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University of North Dakota
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# Chapter 8 Notes ## Metabolism * **Metabolism:** Sum of all chemical reactions in the body that are needed to maintain homeostasis. * **Two types of metabolism:** * **Anabolism:** the building up of macromolecules to build structural components and perform normal functions. * **Catabolism...
# Chapter 8 Notes ## Metabolism * **Metabolism:** Sum of all chemical reactions in the body that are needed to maintain homeostasis. * **Two types of metabolism:** * **Anabolism:** the building up of macromolecules to build structural components and perform normal functions. * **Catabolism:** breaking down of macromolecules to produce energy. ## Enzymes in Metabolism * **Enzymes:** are biological catalysts. * **Increase the rate of chemical reactions:** by lowering the energy of activation. * **Don't become part of the products:** in this process. * **Aren't consumed or altered:** in the process. * **Cofactors:** supporting the work of enzymes. * **Coenzymes:** * Work in conjunction with an enzyme. * Organic molecules - many derived from vitamins. * **Denaturation:** * Weak bonds that maintain the native shape of the apoenzyme are broken. * This causes distortion of the enzyme's shape. * Prevents the substrate from attaching to the active site. ## Constitutive Enzymes * **Constitutive enzymes:** are present in constant amounts in a cell. * The addition of more substrate does not increase the amount of these enzymes. * The concentration of regulated enzymes in a cell increases or decreases in response to substrate levels. ## Controls on Enzyme Synthesis * **Can be accomplished by induction or repression of enzyme.** ## Energy * **Energy is mostly stored as ATP** * **Oxidation-reduction (redox):** electron donor paired with electron acceptor as energy is released and captured.