) on map and on the ground as well. These three prominent features must not be more than 180 or less than 30 apart. They should be as far as possible and clearly visible. The bearing of these points be taken and converted into Grid bearings. (b) Then, on the map the back bearings from these points must be plotted, and the point of intersection will be the required position. (c) In order to do an accurate resection, three or more objects are necessary. But in that case if the three rays do not intersect at the same point, a triangle of error is obtained. The centre of triangle  32 is the point of your own position. 19. By Inspection Method. By inspections is meant a careful and detailed study of the ground and features both on the map and the ground and features on the map and on the ground. The method consists of:- (a) Setting the map. (b) Recognition of general area of own position on the map. (c) A close study of the ground details. MAP TO GROUNG, GROUND TO MAP Map to Ground 20. To find out the details of map on ground is known as map to ground. Following methods are used to identify objects from map to ground:- (a) Bearing and Distance Method. With the help of bearing and distance, find out own position. Find out the distance of the object to be identified on ground with the help of a scale on the map. Using service protractor, find out the bearing of the object and convert it into magnetic bearing. Set the magnetic bearing on compass and look for the object in the given bearing. Estimating the distance on ground the object will be identified. (b) Direction and Distance Method. Draw a line on the map between own position and object to be identified. Calculate its distance and using any of the following methods find the direction of the object:- (i) With the help of a sight rule find the ground direction of the object. (ii) With the help of two points on the map estimate the ground direction. (iii) Place a foot ruler /pencil at own position and align it with line of the map. (iv) Place a pin each at own position and at the object on the map. Align both pins and find general direction. (c) By Estimation Method. In this method measuring bearing, distance and direction, object is identified with the help of other details in the proximity of the object. Ground to Map 21. To find out an object indicated on ground on the map is called ground to map. GOOGLE MAPS & APPLICATIONS 22. Google Maps is available as a mobile app for the Android and iOS mobile operating systems. The Android app was first released in September 2008, though the GPS-localization feature had been in testing on cellphones since 2007.Up until iOS 6, the built-in maps application on the iOS operating system was powered by Google Maps. However, with the announcement of iOS 6 in June 2012, Apple announced that they had created their own Apple Maps mapping service, which officially replaced Google Maps when iOS 6 was released on September 19, 2012. However, at launch, Apple Maps received significant criticism from users due to inaccuracies, errors and bugs. Applications 23. Here are eight off-the-beaten-path Google apps that'll help you do all sorts of interesting things with your Android device. And yes, they're all free. (Some, but not all, are also available for iOS.) (a) Google Handwriting.  33 (b) Trusted Contacts. (c) Google Trips. (d) Google Arts & Culture. (e) Chrome Remote Desktop. (f) Google Opinion Rewards. (g) Android Auto. (h) Wallpapers CONCLUSION 24. It is important for the cadets to understand the methods and the procedure to find objects from map to ground and from ground to map. With the help of satellites and information technology companies like Google have taken over mapping system by using artificial intelligence making life faster and user friendly connecting Smart Phones with applications for map reading, navigation, tracking system and traffic. SUMMARY 1. Map is the geographical representation of land on a paper. 2. Scale is a proportion of two points on map and two points on the ground. 3. Relief is applied to the shape of the ground in a vertical plane. 4. Contour is an imaginary line following surface of the ground at a certain level. 5. Gradient is the slope of the ground expressed as the angle the ground makes with the horizontal. 6. Cardinal Points are the four major directions North, South, East and West. 7. There are three types of North, True North is the direction of North pole. Magnetic North is the direction which a magnetic needle points, Grid North is the direction of the North South grid lines on a map-point. 8. Magnetic Variation is the difference between True North and Magnetic North. It depends on time and place. 9. Grid Convergence is the angular difference between Grid North and True North. 10. Bearing: The clock wise angle formed by a straight line joining two points and direction of North. 11. Methods to find own position on map are- by resection, by map spotting or by bearing and distance. 12. Methods are used to identify objects from map to ground. (a) Bearing and Distance Method. (b) Direction and Distance Method. (c) By Estimation Method. 13. To find out an object indicated on ground on the map is called ground to map. 14. Applications. (i) Google Handwriting. (j) Trusted Contacts. (k) Google Trips. (l) Google Arts & Culture. (m) Chrome Remote Desktop. (n) Google Opinion Rewards. (o) Android Auto. (p) Wallpapers  34 CHAPTER- I : INTRODUCTION TO FIELD CRAFT CRAFT INTRODUCTION 1. Field Craft is an important aspect of military training as it is the art of using the ground and the weapon to the best of one’s own advantage. A quick, accurate and standard procedure is necessary to enable a commander to describe an area to his men and the men to understand it correctly 2. Battle craft is nothing but set of drills which are essential for conduct of successful operations in the battle field. These battle drills are very useful in tackling minor tactical problems. They save time, ensure rapid action and avoid confusion. Knowledge of field signals and section and platoon formations, however, is essential in the execution of various battle drills. Judging Distance 3. An individual should be able to judge distance accurately with his eyes so that the individual can decide on the following:- (a) Know when to open fire. (b) Know which weapon to be used. (c) Can indicate targets to other men in his section. (d) Pass back accurate information when acting. as an observer. 4. Methods of Judging Distance. There are six methods of Judging distance. These are as under:- 5. Unit of Measure. This method is also termed as the 100 yards method. The unit of measure chosen is normally 100 yards and therefore one should form a good idea of 100 yards distance on the ground. The length of a hockey field is the best yard stick for this purpose. The distance of a given object will be a multiple of the imaginary unit of 100 yards, as placed between the observer and the object. Appearance Method. The distance can be judged by noting the detailed appearance of man at various ranges. 7. Section Average. Each man in the section is asked to judge the distance of a given object. The average of the answers given by the whole section is then accepted as the distance.  35 8. Key Range. If the range of the certain object is known, distance to other objects can be found in relation to the known range. This method is called “Key Range” method. 9. Halving. An object is selected half way between the observer and the target, the distance to the selected object is judged and doubled to get the distance to the target. 10. Bracketing. The observer works out the maximum and the minimum possible distances of the object and then accepts the mean as the distance. CONCLUSION 1. To achieve success in war it is very important that the target is correctly understood for mechanics of field and battle crafts are understood clearly. Knowledge of ground along with basic skills would be beneficial to cadets in all respect.  36 CHAPTER II – INDICATION OF LANDMARKS Introduction 1. Landmarks and other objects on the ground or a battle field may be either unclear due to climatic conditions or other reasons. Every effort should, therefore be made to indicate their location and size carefully and accurately Definitions 2. Landmarks. An object, which is important on the ground and which is used in verbal orders to explain the ground in front. 3. Target. It is an object having a technical significance which is indicated with a view to bring down fire on it. 4. Reference Point. An important and unmistakable object, with the help of