Janapadodhvamsa Vikara PDF

# TOPIC 18 ## Janapadodhvamsa Vikāra ## Introduction - जनपदं मण्डलम्। (Ca.Ca.Ni.6/13) - जनस्य लोकस्य पदं आश्रयस्थानं यत्र (SKD) 'Janapadodhvamsa' comprises of two words 'Janapada' and 'Dhvamsa'. Janapada means Mandalam (zone, district, country, and group of people or community) or a shelter for th...

# TOPIC 18 ## Janapadodhvamsa Vikāra ## Introduction - जनपदं मण्डलम्। (Ca.Ca.Ni.6/13) - जनस्य लोकस्य पदं आश्रयस्थानं यत्र (SKD) 'Janapadodhvamsa' comprises of two words 'Janapada' and 'Dhvamsa'. Janapada means Mandalam (zone, district, country, and group of people or community) or a shelter for the group of people to inhabit and “Dhvamsa" means destruction or ruin or demolition. Hence, the literal meaning of the term 'Janapadodhvamsa' is massive demolition or destruction of people or community\. - जनपदानां जनसमूहानामुद्ध्वंसनमधिकृत्य । (Ga.Ca.Vi.3/1) Janapadānām refers to "of the people,” Janasamūhānām signifies "of the assembly of people," Uddhvamsanam refers to "destruction," and Adhikṛtya refers to "concerning or regarding." Thus, the verse implies the mass destruction of the people. - जनपदोद्ध्वंसनमेकेनैव व्याधिना युगपदसमानप्रकृत्याहारदेहबलसात्म्यत्सत्त्ववयसां मनुष्याणां कस्माद्भवतीति ॥ (Ca.Vi.3/5) Janapadodhvamsa is defined as an incident in which a large population is inflicted with a particular disease simultaneously irrespective of their Prakrti (constitution), Āhāra (dietary habits), Deha (body), Bala (strength), Sātmya (wholesomeness), Sattva (mind), and Vayas (age). - एवमसामान्यावतामप्येभिरग्निवेश ! प्रकृत्यादिभिर्भावैर्मनुष्याणां येऽन्ये भावाः सामान्यास्तद्वैगुण्यात् समानकालाः समानलिङ्गाश्च व्याधयोऽभिनिर्वर्तमाना जनपदमुद्द्ध्वंसयन्ति । ते तु खल्विमे भावाः सामान्या जनपदेषु भवन्ति; तद्यथा- वायुः, उदकं, देशः, काल इति ॥ (Ca.Vi.3/6) Despite differences in Prakrti (constitution), Āhāra (dietary habits), Deha (body), Bala (strength), Sātmya (wholesomeness), Sattva (mind), and Vayas (age) factors, there are other common factors that affect the health of a community. When these factors are vitiated, manifest the disease simultaneously and with similar clinical features and annihilate the community. The common factors that affect the community are Vāta (air), Jala (water), Deśa (place), and Kāla (time). - इमानेवन्दोषयुक्तांश्चतुरो भावाञ्जनपदोद्ध्वंसकरान् वदन्ति कुशलाः; अतोऽन्यथाभूतांस्तु हितानाचक्षते ॥ (Ca.Vi.3/7) Wise people believe that factors such as polluted Vāta (air), Jala (water), Deśa (place), and Kāla (time) can cause Janapadodhvamsa (epidemics), while these factors, in a normal state, maintain the normalcy in the community. - भिन्नाहारावयःसात्म्यप्रकृतीनां समं भवेत्। एको विकृतवाय्वादियुगपत्सेवनाद्गदः ॥ वातादीनां तुविकृतिर्विकृताङ्ग्रहचारतः। भौमान्तरिक्षदिव्येभ्य उत्पातेभ्यश्च जायते।।। सम्भवः पुनरेतेषां कर्मणः सामुदायिकात् ॥ (A.S.Sū.9/70-72) People whose Āhāra (diet), Vaya (age), Sātmya (habitat) and Prakrti (constitution) are all different suffer from the same disease caused by abnormalities of Väyvädi (air, etc.). Such abnormalities of Väyvādi (air, etc.) are caused by Vikṛtādgrahacāratah (abnormal movement of planets) and Utpatebhyaḥ (natural calamities) in the Bhauma (earth), Antarikşa (atmosphere) and the Divya (sky). The sinful activities of the community cause such natural abnormalities of Vāyvādi (air, etc.). - तत्र, अव्यापन्नेषु ऋतुष्वव्यापन्ना ओषधयो भवन्त्यापश्च; ता उपयुज्यमानाः प्राणायुर्बलवीर्योजस्कर्यो भवन्ति ॥ तेषां पुनर्व्यापदोऽदृष्टकारिताः, शीतोष्णवातवर्षाणि खलु विपरीतान्योषधीर्व्यापादयन्त्यपश्च ॥ तासामुपयोगाद्विविधरोगप्रादुर्भावो मरको वा भवेदिति ॥ (Su.Su.6/15-17) Ācārya Suśruta while describing the Rtucarya (seasonal regimen), mentioned the concept of Maraka (Janapadodhvamsa - epidemic). He stated that if the seasons are natural, the use of Auşadhi (drugs) and Ap (water) remains normal and it enhances Prāņa, Ayu (longevity), Bala (strength), Virya (vigour) and Ojas. However, Seasonal disasters are caused by Adrsta kāritā (unseen factors). When Śīta (cold), Uşņa (heat), Vāta (air) and Varsa (rain) happen to be unnatural, they produce unwholesome effects on the Ausadhi (drugs) and Ap (water). This, in turn, leads to the onset of many diseases and outbreaks of epidemics caused by the use of same abnormal Auşadhi (drugs) and Āp (water). - मेघे ऽवर्षति वर्षासु हेमन्ते यत्र वर्षति । ऋतुव्यापत्तिसमये जनमारः प्रवर्तते । (Bh.Sa.Sū.13/8) Ācārya Bhela defined Janapadodhvamsa as Janamāra, which means a killer of people. He gave an example of how this Janamāra (killer of people) is produced. In certain regions, the cloud does not rain in the months of the Varsa (rainy season) but rains in the season of Hemanta (cold season - when rains are not expected). During such times of seasonal derangement, the Janamara (epidemic of the killer disease of populations) commences or sets forth its activities. ## Janapadodhvamsa Vikāra In modern, the concept of Janapadodhvamsa is similar to the principles of Epidemiology, which is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states, or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems. Epidemiology is a vast subject that encompasses a wide range of diseases. It covers not only those that occur in epidemics but also infectious diseases that are endemic, chronic diseases, accidents, and mental health. Modern epidemiology also includes the study of health-related events and conditions occurring in human populations. This includes an examination of the health services that people use and assessing their impact. The International Epidemiological Association (IEA) states that epidemiology has three primary goals. First, to describe the distribution and magnitude of health and disease problems in human populations. Secondly, to identify the causative factors (risk factors) involved in the pathogenesis of a disease. And finally, to provide the necessary information for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of services aimed at preventing, controlling, and treating diseases, as well as setting priorities among these services. The ultimate goal of epidemiology is to lead to effective action, i.e. to eliminate or reduce the health problem or its effects, and to improve the health and well-being of the community as a whole. ### Causation: Several models of disease causation have been proposed. Epidemiological triad is being the simplest model. The Epidemiologic Triad is a term used to refer to the three causative factors of disease: Agent, Host, and Environment. It describes the interplay between these factors when analyzing a disease outbreak. The agent is the cause of the disease, the host is an organism (usually a human or an animal) that carries the disease, and the environment refers to the external surroundings and conditions that either cause or enable disease transmission. Time accounts for factors such as incubation periods, life expectancy of the host or pathogen, and the duration of the illness or condition. - **Agent:** Agents of infectious diseases include bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and moulds. Agents of non-infectious disease, disability, injury, or death can include chemicals from dietary foods, tobacco smoke, solvents, radiation or heat, nutritional deficiencies, or other substances, such as poison. One or more agents may contribute to a disease. Later, the term agent is replaced by causative factors, which indicated the need to identify the multiple causative factors of disease, disability, injury and death. - **Host:** A host provides sustenance and shelter for a pathogen but may or may not produce disease. Various factors intrinsic to the host, sometimes called risk factors, may influence an individual's exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent. Opportunities for exposure are often influenced by behaviors such as sexual practices, hygiene and other personal choices, and age and gender. Susceptibility and response to an agent are influenced by factors such as genetic factors, immunological factors, nutritional factors, emotional factors, anatomical structure, and presence of disease or medication. - **Environment:** Environmental factors include the biological, social, cultural, and physical aspects of the environment. The environments in which a pathogen lives and the effects it has on them are part of the ecosystem. The environment may be internal to a host or external to it in society. - **Time:** Finally, time includes how long a person is infected or the severity of the disease until the condition causes death or becomes fatal. Epidemiologists are concerned with delays between infection and symptoms, duration of illness, and the epidemic threshold in a population. ### Important terms to know in this field are: - **Epidemic:** refers to an unexpected increase in disease incidence in a specific geographical area. - **Endemic:** is a term used to describe the constant or usual presence of a disease or infection in a community. - **Outbreak:** refers to a greater than expected increase in the number of endemic cases. This occurs when the number of cases is higher than expected. - **Pandemic:** is an epidemic that spreads over multiple countries or continents. ## Nidāna of Janapadodhvamsa - द्विविधो हेतुर्व्याधिजनकः प्राणिनां भवति- साधारणः, असाधारणश्च; तत्रासाधारणं प्रतिपुरुषनियतं वातादिजनकमाहाराद्यभिधाय बहुजनसाधारणं जनपदोद्ध्वंसनीयोऽभिधीयते॥ (Ca.Ca.Vi.3/1-2) वातजलदेशकालरूपं साधारणरोगकारणमभिधातुं There are two main causes of diseases in living beings, namely, Sādhāraņa hetu (common cause) and Asādhāraņa hetu (uncommon cause). ### Asādhāraņa hetu: (uncommon cause) of disease varies from individual to individual depending upon the factors such as Āhāra (diet) etc., which can aggravate Vātādi dosas (Vāta, etc., dosas). In contemporary science, this concept aligns well with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases, which are influenced by a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and psychological factors. Just like Asādhāraņa hetu, these factors can vary widely among individuals, making each person's risk profile unique. ### Sādhārana hetu (common cause) of disease affects a large population and is caused by vitiation of Vata (air), Jala (water), Deśa (place), and Kala (time). If these factors are vitiated, they can lead to common disorders in the form of Janapadodhvamsa (epidemics), which can devastate an entire country. In contemporary science, this concept aligns well with Communicable diseases. These temporary scienced by infectious agents such as bacteria viruses, fungi, and parasites, and can spread rapidly through populations. Factors like air and water quality, environmental conditions, and seasonal changes plays significant role in the transmission and outbreak of these diseases. For example: - **Vata (Air):** Airborne diseases like influenza, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 spread through respiratory droplets. - **Jala (Water):** Waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A are transmitted through contaminated water. - **Deśa (Place):** Geographic and environmental factors can influence the prevalence of diseases like malaria, dengue, and Lyme disease. - **Kāla (Time):** Seasonal variations can affect the incidence of diseases like the flu, which peaks in winter, and vector-borne diseases like malaria, which increase during rainy seasons. Ācārya Caraka added three more potential causes of Janapadodhvamsa such as Śastra (weapons), Rākṣasas (affliction by evil spirits) and Abiśāpa (curse by preceptors) ### Śastra (weapons) - तथा शस्त्रप्रभवस्यापि जनपदोद्ध्वंसस्याधर्म एव हेतुर्भवति । येऽतिप्रवृद्धलोभक्रोध मोहमानास्ते दुर्बलानवमत्यात्मस्वजनपरोपघाताय शस्त्रेण परस्परमभिक्रामन्ति, परान् वाऽभिक्रामन्ति, परैर्वाऽभिक्राम्यन्ते॥ (Ca.Vi.3/21) The use of weapons resulting in the destruction of a community is deemed as an act of unrighteousness. Individuals who are overwhelmed by excessive Lobha (greed), Krodha (anger), Moha (attachment), and who show disregard for the vulnerable, are prone to engage in conflicts involving the use of weapons. This may lead to acts of aggression against their enemies or they may be susceptible to attacks initiated by their enemies. ### Rākṣasas (affliction by evil spirits) - • रक्षोगणादिभिर्वा विविधैर्भूतसङ्घस्तमधर्ममन्यद्वाऽप्यपचारान्तरमुपलभ्याभिहन्यन्ते ॥ (Ca.Vi.3/22) As a result of unrighteousness or sinful acts, individuals face destruction at the hands of malevolent entities such as Rākṣasas (evil spirits or demons) and Vividhabhutās (various creatures). ### Abiśāpa (curse by preceptors) - • तथाऽभिशापप्रभवस्याप्यधर्म एव हेतुर्भवति। ये लुप्तधर्माणो धर्मादपेतास्ते गुरुवृद्धसिद्धर्षिपूज्यानवमत्याहितान्याचरन्ति; ततस्ताः प्रजा गुर्वादिभिरभिशप्ता भस्मतामुपयान्ति प्रागेवानेकपुरुषकुलविनाशाय, नियतप्रत्ययोपलम्भादनियताश्चापरे ॥ (Ca.Vi.3/23) The occurrence of population devastation due to curses can be attributed to the presence of Adharma (unrighteousness). Those who have lost their righteousness (Luptadharmāņa) and have strayed from the path of righteousness (Dharmādapetāste) by disrespecting their teachers, elders, wise people, and vulnerable individuals (Guruvṛddhasiddharṣipūjyānavamatyāhitānyācaranti), often end up being cursed. As a result, these curses can lead to immediate or predetermined destruction of individuals or communities. ## Janapadodhvamsa by Vāta - • तत्र वातमेवंविधमनारोग्यकरं विद्यात्; तद्यथा- यथर्तुविषममतिस्तिमितमतिचलमतिपरुषमति शीतमत्युष्णमतिरूक् षमत्यभिष्यन्दिनमतिभैरवारावमतिप्रतिहतपरस्परगतिमतिकुण्डलिनमसात्म्यगन्धबाष्पसिकतापांशुधूमोपहतमिति (Ca.Vi.3/6(1)) - • दुष्टो वायुरभिष्यन्दी स्तिमितोऽत्यूष्णशीतलः । कुण्डली भैरवरवः परुषोऽनार्त्तवो बली। अन्योन्यव्याहतगतिः पांसुबाष्पविषान्वितः ॥ (A.S.Sū.9/74) Vāta (air) with the following characteristic features can causes disease, viz - Rtu vişama: having features contradictory to the season - Atistimita: excessive moist - Aticala: fast blowing - Ati paruşa : excessive rough - Atiśīta: very cold - Atyuşņa: Very hot - Atirūkṣa: Over dry - Atyabhisyandi : Excessive humidity - Atibhairavārāvam : Excessive terribly sounding - Atipratihata paraspara gati : Blowing from different directions thus clashing with each other - Atikundalina: Blowing like whirlwind - Asātymya Gandha Bāṣpa Sikatā Pāmśu Dhūmopahatamiti : Associated with unwholesome smell, fog, sand, dust and smoke. ## Janapadodhvamsa by Udaka - • उदकं तु खल्वत्यर्थविकृतगन्धवर्णरसस्पर्श क्लेदबहुलमपक्रान्तजलचरविहङ्गमुपक्षीणजलेशयम प्रीतिकरमपगतगुणं विद्यात् (Ca.Vi.3/6(2)) - • रसवर्णादिविकृतमपक्रान्तविहङ्गमम् । निन्दितप्रभवं तोयमुपक्षीणजलाशयम्। (A.S.Sū.9/75) Udaka (water) with the following characteristic features can causes disease, viz - Vikrta Gandha Varņa Rasa Sparśa : Abnormal smell, colour, taste and touch - Kleda bahulam : Excessive stickiness - Apakrānta Jalacaravihanga : Devoid of aquatic animals and birds - Upakṣīņa Jaleśayam : Less water in the reservoir - Aprītikaram : Disagreeable appearance - Upgataguņam : Devoid of natural attributes ## Janapadodhvamsa by Deśa - • क्लेदबहुलमुपसृष्ट सरीसृपव्यालमशकशलभमहिकामूष कोलूकस्माशानिकशकु निजम्बूकादिभिस्तृणोलूपोपवनवन्तं प्रतानादिबहुलमपूर्ववदवपतितशुष्कनष्टशस्यं धूम्रपवनं प्रध्मातपतत्रिगणमुत्कृष्टश्वग णमुद्‌भ्रान्तव्यथितविविधमृगपक्षिसङ्घमुत्सृष्टनष्टधर्मसत्यलज्जाचार शीलगुणजनपदं शश्वत्क्षुभितोदीर्णसलिलाशयं प्र ततोल्कापातनिर्घातभूमिकम्पमतिभयारावरूपं रुक्षताम्रारुणसिताभ्रजालसंवृतार्कचन्द्रतारकमभीक्ष्णं ससम्भ्रमोद्वेगमिव सत्रासरुदितमिव सतमस्कमिव गुह्यकाचरितमिवाक्रन्दितशब्दबहुलं चाहितं विद्यात् (Ca.Vi.3/6(3)) - • मक्षिकामूषिकाव्यालबहूत्पातप्रदूषितः। देशोऽपथ्यान्नबहुलो नष्टधर्ममहौषधिः॥ (A.S.Sū.9/76) Deśa (place) with the following characteristic features can causes disease, viz - Vikṛta Varņa Gandha Rasa Sparśa : Abnormal color, smell, taste, and touch - Kleda bahula: Excessive stickiness - Upasrstam sarī sṛpa vyāla maśaka śalabha makșikā mūșaka olūka śmāśānika śakuni jambūkādibhi : Burdened by the abundance of serpents, wild animals, mosquitoes, locusts, flies, rats, owls, and those frequenting cremation places such as vulture and jackals. - Trņa lūpa Upavanavantam : Having groves full of grass and weeds - Pratānādibahulam : Excessive spreading creepers all around - Pūrvavadava patitaśuṣkanaṣṭaśasyam : Where crops have fallen, withered or have been destroyed in an unprecedented manner. - Dhūmrapavanam : Where the wind is smoky - Pradhmātapatatriguņamutkṛṣṭaśvaguņa : Wild cries of birds and dogs are heard - Udbhrānta vyathita vividha mrga pakși sangha : A flock of various animals and birds in confusion and distress. - Utkṛṣṭa naştadharmasatyalajjācāraśīlaguņa janapadam: Where the inhabitants virtues like religion, truth, modesty, custom, character have either declined or been given up - Śaśvat Kşubhitodīrņasalilāśayam: Water reservoirs are constantly agitated - Pratatolkāpātanirghātabhūmikampa: Frequent occurrence of meteorites, thunderbolts, and earthquakes - Atibhayārāvarūpam: hearing of fearful sounds - Ruksa tāmrāruņa sitābhra jālasamvṛtārka candra tārakamabhīkşanam : appearance of sun, moon, and stars as rough, coppery, reddish, and white and as if covered with cloud. - Sasambhramodvegamiva : atmosphere filled with confusion or bewilderment, Satamaskamiva guhyakācaritamivākranditaśabda bahulam : excitement, torture, violent lamentation and covered with sheet of darkness with frequent crying sound as if seized by demons. ## Janapadodhvamsa by Kāla - कालं तु खलु यथर्तुलिङ्गाद्विपरीतलिङ्गमतिलिङ्ग हीनलिङ्ग चाहितं व्यवस्येत् (Ca.Vi.3/6(4)) - • कालश्च विपरीतोऽतिहीनलिङ्गो यथायथम् ॥ (A.S.Sū.9/77) Kāla (time) with the following characteristic features can cause disease, viz - Yatha rtu Viparīta linga : contrary to normal season - Yatha rtu Atilinga : excessive features than the normal season - Yatha rtu Hīnalinga : deficient features than the normal season - एते दुष्परिहारत्वादहितायोत्तरोत्तरम् ॥ (A.S.Su.9/78) - वाताज्जलं जलाद्देशं देशात् कालं स्वभावतः । विद्याद्दुष्परिहार्यत्वाद्गरीयस्तरमर्थवित् ॥ (Ca.Vi.3/10) The aforesaid factors are difficult to avoid, their subsequent sequence is powerfully destructive, and their consequences are unpredictable. For example, Jala is more powerful than Vāta, Deśa is more powerful than Jala, and Kāla is more powerful than Deśa. ## MCQ's 1. Janapadodhvamsa is caused by Vitiation of - a) Vāta - b) Pitta - c) Kapha - d) Sannipātaja 2. Janapadodhvamsa is caused by Vitiation of - a) Vāta, Pitta and Kapha - b) Vāta, Jala, Deśa and Kāla - c) Both a and b - d) All of the above 3. Maraka is the synonym of - a) Aupasargika - b) Sańkrāmika - c) Janapadodhvamsa - d) All of the above 4. Constant presence of a disease/infection in a community is termed as - a) Epidemic - b) Endemic - c) Pandemic - d) Out break 5. Unexpected increase in disease in a specific area is termed as - a) Outbreak - b) Endemic - c) Epidemic - d) Pandemic ## Short Answer Questions 1. Explain Janapadodhvamsakara bhāvās 2. Explain the Sādhāraņa and Asādhāraņa hetu of Janapadodhvamsa 3. Describe the Laksana of Janapadodhvamsa by Vāta 4. Write short notes on Epidemiolog ## Answer Keys 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. c