SAC Handout 2022 PDF

1 RESTD The School of Infantry & Tactics SAC METHODOLOGY BOOK 2022 RESTD  2 RESTD FOREWORD 1....

1 RESTD The School of Infantry & Tactics SAC METHODOLOGY BOOK 2022 RESTD  2 RESTD FOREWORD 1. The idea to prepare methodology book was conceived by competent auth after receiving feedback from previous courses. It was highlt by students that although Army Pubs (GSPs) and wpn manuals contain detailed description of specific wpns; but still there exists a gap in understanding and language of GSPs and manuals is ambiguous regarding certain tech terms. This causes lack of understanding on part of students and instrs alike, resulting in wrong comprehension and scarce dissemination of knowledge. This void leaves students with doubts and req lvl of competence is not achieved. 2. Competent auth deemed it appropriate to detail a panel of instrs to prepare a comprehensive book keeping in view the reqs of students. The bd of Instrs have gone through the aval material (GSPs and Wpn Manuals) and docu and incl max possible data of Small Arms in this book. Help from internet as well as the prac experience of JCOs/ HMIs is also sought to formulate a comprehensive guidebook. This methodology book is aimed at being an aid for students to be used during course for prac handling of wpns and emp in diff ops of war. 3. Methodology book will be issued to students before commencement of Small Arms Course. Improvements and updating of methodology book will be a cont process. At the end of the course, feedback will be sought from students and nec amdts and corrns (if req) will be incorporated. Suggestions and obsns/ queries in the contents of book may be comm dir to Instr Coord or through respective Pl Instrs. 4. At the end, SI&T team hopes that this methodology book will serve its purpose and cover the void in understanding, while being a ready reckoner to be consulted without the labour of going through lot of ref material. We also hope that this will serve as a guideline for further studies in understanding the wpns held by Pakistan Army. RESTD  3 RESTD OBJs 1. The Methodology book of Small Arms Course has been prep to achieve fol objs: - a. It is expected to fill the void in understanding of students because of ambiguous language of Gen Service Publications (GSPs) and wpn manuals. b. To impart a standardized trg to complete course and ensure no erroneous piece of knowledge is passed on because of improper comprehension. c. To provide a handy ready reckoner to YOs and guidelines for further studies. d. Knock the mental faculties of YOs by providing consolidated definitions and explanation of basic terminologies related to theory of Small Arms. This will inc the thirst of YOs to gain more knowledge and inc their astuteness. e. Ensure better understanding of YOs regarding diff Small Arms held on the inventory of Pakistan Army. f. An effort has been made to ensure detailed description of wpns so that all the data is aval in single book and need for scrutiny of diff GSPs is reduced. g. To augment conceptual understanding of students, specifications of Small Arms trenches is also included. This should help students in comprehending emp in diff ops of war. h. Give a fair idea of Small Arms held by our adversary India and other contemporary armies. It will help YOs to enhance their understanding about the threat. RESTD  4 RESTD CONTENTS Ser Subj Pg No THEORY OF SAs 1. Theory of SAs (Part I and Part II) 6 G3A3 2. Intro to G3A3 25 3. Func, Stoppages and Remedial Actions of RIF G3A3 28 4. Zeroing of RIF G3A3 33 5. Altering Sights and Aiming off for Wind (mech sight) 35 6. Judging Dist with Rif G3A3 (Mech Sight) 36 7. Gen Description and Zeroing of Telescopic Sight (4 x 24) 39 8. Gen Description and Zeroing of Red Dot Optical Sight 42 SMG CHINESE 9. Intro to SMG 50 10. Zeroing, Stoppages and Remedial Measures of SMG 52 11. Techs of Uphill / Downhill Shooting 53 MP5A2 12. Intro to MP5A2 61 13. Procedure for Zeroing, Stoppages/ Remedial Actions of MP5A2 65 MG1A3 14. Intro to MG1A3 70 15. Char and types of fire 71 16. Funcs, Stoppages and Remedial Measures 74 17. Zeroing and Bore sighting of MG1A3 77 18. Intro to Mount Tripod & Use of AA Sight MG on Fixed Line and Prep of Rg Card 80 19. Intro/ Handling of LRTWS with MG (Ni pd) 84 20. Zeroing and Bore sighting with LRTWS 84 21. Intro /Handling of NS-685C & 4A Sight (Ni Pd) 87 22. Emp of MG1A3 in all Ops of War 92 23. Flk Fire & Fire and Mov 93 24. Auto of MG1A3 94 LRF 25. LRF – LRH786P (hand held) 99 Pistol 26. Intro to 9mm Pistols 111 27. Tech. Data, and troubleshooting of Sarsilmaz Pistol and Norinco NP 22 112 28. Basic pistol shooting techs 114 MOI 29. Basic reqs of Instrs 122 30. Prep of Lectures 123 31. Use of Trg Aid 124 GREN 32. Intro to Grens (Arges, Smk & Super Energa) 132 33. Principle of Throwing 137 THUNDERBOLT SC – 76 LIGHT SNIPER RIF 34. Intro to LSR 141 RESTD  5 RESTD Ser Subj Pg No 35. Intro & Chars of Meopta Telescopic sight of LSR 145 36. Emp of Sniper (SSR & LSR) in Conventional and Sub Conventional Ops 146 STEYR SNIPER RIF (SSR) 37. Intro to SSR 151 38. Tech Data, Chars and Zeroing of ZFM 6 x 42 Telescope Sight 152 39. Marksmanship Terms and Spec Eqpt of Indl & Sniper Teams 155 40. Art of Sniping - Black Magic Book 159 12.7 mm AAMG 41. Intro to 12.7 mm AAMG 165 42. Func, Stoppages and Remedial Measures 166 43. Zeroing, bore sighting & Use of Mount 168 44. Intro to AA Sight, its use & Char 170 45. Duties of Wpn Numbers 174 46. Emp of 12.7 mm in Conventional and Sub Conventional Ops 179 FC 47. JD, Use of Aids to JD and Use of Bino & deg 182 48. Intro to FC–Recog and indication of Tgt 183 49. Moving with or w/o RIFs and LMG 184 50. Prep of SAs Rg Card 186 GPS 51. Intro to GPS, Funcs and Use of GPS 189 THREAT 52. Indian SAs (RIF 7.62 mm, LMG, SMG, Dragunov Sniper Rif) 197 53. Comparison existing wpns 204 54. Comparison of wpns held with Indian SIB 206 NVDs 55. Intro to ANPVS-5A and 7D 208 56. Char and Gen Data of SKUA LR 220 SAs TRENCHES 57. Intro to SAs Trenches of Inf 223 Factor Dial 58. Factor Dial of 60 mm Mor 229 LATEST TRENDS 59. Latest Trends in SAs 235 60. Latest Trends in SAs Ammo 238 SAs IN CONTEMPORARY ARMIES 61. USA 240 62. Russia 243 63. China 245 64. Comparative Analysis of SAs with Contemporary Armies 247 RESTD  6 RESTD THEORY OF SAs Ref: GSP-1399 and Black Magic Book &Animated Software Part 1 1. Definitions Related to SA a. Barrel. It is a metallic tube which can be rifled or smooth. b. Bore. Inner/interior portion of the barrel is known as bore. c. Cold Bore / Barrel Zero. Distinct from where a series of bullets may impact after a rif’s barrel has warmed up, the cold barrel zero applies only to the exact impact of the very first rd, which could be several inches diff. Military snipers zero their wpns for the cold barrel. d. Chamber. It is the rear portion of the barrel which holds the cart. e. Rifling. A barrel is said to be rifled when it has spiral grooves cut down the bore. There are lands b/w the grooves. f. Cal. Cal is the (std) dia of the bore excl depth of the rifling grooves. g. Twist. Twist of the rifling is the dist, measured in cals, in which the grooves make one complete turn / circuit of the bore. h. Axis of the Barrel. This is an imaginary line through the cen of the bore from breech to muzzle. i. Line of Sight. This is a straight line from the firer's eye through the sights to the pt of aim. j. Line of Fire. This is the dir to the tgt from the muzzle of a wpn. k. Jump. Jump is the angle in the vertical plane b/w the line of dep and the axis of the bore before firing. l. MV. It is the vel with which a proj lve the muzzle of a wpn. m. Field of Fire. Areas which are relatively free of obstructions into which a firer can fire, ideally up to the max rg of his wpn. A superior can further limit this by designating within it a sector of fire. 2. Definitions Related to Motion of Proj a. Line of Departure. This is the dir of motion of the proj as it lve the muzzle. It is tangent to the trajectory at the muzzle. b. Trajectory. It is the curved path taken by a bullet through its flt. The main factors which influence trajectory are vel of the bullet, gravity of the earth, rotation of the bullet& resistance of air. RESTD  7 RESTD (1) Rising Br. This the part of trajectory where the bullet departs the muzzle of the rif and rises (when the muzzle is elevated) in flt until it reaches the max ht. (2) Mid-Rg Trajectory (MRT). This is the height the bullet reached true midrange to the tgt. e.g. on a 1000 yds shot the mid-rg trajectory occurs at exactly 500 yds. (3) Maximum Ordinate This is the highest pt the bullet reaches along its trajectory. It is measured from the line of sight as you look through the sights of the tgt and not from the gr or the line of bore. Max ordinate will never occur before MRT. Max ordinate occurs farther than the MRT as the rg increases. (4) Falling Branch. This is the part of the trajectory where the bullet after max ordinate begins its downward flt to the tgt. This terminates when the bullet strikes the tgt or any other medium. (5) Line of Bore (LOB). This is an imaginary line (angle) measured in Mils or MOAs to which the barrel is elevated to send the bullet towards the tgt. (6) Line of Sight (LOS). This is the straight line from the eye of the shooter through the optical or iron sight to the pt of aim. This is often confused with the line of bore. c. Factors Affecting Long Rg Trajectory (1) Sight Ht. (2) Zero Rg. (3) Initial Vel. (4) Aerodynamic Jump. (5) Acceleration due to gravity. (6) Actual Horizontal Rg. (7) Wind Angle/ speed. d. Effs of Atmospheric elms on Ballistics (1) Temp Corrn. (2) Humidity Corrn. (3) Alt Corrn. e. Fall Angle (Striking Angle). The fall/ striking angle is the degree of arc that represents the trajectory of a bulet as it impacts the tgt. f. Vertex or Culminating Pt. This is the highest pt above the line of sight that a proj reaches in its flt to the tgt. This pt occurs at little beyond half the dist, which the bullet travels. g. First Catch. This is the pt where a proj strikes the top of the tgt. RESTD  8 RESTD h. Pt of Graze. This is the pt at which the trajectory intersects the horizontal plane through the wpn. It is sometimes called the “ballistic pt of graze”. i. Dangerous Space. At a particular rg, this is the dist b/w the pt of first catch and the first graze. Dangerous space depends upon the fol: - (1) Rg. (2) The ht of the wpn above gr lvl. (3) The ht of the tgt. (4) The flatness of the trajectory of the wpn. (5) Layout of gr. j. The dangerous space inc when:- (1) The nearer the wpn is to the gr. (2) The taller the obj fired at. (3) The flatter the trajectory. (4) The nearer the slope of gr conforms to the angle of descent of the bullet. (5) The dangerous space dec as the rg inc, owing to steeper angle of descent of the bullet at the longer rgs. RESTD  9 RESTD k. Remaining Vel. This is the vel of the proj at any specified pt on the trajectory. When it is not specified it ref to the pt of graze. l. Drift. It is the mov of a proj in a lateral dir of rt angle to its principal motion. It is caused by reaction b/w the air and the spinning proj. m. Stability. It is the tendency of a proj to return to its lvl or balanced posn. Without stability, a proj would tumble over and will have a very shot rg. n. Burst of Fire. A no of rds fired with one squeeze of the trigger of an auto wpn is termed as a burst of fire. o. Cone of Fire. When a burst is fired, the bullets do not fol the same path. The vibration of the gun, variation in the ammo and changing condns of the barrel cause each trajectory to differ RESTD  10 RESTD slightly from the other in a burst. The gp of trajectories formed by a single burst is called the cone of fire. p. Beaten Zone. The beaten zone is a long elliptical pattern formed by the inter sec of the cone of fire with the gr. The pattern of the bullets is the thickest in the middle of the beaten zone. As the rg inc, the length of the beaten zone dec and the width inc. This is due to the inc angle of descent of the bullets. q. Dangerous Zone. It is the area of the beaten zone plus the dangerous space formed by the lowest bullets of the cone. RESTD  11 RESTD 3. Definitions Related to Ammo a. Case. The case is of solid drawn brass with a groove or rim for extraction. It holds the entire assy together i.e. the bullet at one end, the primer / percussion cap at the base and the propellant chg inside the case. It is corrosion resistant; thus moisture is not allowed to enter and desensitize the chemical elms inside. b. Chg. The cart contains a smokeless powder in the form of small perforated grains or sticks i.e., nitrocellulose or cordite sticks. When suitably ignited, it burns uniformly and rapidly producing many times its own vol of gases at a high temp and pressure. No outside agent like oxygen is nec for its burning. c. The Bullet. Normally bullet is a pt and has a lead core inside a copper envelope. It is long in shape to have more ballistic coefficient. Various types of bullets are: - (1) Ball Bullets. These have soft cores and are used against pers only. (2) AP Bullets. These have hardened steel core and are fired against veh, wpns and armd tgts. (3) Tracer Bullets. These bullets contain a compound usually similar to barium nitrate in their rear portion. This is set on fire when the bullet is proj. The flash or smk from this burning permits the flt of the bullet to be seen. (4) Incendiary Bullets. These bullets mainly contain a mixture in a steel container inside the copper envelope that can be set on fire on impact. They are used against tgts that will burn readily such as pers etc. (5) AP Incendiary Bullets. These bullets have a steel core and incendiary mixture inside the copper jacketing. They have the cap of piercing through soft veh and set them on fire. 4. Misc Definitions a. Final Firing Posn (FFP). It’s the posn of firing team from where it engages its tgt and then wdr to firm base. FFP and firm base are two diff areas. Only essentials eqpt req for engagement of tgt like wpns and ammo are taken to FFP. Some of imp reqs of FFP are:- (1) Clear view of the tgt and close enough to takeout the tgt reliably with one shot. (2) Inconspicuous and least expected loc. (3) Avoid skyline and always go for the mil crest. (4) Shade is a friend unless isolated and prominent. (5) Loc should be such that it is lost amongst a large no of features. (6) Dummy or decoy FFP may be established to deceive the en. (7) If shooter starts taking fire in FFP, there can be two possibilities:- (a) First, en has detected him if he is getting accurate fire before firing. In this case he should immediately escape. (b) Second, en fire is after the shooter has made the shot and not accurately directed. In such a case, shooter should read the sit before making further moves. RESTD  12 RESTD b. Ballistics. Ballistics, in its gen sense, is the science of the motion of proj. c. Yaw. It is the angle b/w the axis of the proj and the trajectory along which it is flying. A proj which has a large yaw has a low stability, will have a short rg and will be gen inaccurate. d. Hang Fire. It occurs when the time interval b/w the releasing of the firing mech of a fire arm and the proj from the chamber is longer than customary. It may be due to many causes, chief of which is faulty Func of the primer or faulty ignition of the propellant. e. Obturation. It is the locking or sealing off the breech of wpn to prevent the leakage of gases when a cart is fired. f. Cooking Off. It is the self ignition of a cart inside an over heated chamber of a wpn. g. Run Away Gun. When an auto wpn keeps on firing, against the wishes of the firer, it is termed as run away gun. Part 2 5. Elm Theory. In elm theory we discuss various factors that influence the flt of a bullet from the time it is fired till it strikes a tgt. Before this diff types of ballistics will be briefly explained:- a. Internal Ballistics. Part of ballistics that deals with the firingof the proj down the bore inside the firearm. From the pull of the trigger, the release of the sear, the striking of the firing pin, the ignition of the primer and propellant, the proj moving down the bore, and up to the pt at which the bullet leaves the muzzle of the barrel. Related aspects incl chamber pressure, lock time and headspace. b. Intermediate Ballistics. This deals with the motion of a proj from the moment it lve the muzzle till the pressure of the gases behind the proj drops to atmospheric pressure and all factors affecting its motion during this pd. c. External Ballistics. External ballistics deals with the proj in flt once ithas cleared the muzzle of the rif up to the pt at which it impacts the tgt. Themethodology of correcting for MET and ENV conditions come into play. d. Terminal Ballistics. Terminal ballistics is concerned with the path of the bulletand its effs once it makes contact with any medium other than air. This rgs from what happens to the bullet itself to the wound ballistics related to the tgt. e. Wound Ballistics. The damage caused by ammo to the tgt has given rise to a new terminology called wound ballistics. 6. Seq of Events. The events, which take place during the motion of the proj when it is fired, encompass internal ballistics and external ballistics:- a. Internal Ballistic (1) The Force of Explosion. When a rd is fired the propellant is ignited by the primer and thus gases are formed by the burning powder. Rate of burning is influenced by the surrounding pressure. Powder ignited in open air burns with a hot flame w/o any loud report or expl. On the other hand in a chamber where gases produced cannot escape and so cause a large pressure build up, burning of powder is very rapid, taking place only in a few thousandth of a sec. Under the pressure of the expanding gases the bullet is driven out of the barrel with a tremendous force. The max pressure produced inside RESTD  13 RESTD the barrel is as much as 60,000 psi and the temp reaches upto 2500 deg celcius to 3000 deg celcius. (2) Band Engraving. When the charge is ignited, gases are evolved from the surface of each separate piece of propellant and the gas pressure in the aval space behind the base of the proj rises. The resistance to the fwd motion of the proj is large initially as the driving band is not fully engraved and the shell mov very slowly during this stage. The rate of the burning of propellant inc as the gas pressure rises, the gas is rapidly evolved and the pressure is soon high enough so that the land of rifling can cut grooves in the driving band. This process is “Band Engraving”. (3) Short Start Pressure. The pressure of the gases continue to build up more and more till it over comes the resistance offered by the driving band and the proj starts mov up the bore. The pressure which is req to start the motion of the proj is termed as “short start pressure”. (4) Peak Pressure. The fwd motion of shot inc with rapid rise in pressure. The result is that as soon as the shell has mov fwd a short dist, pressure reaches a max value and at this instant the inc in gases is bal by inc in vel. The pressure is known as “peak pressure”. (5) All Burnt Pt. With the pressure falling and vel steadily rising a stage is soon reached when all the charge is completely consumed and no more gas is being evolved. This pt is known as “all burnt pt”. (6) Eff of Rifling. When the propellant is ignited, within a very short pd of time the internal pressure is great enough to drive the bullet from the case into the barrel. At the beginning of this motion the bullet strikes the start of rifling. It cannot pass through the bore unless it is engraved and forced into the rifling. This force req some energy, so there is a slight delay in the motion of the bullet. As the powder burns, the pressure cont to rise. While the expanding gases are driving the bullet out, it is cont guided by the lands and grooves. As a result of this the bullet acquires a spinning motion by the time it comes out of the barrel. The more the pressure built up in the chamber, and the rate of turn of the grooves, the greater will be the spin given to the bullet. (7) Recoil. As the propellant charge burns inside the chamber it is converted into gases, which exert pressure with an equal force in all dir. Gases presses against the walls of the chamber or barrel cannot produce any transverse mov. Pressure exerted towards the muzzle end drives the bullet out of the barrel. The same amount of pressure is exerted against the breech which results in recoil. Recoil occurs when the bullet is being driven out by the expanding gases. If the breech block / bolt and barrel are rigidly fastened to the body of the wpn, it will recoil as whole causing great force upon the shoulder of a firer. On the other hand if they are mtd loosely in the stock or receiver, they will mov in retaliation to it thereby reducing the recoil. (8) Variations in the Performance of a Wpn (a) Wet / Oily Barrel. If shots are fired with wet or oily barrel, abnormal vibration and consequently erratic shooting will occur until the water or oil is RESTD  14 RESTD burnt up. Bullets will normally hit high on the tgt when fired from a wet or oily barrel. (b) Wet/Oily Cart or Chamber. Should the chamber or the cart be oily or wet extra back pressure will be dev on the bolt head/breech block or locking sys, owing to lack of friction b/w the case and the chamber. This will affect vibration, and erratic shooting will result. Without stability, a proj would tumble over and over and will have a very shot rg. (c) Resting the Wpn. Resting a wpn at a wrong pt may affect the jump, hence the shooting accuracy. Therefore, a wpn must be rested at the correct pt. (d) Firing with Bay / Launcher Fixed. This may affect jump and the shooting of a wpn. No two wpns fire exactly alike when fixed with a bay or launcher fixed. As a rough guide it has been found that fixing the bay or launcher cause a drop in the posn of the MPI. (e) Stocking Up of the Wpn. It is fitting of the fore-end to the barrel and body. Any wearing of fore-end or presence of any foreign material b/w the fore-end and the barrel may cause the jump and this will eff the accuracy of the wpn. (f) Eff of Changing Condns of the Wpn i. Temp. During firing tremendous amount of heat is generated inside the barrel as a result of which the barrel expands. Thus, the bullets don not get the desired frictional resistance; hence the desired vel in an over heated barrel. That is why they strike low on the tgt. ii. Worn Out Barrel. If the barrel of a wpn is worn out, bullets do not get the desired vel. This results in inaccuracy at the tgt. b. External Ballistics (1) Gravity. This tends to draw the bullet down-wards with increasing speed throughout its flt i.e. 32.2 ft/sec. If gravity was not present the proj would travel along straight line. (2) Resistance of the Air. This causes the vel of the bullet to dec. Without air resistance a 7.62 mm bullet fired with a MV of 2700 ft/sec would travel 5000 yds in approx 5.5 secs, owing to the resistance of the air it takes 24 secs to travel the same dist. Besides that, air resistance drifts a spinning proje away from its normal course since the latter due to equilibrium yaw, keeps its nose slightly above and to the rt of its trajectory. (3) Wind. The wind affects the flt of a bullet considerably at all rg except the very shortest. (4) Fore Body Drag. As the proj mov through the air, it is displaced. The energy needed to displace this air causes a cont drain on the initial kinetic energy of the proj. This loss of energy is called drag. The compression of the air which occurs imed in front of the proj is transmitted to the surrounding air as a pressure wave. This is called fore body drag. (5) Shock Wave. When the proj is traveling faster than sound, no part of disturbance can escape dir in front of the proj since it is mov faster than disturbance. The result is RESTD  15 RESTD that the compression wave bunches up and a shock wave is created at the nose of the proj. (6) Base Drag. Due to tail shock turbulence is created at the back side of the bodies, this turbulence is called wake or base drag. It is caused by region of low pressure behind the body. (7) Skin Friction. Addl resistance to motion is caused by air adhering to surface of the proj, it is known as skin friction. (8) Excrescence Drag. It arises from protuberance from the shell and can be min by eliminating all unnec proj. THEORY OF SAs PART II (DEV OF SAs) GSP-1399 and R& D Script “Hand Book of Inf Wpns” 1. Definitions a. Rimmed Rd. Rim is the rear portion or base of the rd. If rim protrudes out of the curvature of the case wall it is said to be rimmed. b. Rimless Rd. It is that rd in which rim is in line with the case wall. c. Rear Obturation. Gases produced after the cap strike result into rapid built up of pressure. The bullet is driven out and mouth of cart case expands and seals the front end of chamber to prevent any gas escaping back/rearwards. This process is known as rear obturation. Methods Of Op 2. Blow Back Ops. In this method of op the energy req to carryout the cycle of ops is sup to the bolt by the backward mov of cart case, caused by the gas pressure. This method of op is further sub div into fol three categories:- a. Simple Blow Back. This sys in its simplest form allows a totally unlocked breech, and relies merely on the mass of the breech block and the str of the return spring to prevent the cart case from coming back too quickly. This form of op is suitable only where the cart is of low power relative to the breech block. Therefore, this op is normally restd to the pistols and some SMGs. b. Adv Primer Ignition. Some of the sophisticated blow back designs have been incorporated into large cal MGs. These take adv of the fact that a cart is fired before being fully chambered, allows half the firing impulse to slow down the momentum of breech block, so that only half the impulse is aval to give the blow back again. It has fol imp design func:- RESTD  16 RESTD (1) Breech block is lt. (2) `Con firing, in which strike is at desired pt e.g UK L2A3 SMG. c. Delayed Blow Back. (Also called "retarded blow back or hesitation blow back"). In this sys a mechanical delay is imposed, to ensure that the breech block does not mov back rapidly. A feature of all delayed blow back sys is that the delaying force is greatest while the pressure is high and is reduced as the pressure drops off. This delay is caused either by using some lever sys or a sys of rollers, as used by Heckler and Koch of Germany, in nearly all their wpns. When a delay mech is incl in the design, the mass of the bolt can be reduced tremendously. 3. Although, blow back op wpns are relatively simple to mfr, great care has to be taken with their design:- a. Advs (1) Cheap. (2) Simple. (3) Robust. b. Disadvs (1) Hy mov parts. (2) Fouling in chamber / body. c. Appls (1) SMGs. (2) SLR (Self loading rifs). (3) LMGs (4) GP MGs (Gen purpose machine gun). (5) HMGs. (6) Pistols. 4. Recoil Op. In this method of op the energy req to carry out the cycle of op is sup to the bolt by the rearward mov of the bolt and barrel, locked together caused by the gas pressure. The diff in this sys and blow back sys is that in this sys the breech is fully locked with the barrel mov back with the breech block. It is further div into three cats:- RESTD  17 RESTD a. Long Recoil. In the long recoil sys the bolt and the barrel both recoil and this dist is more than the length of an unfired rd. Barrel is auto recoiled back to its original posn with the help of return spring. Because of long mov of bolt and barrel together the rate of fire in this sys has to be very slow. At the same time the bal of the wpn is disturbed by the maj shift in cen of gravity. This problem restricts the use of long recoil sys in rifs / LMGs. b. Short Recoil. In this sys the breech is locked with the barrel and the barrel mov rearwards along with breech but this mov is less than the length of an unfired rd. The barrel and the bolt only mov back a short dist before they separate. The barrel, because of its return spring, imed returns back to its original posn after separating from bolt. A short recoil wpn can have a high rate of fire and (the mov of the barrel which is very short) is unlikely to have more wt of breech block compared with that req in a blow back sys e.g. MG1A3. c. Recoil Intensifier. To inc the aval energy a recoil intensifier can be used. This consists of a chamber loc at the muzzle and att not to the barrel but to the main body of the wpn. The gases fol the bullet up the bore, expand into chamber and exert a backward pressure on the barrel which decelerates the barrel and the breech block backwards. d. Advs (1) Reliable. (2) No fouling. (3) Suitable for use in closed vehs. RESTD  18 RESTD e. Disadv (1) Hy mov parts. (2) Lacks power in small cals. 5. Gas Op. This is the sys in which energy req is obtained from the pressure of gas tapped off from the barrel. The gases can be tapped off any where b/w breech and muzzle. If tapped off near the breech the gases are not with high pressure and temp tends to erode the metal and actions also tend to get harsher. If gases taken off near muzzle, then pressure is lower and temp is lesser. It also reqs a long link to the bolt. Prac, the power lies in b/w the two extremes. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF GAS OPERATED GUN 6. Their exact loc depends upon the power needed to provide an acceptable rate of fire without incurring excessive erosion and fouling. Gas pressure can be used in three diff ways to op a wpn:- a. Long Stroke Piston. In this sys the piston is connected dir to breech block and con the posn of block at all the times. The piston tends to be long and hy and therefore recoiling mass is considerable. This sys is used in no of modern wpn like US M-16, Soviet AK 47 and SMG Chinese. RESTD  19 RESTD LONG STROKE PISTON – L7A1, GPMG b. Short Stroke Piston. In this sys the piston mov back a dist of few mm and imparts energy to an op rod, which forces the breech block to the rear. It has been used in a no of gas op wpns mainly because it avoids large changes in the cen of mass/gravity, during firing thus having less eff on the firers aim as compared with long stroke piston. c. Dir Action. No piston is used in this sys instead the gas is tapped off from the barrel along a tube which imparts energy to the bolt carrier. The carrier can unlock lightest mov parts. Lot of fouling occurs because cold gases induct carbon which is RESTD  20 RESTD deposited at places inaccessible thus causing stoppages e.g. US M-16. d. Advs (1) Lt working parts. (2) Power con by use of gas regulators. e. Disadvs (1) Fouling. (2) Erosion. (3) Unsuitable for use in vehs. 1. Comparative Analysis of Delay Blowback and Gas Op Mech. Main chars of both Op Mechs are analyzed as under:- Delayed Gas Op Ser Chars Blowback Reasons Mech Op Mech a. Wt Hy Lt In Delayed Blowback Op Mech, gases exert dir pressure on bolt head, therefore; mov parts are kept hy to:-  Ensure mech resistance and keep chamber locked till the time bullet lve the muzzle.  If parts are kept lt, the gases will unlock the bolt earlier than req, thus eff safety (wpn & firer) and rg (less pressure on bullet). In Gas Op Mech, rearward mov of the bolt is reg by gas ports and piston (long / short piston), therefore; mov parts are kept lt wt (bolt carrier and recoil spring). b. ROF Low High Cyclic Op in Delayed Blowback Op Mech is slow as compared to Gas Op Mech due to:-  Hy mov parts (bolt & carrier gp).  Fractional time delay due to unlocking of Rollers. c. Eff of Alt More Less At high alt, air becomes thinner & atmospheric pressure dec resultantly, less amount of gases are produced during fire as well as with dec in temp more gases are consumed by brl / chamber to heat up. RESTD  21 RESTD Delayed Gas Op Ser Chars Blowback Reasons Mech Op Mech In Delayed Blowback Op, mov parts are hy, therefore; more pressure of gases is req to ensure proper func at high alt. In Gas Op Mech, lt mov parts and adjustable size of port cater for low pressure of gases produced at high alt. d. Eff of Temp More Less In Delayed Blowback Op Mech, low temp has significant eff due to:-  Viscosity of lubrication applied on mov parts tend to inc (glaciated envmt), causing stoppage / slow mov of mech parts.  Low temp alter the metal parts (dec in size, inc brittleness), inc viscosity of lubricant, subsequently, slowing the ROF; leading to complete stoppage of wpn. e. Reliability Reliable More Gas Op Mech is more reliable basing on its design in Reliable (efficient mgmt of gas through ports), mfr quality (better Harsh metallurgy) and less req of fd maint (less fouling of Envmt chamber in latest wpns) as compared to delayed Blowback Op Mech. f. Fouling More Less In Delayed Blowback Op Mech, gases produced exert pressure dir on bolt head without any escape port (like in Gas op wpns), cause more fouling in chamber, resulting in more no of stoppages, whereas; in Gas Op mech the fouling of chamber is less (especially in latest short stroke piston wpns). g. Jerk More Less In Delayed Blowback Op Mech, more vibration/ jerk is produced during fire than Gas Op Mech because:-  No of mov parts are more before bullet lve the muzzle (shift in centre of gravity).  Ramming of bolt carrier gp against buffer assy because of very high vel (under dir action of gases). Expectation of firer for jerk leads to flinching and gun shy ness (especially beginners). h. Adaptability Low High Delayed Blowback Op Mech is gen ly designed for a in terms of specific ammo & is sensitive to bullet having diff qty of Ammo grains (wt) compared to Gas Op Mech, in which gas port can be adjusted to use wide brackets of carts. i. Durability in Less More In Delayed Blowback Op Mech pressure is exerted by mov terms of parts (while mov backwards) on buffer assy or impact on breakage buffer due to high vel of bolt carrier, susceptible to damage / cracking of body parts. However, in Gas Op Mech, bolt has no backward impact on wpn body. j. Rg In consonance with Fol are the factors which eff the rg of wpn:- other factors, Gas  Design of Wpn / Mfr Quality of Wpn. Op Mech has adv  Length / Rifling of barrel. over Delayed  MV. Blowback Op Mech  Type of Ammo  Propellants in the Ammo.  Shape of the bullet.  Envmt Condns  Alt / Temp.  Humidity. Note: Op Mech does not affect the rg of wpn. k. Func Simple Complex Gas Op Mech is comparatively more complex in its func (involving gas ports / piston mov) as compared to Delayed Blowback Op Mech. Engr efforts to dev Gas Op Mech is more (Gas ports, Piston etc) due to a/m complexity. RESTD  22 RESTD Delayed Gas Op Ser Chars Blowback Reasons Mech Op Mech l. Fd Maint More Less In Delayed Blowback Op Mech, in order to unlock the bolt, gases act dir on bolt head inside the chamber consequently accumulating carbon and req frequent cleaning / maint for cont fire. Whereas, in latest Gas Op Mech (Short Stroke piston), less amount of gases act inside the chamber resulting in reduced maints. IMP INFO – THEORY OF SA 1. Frangible bullet. A bullet design intended to completely fragment upon impact. Thus importing 100% energy into the tgt. The most commonly seen type is Glaser safety slug manufacture at bore rif and pistol cartridges while devastating upon soft tgts. Pre fragmented ammo has almost zero penetration and thus has the usefulness. It is also called pre fragmented ammo. 2. Free Floated Barrel. A barrel which does not touch firers forearm, for better accuracy the barrel floats freely unimpeded with 1/8 inch recom clearance. 3. Muzzle Crown. Polished smoothly finished rifling at the muzzle done during mfr to ensure unimpeded consisted exit of bullets. Some muzzle has recessed muzzle crowns to reduce the chance of digging rifling edges during normal use. 4. Rate of Twist. Turn to describe rifling by barrel during a single rotation. A 1.7 twist means, a bullet rotates once for each 7 inch it travels. RESTD  23 RESTD RIF G3A3 RESTD  24 RESTD RESTD  25 RESTD INTRO TO G3A3 GSP-1927, INF TRG VOL I, INF PL WPNs, G3 A3, 1996 1. Intro. Rif G3A3 is the main aslt rif of Pak Army. It is nec for all sldrs to dev understanding and gain proficiency in handling of G3A3. In order to reach at requsitelvl of competence, gen data and stripping /assembling is the basis. 2. Gen Data Wpn sys - Semi rigid locking sys Muzzle vel - 780-800 m/s Rate of fire - 500-600 rds/min Breech sys - Sp by rollers Type of firing - Single or fully auto fire Muzzle energy - 3000 Joules Sighting - Rotary back sight with 4 adjustments Eff rg - 300 ms Max rg - 3500 ms Safety limit in the dir of fire - 4000 ms Protruding pt of the firing pin - 1.45 mm Cal - 7.62 mm x 51 NATO Ammo feeding - Flat mag of 20 rds Length of standard wpn - 1025 mm Length of with retractable butt - 840 mm Length of barrel - 450 mm Length of the sight line - 560 mm Twist length - 305 mm Width of Rif - Approx 43 mm Ht of rff with mag - 216 mm Ht of RIF w/0 mag - 206 mm Rifling - Constant right hand twist No of grooves - 4 Sight radius - 572 mm Wt of the standard wpn - 4.100 kg Wt of rif with filled mag - 5.58 kg Wt of mag (Empty) - 280 g Wt of mag (Filled) - 760 g 3. Stripping / Assembling of G3A3. Rif G3A3 can best stripped into five main parts as under:- a. Barrel and Receiver Gp. b. Hand Guard. c. Breech Mech. d. Trigger Gp. e. Butt Gp. RESTD  26 RESTD 4. Barrel and Receiver Gp. Fol are the parts of Barrel and Receiver Gp :- a. Rotary rear sight. b. Clamping/ Binding Screw c. Windage adjusting Screw d. Compression Spring for ball catch e. Toothed lock Washer f. Receiver g. Slot Projection h. Ejection Slot i. Mag catch compl j. Compression spring for mag catch k. Contact Piece for Mag l. Barrel Extension catch m. Chamber n. Cocking Lever o. Cocking Lever Sp p. Cocking Lever Elbow Spring q. Cocking Lever Axle r. Land and Grooves s. Eye Bolt t. Flash Hider RESTD  27 RESTD 5. Breech Mech. Fol are the parts of Breech Mech:- a. Bolt Head b. Locking Rollers c. Extractor d. Extractor Spring e. Feed Rib f. Ejector Way g. Operating slide catch h. Locking Piece Lug i. Holder for Locking Rollers j. Beveled Surface Bolt Head Carrier Firing Pin Spring Firing Pin Locking Piece Bolt Head with rollers, extractor & Spring 6. Butt Gp. Fol are the parts of Butt Gp:- a. Back Plate b. Recoil Spring Guide ring c. Buffer d. Butt Stock Locking Pin e. Recoil Spring f. Buffer Screw Self Locking g. Recoil Spring Stop Pin h. Countersunk screw, Self Locking i. 2 x Rivets j. Butt Plate Countersunk screw, Buffer Self Locking RESTD  28 RESTD 7. Trigger Gp. Fol are the parts of trigger gp:- a. Pistol Grip b. Trigger Housing Complete c. Grip d. Locking Pin for Pistol Grip e. Lens head Cylindrical f. Trigger Screw g. Toothed Lock Washer h. Trigger Lever i. Safety Lever Complete j. Upper Trigger Ladder k. Lower Trigger Ladder l. Release Lever m. Trigger Spring n. Pressure Shank Rod and Spring o. Hammer p. Elbow spring with Roller q. Upper Hammer Notch r. Sear s. Lower Hammer Notch t. Sear Plunger 8. Method of Stripping/ Assembling of Trigger Gp. Fol steps are taken for stripping/ Assembling of trigger gp:- a. Take out Sel (Safety) lever. Press Shank rod and take it out. b. Remove retaining pin and take out hammer. c. Take out elbow spring. d. Take out trigger retaining pin and separate sear and trigger. e. Remove release lever. f. At last remove pin and take out ejector. g. For assembling reverse the order. FUNC, STOPPAGES AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS OF RIF G-3A3 GSP-1927, INF TRG VOL I, INF PL WPNs, G3 A3, 1996 1. Func of RIF G3A3.1 The cycle of op can be divided into eight steps:- a. Cocking b. Feeding c. Chambering d. Locking e. Firing f. Unlocking g. Extracting h. Ejecting 1 Page 31 GSP-1735 RESTD  29 RESTD 2. Cocking. ‘Cocking is the process by which the working parts are prep for action’. When the bolt head and carrier gp mov back by blow back op or through force applied by hand, the lower surface of the bolt head and carrier gp exerts a rearward and downward force on the hammer. The hammer thus gets engaged in the hammer catch. The bolt head and carrier gp strike the buffer and mov fwd. The clamping ramp of the bolt head carrier applies pressure on the reliever. The hammer is thus free from the hammer catch and gets engaged with the sear. It is at this pt that the process of cocking is complete. 3. Feeding. Feeding is the action of placing a cart in the line of breech block and making it ready for chambering’. When the bolt head and carrier gp mov back, the first rd is pushed up by the follower spring in the mag. The first rd is then in front of the feed rib of the bolt. 4. Chambering. ‘This is the mech in which the bolt head pushes the rd into the chamber. When the bolt head and carrier gp mov fwd, feed rib of the bolt pushes the rd into the chamber. 5. Locking. ‘This is the mech which protects the firer and the wpn from the gases produced due to firing of wpn’. In this process after the fwd mov of bolt head has been completed there still exists a gap of 4 mm b/w the bolt carrier and the bolt head. Guide rod and guide rod spring apply pressure on the carrier. The bolt carrier presses the firing cone which applies pressure on the locking rollers. The locking rollers with the help of locking roller recess are flung outwards and the bolt is tightly locked with the chamber. This type of locking is also termed as semi rigid locking sys. The extractor gets hold of the grooves of the cart. The wpn is thus completely locked. 99 6. Firing. ‘This is the process in which the firing pin protrudes/ comes out of its hole and strikes the primer. The rd is then fired’. The action of firing and safety can be considered in the fol three sit:- a. Wpn at Posn ‘S’ (Safe). Rif is said to be safe when sel lever is placed on posn ‘S’. In this posn the rounded portion of sel lever comes in front of trigger lever, thus prevents any further mov of the trigger lever. The trigger cannot be pressed any further. RESTD  30 RESTD b. Wpn at Posn ‘E’. The rif will fire single shot when sel lever is at posn ‘E’. In this sit the sel lever is so placed that half of the rounded portion and half of the notch (cut) in sel lever comes in front of trigger lever thereby enabling some (half) mov of trigger lever. The front end of the sear is engaged with the lower lever notch of the hammer, preventing any mov of the hammer. (1) Once the trigger is pressed, the trigger lever mov upward, the tail of the sear which is resting on the upper trigger ladder mov up resultantly the fwd of sear movdown, thereby, disengaging itself from the lower notch of the hammer. The hammer under the force of the pressure shank and pressure spring, strikes against the base of the firing pin and the rd is fired. (2) The action of cocking, feeding, chambering takes place as described earlier. The upper notch of the hammer engages itself with the rel lever. At this moment the pressure on the fwd edge of sear head is released, the elbow spring exerts pressure from the bottom, simultaneously the sear plunger and plunger spring (which is loc inside the sear itself) pushes the sear towards the front (Fig 45). The sear mov horizontally by 1.5 mm. The horizontal mov has two effs:- (a) The tail of the sear instead of resting on the upper trigger ladder now rests on the lower trigger ladder. (b) The head of the sear under the pressure of the elbow spring mov up. At this moment the upper notch of the hammer is rel by reliever and the hammer mov fwd. The 1. Sear Plunger 2. Sear Plunger Spring head of the sear now engages the lower 3. Upper Trigger Ladder 4. Lower Trigger Ladder notch of the hammer. This is why that even Fig. 45 Engagement of Lower if the trigger is kept pressed, the sec rd is Notch of Hammer by Sear due to lateral movement not fired. In order to fire the next rd the trigger has to be rel. (3) Once the pressure of the finger of the firer is released, the trigger under the force of Trigger Spring mov fwd and the rear end of trigger lever mov downwards. The tail of the sear thus no longer rests on the lower trigger ladder. Under the force of 1. Sear Plunger 2. Sear Plunger Spring the sear plunger and sear plunger spring, the sear 3. Upper Trigger Ladder 4. Lower Trigger Ladder now mov horizontally by 1.5 mm to the rear in in Fig. 46 Lateral movement of sear such a way that the tail of sear now rests on the once the pressure on trigger is released upper trigger ladder (Figure 46). At this pt of time RESTD  31 RESTD the trigger is in the fwdposn (not pressed by the finger of the firer), the tail of the searis resting on the upper trigger ladderand the front of the sear is engaged with the lower notch of hammer. The wpn is now ready to fire if the trigger is pressed and the actions mentioned at Para (1) above take place. c. Wpn at Posn ‘F’ (Burst). The rif will fire burst when sel lever is at ‘F’ posn. In this condition the complete notch (cut) portion of sel lever comes in front of trigger lever enabling the trigger to complete its rearward mov. When the trigger is pressed, the sear tail which is resting on the upper trigger ladder is pushed upwards by trigger lever from the rear and sear mov down from the front. In the process the hammer is rel from sear notch and strikes at the firing pin, resultantly the rd is fired. The mov parts mov back due to blow back op. The action of cocking, feeding and chambering takes place. Since the trigger lever has completed its rearward mov under the pressure of the finger of the firer on the trigger, the sear remains on the upper trigger ladder, no lateral mov of sear takes place. The fwd edge of the sear remains completely pressed downward and does not engage the lower notch of the hammer. It can be said that when the change lever is at ‘F’ posn, the func of cocking is completed by hammer catch and firing is done by release lever. 7. Unlocking. ‘Unlocking is the action in which the op parts are free to mov rearward’. When the op parts completely drive the bullet towards muzzle end, while the remaining gases apply pressure on the cart case which is in contact with the bolt head, there a rearward pressure pushes the bolt backward and the locking rollers are unlocked by the locking projections. A gap of 4 mm is thereby created b/w bolt head and bolt carrier. 8. Extracting. ‘It is the process in which the cart case is extracted out of the chamber’. When the bolt and carrier gp mov back the extractor (which is holding the cart) also mov back, the cart case is pulled out of the chamber and gets in line with the ejector RESTD  32 RESTD 9. Ejecting. ‘Ejecting is the action by which the case is thrown out by the ejector’. When the bolt head and bolt carrier comes in line with the ejector, the ejector strikes the lower part of the cart case due to which the empty case is thrown out towards the rt and to the front of the rif. Here the action of ejection is complete. STOPPAGES AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS OF RIF G-3A3 GSP-1927, 7.62 mm RIF G3 A3 1. Stoppage. A stoppage is any unintentional interruption in the op of the wpn. In other words, it is a failure in the rif to fire through no fault of the firer. Most of the stoppages occur because of dirty, worn, or broken parts and lack of lubrication. The rfn must be taught to watch for these defects and correct them before they cause a stoppage. Some of the more common stoppages with their usual causes and remedies are shown below:- Stoppages (Causes and Remedies)2 S/No Stoppages Causes Remedial Actions a. Fwd travel of Mag not inserted properly Insert mag correctly the bolt without Mag loose Check mag catch if worn out replace feeding the cart Mag lips deformed Change mag b. Cart case Extractor/extractor spring Check gauge for extractor clearance, if not broken or defective incorrect, send for repair ejected Defective Ejector Send for repair Dirty Chamber Clean the chamber c. Cart not ignited Broken firing pin Replace the firing pin Firing pin protrusion less Replace the firing pin Defective ammo Change ammo d. Failure of Bolt Fouled chamber Clean to lock Fouled Barrel Extn Clean Deformed cart Change the cart Worn out recoil spring Change the recoil spring e. Irregular Fouled chamber Clean the chamber locking of wpn Mag not inserted Insert mag properly Mag fouled or damaged Change mag Wet cart or faulty bullet Change cart Stoppage Drill 2. If, having carried out imed action, the rif does not fire then:- a. Take off the mag. b. Cock the rif. 2 Chapter 1, Lesson 6, pg 73, GSP-1927 RESTD  33 RESTD c. Put the same mag back if there are rds in it, if not change it, cock the rif and go on firing. Further Action 3. Explain and demo, if your rif fails to fire after carrying out the stoppage drill the cause must be a breakage or very bad fouling. Exam your RIF as fol; a. Put the safety catch to ‘S’, unload, cant the rif to the rt and look inside the receiver. b. If you can see an empty case or jammed rd take it out, load aim and fire again. c. If you cannot see any obstruction, pull back the cocking handle and engage it in the slot. Screw up the base of the clearing plug tight, put it in the chamber. Disengage the cocking handle, let it go fwd and cock it again. Turn the rif to the rt and separated case will be ejected on the clearing plug. d. To get the separated case off the clearing plug, unscrew the base, and push the stem through the case put the plug back in the sec wallet when you have a chance. 4. Make the men prac stoppage drill. But to save the clearing plug from damage, make them use a drill rd. Your order and the men’s actions on them are:- Order Action ‘Rif firing all rt; Rif stops’ Carry out imed actions ‘Rif won’t fire’ look in to the body ‘Obstruction in receiver (or chamber)’ Carry out the appropriate drill. ‘Rif firing all rt’ ZEROING OF RIF G3A33 GSP-1927, 7.62 mm RIF G3A3 1. Gen. Owing to variations in build and methods of holding and aiming it is not always that a rif zeroed by one pers will suit another. There will be a diff in the posn of mean pt of impact of the gp both vertically and laterally. It is imp that before any one zero‘s a rif, he should have received sufficient trg in elm lessons and gp. 2. Part – I Definition and Occasions for Zeroing a. Definition. Testing the sights of the wpn (by firing it) and if nec, to carry out appropriate adjustment so that whenever, wpn is fired with correct aim, the bullets must hit the aiming pt. b. Occasions Necessitating Zeroing (1) When rif issued from ord dep. (2) When issued to a soldier for the first time. (3) Before the annual cl fire. (4) Before going to the B fd. (5) Whenever zeroing of wpn is doubtful. (6) Before taking part in a competition. (7) When the unit mov from one sta to another. (8) After ‘Rebrowning’ or on change of a maj part of the wpn. 3 Chapter 3, Sec 3,pg 132, Zeroing of RIF G3 RESTD  34 RESTD 3. Part II – Conditions Req for Zeroing. Look for fol conditions before/ during zeroing:- a. Vis & Wind. Vis must be good and wind should be very normal. b. Dist/Rg. Should be 100 ms. If not aval then 25 ms rg can also be used. c. Tgt. For 100 ms rg use fig 1 tgt with 10 cm ht and 8 cm wide white aiming pt, and for 25 msrg use 30 x 30 cm tgt with 3 x 3 cm white aiming pt. d. Firer. Single shot, if a soldier is too bad a shot and cannot make a smaller gp than 20 cm, then another firer should carry out the zeroing on behalf of that indl. e. Wpn. Must be cleaned and the barrel should be free from oil. Armourer must inspect it before firing. f. Rest. Make use of sand bag for rest of elbows. g. Check Gp. After adjusting the sights, always fire check gp to ensure accuracy. 4. Part III – Principles of Zeroing a. In wpns which are zeroed from front sight, mov towards the error. b. In case of wpns which are zeroed from rear sight, go against the error. c. Fire check gp after zeroing the wpn. 5. Part – IV – Method of Zeroing. Fire 5 rds (single shot) on the tgt with consistent aim. Find out the MPI of the gp and measure the vertical and horizontal error. First carry out horizontal corrn and then the vertical corrn as fol:- a. Horizontal Corrn. Loosen the clamping (binding) screw. Then as per req rotate windage adjusting screw in desired dir, using a Phillips screwdriver. One complete rotation of windage adjusting screw removes a 13.2 cm error at 100 ms. Rotation of the windage adjusting screw in the clockwise dir mov the sight laterally to the lt, whereas its rotation in the anticlockwise dir mov the sight to the rt. A total of 50 cm error on the tgt can be removed by manipulating the screw. Tighten clamping screw after removing the error. b. Vertical Corrn. There are 4 vertical recesses/ cuts made inside the rear sight drum. Insert the nose pliers in any two of the recesses / cuts, press it down and then press the pliers inward. This will cause the plunger and plunger spring to contract inwards; hence, the rotary drum will become free. One complete rotation of the drum in any dir removes an error of 13.2 cm at 100 msrg. Mov rotary drum in the clockwise dir lowers the rear sight, while its mov in the anticlockwise dir raises the rear sight. A total of 75 cm vertical error can be removed. Notes a. In case of zeroing from a gr rg of 100 ms if the sights of the rif are set at 200 ms then the MPI must be coincided 7.62 cm above the pt of aim. b. Record. Record the zeroing on AB – 6060. RESTD  35 RESTD ALTERING THE SIGHTS AND AIMING OFF FOR WIND GSP-1927 Inf Pl Wpns, 7.62 mm RIF G 3A3 ALTERING THE SIGHT4 1. There could be occasions when shots may go too high or too low. Under these circumstances, if time permits, the setting of back sight will have to be altered. However in order to engage an impromptu tgt without altering the sights, the table given below indicates how much higher or lower the shots will gp at various rgs, for each 100 ms by which you alter back sight :- Rg to Tgt (ms) 100 200 300 400 Rise or fall for alteration of 100 ms 7.62 cm 15 cm 30 cm 45 cm AIMING OFF FOR WIND 2. Definition. Aiming without altering the sights is called as aiming off. 3. Aiming Off For Wind. The wind tends to drif a bullet from its original path. It is therefore, always the firer’s resp to aim off into the wind, without changing his elev. For shooting purposes wind str are called:- a. A Mild Wind. One, which just mov the grass and leafs of trees etc and the rg flag, flies at an angle of 30 deg. b. A Fresh Wind. One which has an aprc eff on bushes and the thin branches of trees and can be distinctly felt on the side of your face. It will cause the rg flag to fly at an angle of 60 deg. c. A Str Wind. One which has a noticeable eff on tree tops and lifts dust off dry gr. Rg flags would tend to fly at an angle of 90 deg. 4. How Much to Aim Off a. If fresh wind is blowing straight across the line of fire, multiply by itself the first fig of the rg in ms to the tgt, multiply by factor 2.5 and aim off that no of cms. For e.g, if the rg is 300 Ms, aim off 3x3x2.5=22.5 cm. b. If the wind is str, double the allce, if it is gentle, halve it. For e.g the rg is 400 ms, and a str wind is blowing straight across the line of fire, aim of 4x4x2x2.5=80 cm, but if the wind is gentle, aim of 4x4/2x2.5 = 20 cm. c. If the wind is blowing at an oblique angle to the line of fire, halve the allce. For e.g, if the rg is 300 ms:- (1) For a str wind aim off 3x3x2.5=22.5 cm. (2) For a fresh wind aim off 3x3x2.5/2=12 cm. 4 Pg 77 GSP 1927 RESTD  36 RESTD (3) For a gentle wind aim off 3x3x2.5/4=6 cm. d. Take no notice of head and tail winds. e. At 100 ms do not aim off. 5. You will find aiming off on the rg easier, if you remember these tips:- a. On no 1 tgt, the edge of the black aiming mks is 15 cms, the edge of the tgt 60 cms, and a pt half way b/w the edge of the aiming mks and the edge of the tgt 38 cms, from the middle of the tgt. b. The avg with of a man or a no 2 tgt is 45 cms. 6. Aiming Off for Impromptu Tgts. If the rg on the rif is 300 Ms and en appears at 200 Ms, then sight adjustment will need some time. By then the tgt may disappear. There is in such cases a need to engage the tgt without altering the sights. This can be done with the help of fol formula:- Formula. Gr Rg – 1x15xdiff of both the rgs. Note. Gr rg = Rg from where tgt appears. E.g:- The rg on the rif is 200 ms whereas en appeared from 300 ms. Engagement of tgt without altering the sights will be as under:- Gr rg =3 Diff b/w two rgs = 3 - 2 = 1 Applying the formula: - 3 - 1 x 15 x 1 = 30 cm 7. In case the gr rg is less than the rg applied on the rotary sight, the value will be negative implying the aim has to bebrought down. Note:- There is a diff in GSP 1927, Pg 81 that indicates gr rg =2 whereas it is actually 3 as per the note mentioned describing gr rg. Plz take the above example as auth in this case. JUDGING DIST WITH RIF G-3 Gen 1. If you are aiming on a person standing close by, the front sight tip will cover only some portion of his body and rest of it can be seen from the sides of the tips. Now if the person starts mov away, the exposed portion from the sides of the tips would start decreasing and at a specific dist/ rg the width of the man would be completely hidden behind the tip. The phenomenon can be used to approx a dist by a firer with the help of rif G-3. Appearance Of A Man Size Tgt At Various Rgs 2. The front sight tip of rif G-3 is approx 10 mm in ht and 2.75 mm width. An avg sldr of med built is approx 170 cms in ht and 46 cms in width. Using the substention method we can estimate the rg with reasonable accuracy. The width of the front sight tip can be used to determine the horizontal appearance. If, however, the ht of the tp is considered and we align the tt in terms of the ht of the tip covering the person,we can judge the dst by vertical appearance. Both the methods are described as under:- a. Horizontal Appearance (1) 100 Ms. If we aim at the cen of person, the front sight tip covers the chest of the indl and both the arms are visible from the sides of the front sight tip. Alternatively, if we aim on one side of the person then tip covers from the side of the tip. Fig 1 RESTD  37 RESTD Figure 2 Figure 2 (2) 200 Ms. The front tip exactly covers the person incl his chest and arms. Fig 2 (3) 300 Ms. The front tip exactly is just a little bigger than the person. Fig 3 Figure 4 Figure 4 (4) 400 Ms. The front sight tip covers two persons standing side by side. Fig 4 b. Vertical Appearance (1) 100 Ms (a) Standing Posn. The front sight tip covers only half of the size of normal person. The portion starting from the head till the waist is covered. (b) Kneeling Posn. The tip cover the tgt from knee (which is resting on gr up till chest). (c) Sitting Posn. 4/5 (80%) portion of the tip covers the tgt. (Fig 5) RESTD  38 RESTD Figure 5 (2) 200 Ms (a) Standing Posn. Tip covers the complete portion of the body. (b) Kneeling Posn. Half of the tip covers the tgt. (c) Sitting Posn. 1/4 (25%) portion of the tip covers the tgt. Fig 6 Figure 6 (3) 300 Ms (a) Standing Posn. Half portion of the tip covers a complete person. (b) Kneeling Posn. 2/5 (40%) portion of the tip covers complete person. (c) Sitting Posn. 1/5 (20%) portion of the tip covers a complete person. Fig 7 RESTD  39 RESTD Figure 7 GEN DESCRIPTION AND ZEROING OF TELESCOPE 4X 24 GSP-1927 1. Intro. To acquaint with gen description and zeroing of telescope 4x 24 when used with rif G-3. 2. Gen Description5. The telescope is made in Germany and is a simple piece of eqpt consisting of fol parts:- a. Protection Cap Rubber. b. Elev Adjusting Con. c. Depression Adjusting Con. d. Lateral Adjusting Con. e. Locking Lever. f. Cover Screw. g. Telescope sight. h. Locking Lever Axle. i. Mount Assy. j. Att Screw. k. Holder. l. Pad. m. Rel Catch. n. Hook. o. Spring Steel Clamps. p. Tool Kit consisting of fol:- (1) Tool kit holder. (2) Screw driver, longitudinal, slot type 4.5x40 mm blade, 100 mm long. (3) Brush dust optical lenses, 10 mm Dia andQuill type holder. 5 Chapter 2 , Lesson 1, pg 113 RESTD  40 RESTD (4) Cleaning rag, lens cotton 80x100 mm. 3. Tech Data a. Length - 23 cm b. Wt of telescope mt - 0.30 kg c. Wt of telescope - 0.35 kg d. Gross Wt - 0.65 kg e. Magnification - 4 times f. Eff rg - 600 Ms g. Zeroing rg - 100 Ms h. Error Corrn - 25 cm (Rt & Lt) 4. Advs6 a. It provides a clearer view compared with naked eye. b. Obj appear at times closer and clearer. c. It facilitates rif alignment with the tgt. d. Simple to op. 5. Protective Measures a. Telescope should be kept closed in casing when not in use. b. Telescope should be handled carefully to protect its body and lenses from damage. c. It should be protected from fire and extreme temp. d. Protector cap should be replaced imed after use. 6 Pg 115, GSP 1927 RESTD  41 RESTD 6. Maint a. Gen Cleanliness. Gen cleanliness should be carried out with a neat and clean piece of cloth. Only prescribed items mentioned in the tool kit should be used for cleaning and maint the telescope. Steel parts should be protected from rust and dust. b. Protection of Lenses. The lenses should be cleaned with a soft cloth sup in the tool kit. Altn flannelette should be used to avoid any scratches while carrying out the maint of the steel parts. 7. Zeroing a. Definition. Checking the telescope and if nec making the req adjustment so that when we fire with the help of telescope in normal conditions, the bullets hit on the aiming pt. b. Nec Precautions before Zeroing (1) Rif and telescope should be checked by the armourer. (2) Zeroing should be carried out in good vis and ideally no wind should be blowing. (3) The iron sights of the rif must be zeroed prior to carrying out zeroing of telescope. (4) Pt of aim on the tgt should have a 2.54 cm x 2.54 cm white patch and lower pt should be sel for aiming. (5) Two warmer rds should be fired before firing a gp of five rds. (6) A check gp of five rds should be fired to cfm the corrns. 8. Principle of Zeroing Telescope Sight 4 x 247 a. Take the pt towards the error. b. Fire a check gp. 9. Occasions of Zeroing a. On receipt from Ord dep. b. On ‘change over’ of snipers. c. When variation in accuracy is observed. d. Before going to the B fd. e. Before cl of snipers. f. After any repairs. 10. Method of Zeroing. Zeroing of telescope is carried out by adjusting the scales on the telescopic sight. Before carrying out the zeroing one must be in knowledge of:- a. The readings on the elev scale are given as H and L meaning ‘High’ and ‘Low’. b. The readings on the lateral or deflection scale are given as R and L, meaning ‘Rt’ and ‘Lt’. c. If the bullets hit below the pt of aim, firer should mov the elev scale in the dir of H (High). The pt will go down. Resultantly firer will give more elev and the error will be removed. The action is vice versa if the bullets hit above the pt of aim. d. For mov the pt in the dir of H (High) first mov the scale, loose the screw and bring fig 1 in front of the pt. The mov in the dir of L (Low) involves the loosening of screws first, then mov the scale 7 Pg 124 GSP 1927 RESTD  42 RESTD in clockwise dir, subsequently tighten the screws and again align the fig of 1 with the pt by mov in anti-clockwise dir. e. If the bullets hit towards the rt, deflection scale is moved in the dir of R (Rt). If the mean pt of impact of the bullets is to the lt to the pt of aim the deflection scale is moved towards L (Lt). f. For lateral mov the scale will be moved first and then screws will be loosened and fig of O brought in front of the indicator. 11. Method of Adjustment. In order to carry out adjustments a gp of five rds from 100 ms has to be fired. The size of the gp must be lesser than 8 cm. If the gp is not on the pt of aim, then the gp is adjusted on the pt of aim with the help of elev and deflection adjustment con. a. Zeroing for Elev. If the gp is above or below the pt of aim it can be brought on it as under:- (1) Corrn for Lower Gp. If mean pt of impact is 20 cm below the pt of aim then the elev knob will be brought on reading of 300 Ms,thepter will pt below. Loosen the screw and bring the reading on 100 Ms without disturbing the cen screw. (2) Corrn for Upper Gp. If the gp is 30 cm above the pt of aim, the pt will have to mov up. First of all loosen the cover screw and bring the reading of 400 Ms in front of the indicator and tighten the screw. Turn the knob and bring reading of 100 Ms in front of the indicator. b. Zeroing for Deflection. One click of Deflection Adjustment Con corrects the error of 2.50 cm. Now if the gp is 10 cm lt then rotate the Deflection Adjustment Con towards clockwise dir for 4 clicks. The pt will go 10 cm towards the error i.e., lt. A max error of 25 cm can be corrected. If the gp is towards rt then rotate the Deflection Adjustment Con towards anti clockwise dir and an error of up to 25 cm can be removed. Reticle 4 x 24 Telescope GEN DESCRIPTION AND ZEROING OF RED DOT OPTICAL SIGHT Tech Manual Aimpt and wikipedia.org 1. Intro. A red dot sight is a common classification for a type of non-magnifying reflector (or reflex) sight for firearms that gives the user an aim pt in the form of a red dot. A standard design uses a red lt-emitting diode (LED) at the focus of collimating optics which generates a dot style ill reticle that stays in alignment with the wpn sight it is att to, regardless of eye posn (parallax free). They are considered to be fast acquisition and easy to use gun sights for tgt shooting, hunting, and in police and mil appls. In Pakistan, these have been acquired by Pak Army, SSG and the CAF. 2. Aimpt’s Red Dot Sight. Aimpt’s Reflex Sights are rugged precision elec optical red dot sights dev for civ, mil and law enforcement appls. Aimpt sights are designed for the “two eyes open” method of sighting, which greatly enhances sit awareness and tgtacqn speed. In the parallax-free design, the dot fol the mov of the user’s eye while remaining fixed on the tgt, eliminating any need for centering. Further, the sight allows for unlimited eye-relief. RESTD  43 RESTD The Comp M3 is compatible with 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation ni vision devices which can be installed by means of picatinny rail. The new Comp M3 is using the new revolutionary. Adv Circuit Efficiency Tech, called ACET, intro in 2005. ACET combines Aimpt’s superior accuracy and ease of use with significantly lower power usage. 8Specifications 3. a. Optical Mag 1 x (Unity) b. Eye Relief Unlimited no centering req c. Dot Size 2 and 4 MOA d. Optical Coating Anti Reflex coating, all surfaces Multi-layer coating for reflection. Band Pass coating for NVD compatibility (CompM3) e. Switch, dot brightness 10 posns: 4 NVD, 6 daylight of which 1 Extra Bright f. Bty One 3 Volt Lithium battery type g. Bty Life (hrs) 50,000 hrs on setting 7 out of 10 Typically,500,000 hrs at NVD setting h. Adjustment Rg ±2 m at 100 meters, in windage and elevation 1 click= 16mm at 100 meters 1 click = 1/2” at 100 yards i. Mtg By means of picatinny rail j. Max Temp -45 degs to + 70 degs k. Water Resistance Submersible to 45 m water depth Note:- MOA: Minute Of Angle. 1 MOA = 30 mm at 100 m = 1” at 100 yds 4. Picatinny Rail. The s