Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior PDF

2/4/25, 8:56 PM Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior - Glean Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior Cue anything from a whistle, word, or hand gesture...

2/4/25, 8:56 PM Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior - Glean Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior Cue anything from a whistle, word, or hand gesture anything that may signal to the animal what task you want them to perform a signal given right before we want them to perform a known behavior once they respond, they get access to a reinforcer (ex. treat, toy) constant usage will generate an association with the cue and the reward Reinforcement Reinforcement = consequences that increase the likelihood of an organism's future behavior, typically in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus Reinforcer = a stimulus that when presented following a behavior triggered by a cue, causes that behavior to be more likely to occur again in the future Types of Reinforcement https://app.glean.co/event/67c9ea41-f735-45fa-bf2a-be7b5ef19d6c/view 1/6 2/4/25, 8:56 PM Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior - Glean Negative Reinforcement = removing negative stimulus when the desired behavior is achieved Positive Reinforcement = adding Positive stimulus when the desired behavior is achieved Punishment = the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon an individual or group, meted out by an authority as a deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable Positive punishment = add a negative stimulus to decrease an unwanted behavior Negative Punishment = removing a positive stimulus to decrease behavior frequency Quick Review Objectives Describe adaptation and what it takes for a trait to be adaptive. Describe kin selection. Describe natural selection including who first studied it. Define conservative traits. Describe extinction and how it may occur. Describe the basic necessities of animals and what may cause an imbalance in meeting these needs. https://app.glean.co/event/67c9ea41-f735-45fa-bf2a-be7b5ef19d6c/view 2/6 2/4/25, 8:56 PM Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior - Glean Adaptation Adaptation = the dynamic evolutionary process of natural selection that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness able to adapt to a set of environmental restraints and can pass those traits of survival to offspring Adapted traits must be: heritable Alterative traits Possible to demonstrate how and in what manner the trait contributes to greater fitness than the alternatives adaptations are not always beneficial to the individual, but can be to the species as a whole Natural Selection Natural selection = the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) = an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology studied development of behaviors that increase survival of a species used trial and error in the gene that carried the trait Ex. Ground feeding birds v.s flight feeding birds developing different beaks depending on their diets Conservative traits = Those that do not readily change over time due to selective pressure or no countervailing pressures arise mostly changes within species - where competition exists Not goal oriented - not measured survival is not always a result of natural selection there is a lack of genetic variability or sudden changes in environment may result in extinction https://app.glean.co/event/67c9ea41-f735-45fa-bf2a-be7b5ef19d6c/view 3/6 2/4/25, 8:56 PM Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior - Glean infiltration of a new "species" causes increased incidence of parasitism and disease due to lack of resistance Basic Necessities Of Animals Need food water, air, shelter, mates, avoidance of predators, etc. they prioritize their necessities based on thier needs in that momenr Extremes in behavior can cause an imbalance in accomplishing these needs Ex. Domestication has caused some animals to avoid detriemental stimuli are lost Population Explosions Population explosions occur when all factors in an environment are conducive to the survival of the species starvation, disease, predators, natural disasters Behavioral Adaptation Changes in time of a behavior unless that behavior cannot show adaptation (inherent plasticity) learning is essential for behavioral adaptation to occur Measuring Behavioral Adaptation Visual Observations Limitations: lack of objectivity, lack of recall, time required Recording = video or film where animal is wired with remote sensors or other types of sensors Environmental Causes of Behavioral Problems in Animals Scheduling Physical structure of home/yard/cage Presence of problem stimuli https://app.glean.co/event/67c9ea41-f735-45fa-bf2a-be7b5ef19d6c/view 4/6 2/4/25, 8:56 PM Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior - Glean Presence of other animals Lack of supervision Behavioral Problems in Animals Due to Medical Problems aggression, resisting touch, tossing head Ear infection aggression, resisting touch, resisting bit Dental pain Noncompliance, does not follow instructions hearing issue slower sits, not eager to move, resists change in position, refusing jumps, avoiding stairs, reluctant to play, refusal to take a certain lead arthritis, pain in limbs increase or decrease in activity and overall behavior change. This can be from medication side effects Slide 28 - Constant Scratching and chewing, removal of feathers https://app.glean.co/event/67c9ea41-f735-45fa-bf2a-be7b5ef19d6c/view 5/6 2/4/25, 8:56 PM Jan 23 2025 | Adaptive Purpose and Evolution of Behavior - Glean Stress and anxious, Hair and skin problems like fleas, allergies, mites, dermatitis Non compliance and aggression Pain Pushy to get food or suddenly raiding the garbage. Tapeworms Lethargy Systemic illness Sexual mounting and bladder accident Problems with a prostate in a male dog. Bowel accidents Intestinal parasites and disorientation Confusion Problems with the central nervous system. Lethargy, excessive begging, feeling, food rating, garbage and eating feces Nutritional deficiencies. https://app.glean.co/event/67c9ea41-f735-45fa-bf2a-be7b5ef19d6c/view 6/6