J100 (1) PDF - Preliterate Society & Development of Printed News

○ represents the largest population of J100 ethnic groups in south africa; 10-11 mamatay nalang talaga million people ○ shaka zulu: renowned warrior who LESSON 1: ORAL NEWS...

○ represents the largest population of J100 ethnic groups in south africa; 10-11 mamatay nalang talaga million people ○ shaka zulu: renowned warrior who LESSON 1: ORAL NEWS played a prominent role in various PRELITERATE SOCIETY zulu wars ○ a society or culture that has not developed the use of writing HUMAN WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY — I.H. Samuelson PRECURSORS OF NEWSPAPERS ○ when someone dies in the tribe, the ○ human beings exchanged news long sound of lamenting from the before they could write; news spread household of the deceased brought by word of mouth them the news; ○ messengers race back from igbo tribe of nigeria who would battlefields with reports on bang on a large wooden drum victories/defeats after a death ○ rapid circulation of news is evidence ○ news hearers became news bearers of more than just the desire of until an entire was informed individuals to know and tell; evidence of social commitment THE MARKETPLACE ○ news could not have travelled this ○ important in the local news system far unless its dissemination was the symbiotic relationship between encouraged by: news and trade has been a. edict established there b. custom ○ where there is trade, there is news; c. ritual where there is news, there is trade ○ oral news systems must have ○ preliterate peoples were enthusiastic arrived early in the development of gossipers language ○ exchange of news requires only the DANCE OF THE FIRST FRUITS simplest of indicative or declarative FESTIVAL statements at its most basic ○ a zulu chief would use the gathering ○ basic purpose of language: of warriors to announce new laws, a. inform regulations, and orders; the warriors b. entertain; and spread these announcements and c. protect the tribe inform others ○ when the zulu king had urgent news, ❖ ZULU TRIBE he would deliver it immediately ○ the tribe used trained news ○ emanated from the ngunis specialists; employed runners to inhabited the central and deliver the king’s news to the chiefs eastern africa and migrated to the southern africa in the “bantu migration”  MARKETPLACE VS MESSENGERS CEREMONIAL RUNNERS ○ circulated word of deaths, tribal councils, treaties and occurrences (fox indian in the midwest); messengers made the rounds of the huts each spring and fall to collect news ○ a position with a great religious significance; the job description included celibacy and speed CRIERS AMPLIFICATION ○ news crying: the most regular and ○ use of messengers: improved speed trustworthy form in which news was in the dissemination of news; more presented to preliterate societies likely to remain coherent ○ followed prescribed routes, ○ ensured additional attention would appeared prescribed time of the day; be paid to news content; might be brought news directly from source mulled over or even edited ○ resided for the most part in leader's ○ whoever controlled the messengers pocket: gained: used to control the news conduit to the members of a received by their followers society: the ability to inform ○ authorities used them to perform them of new regulations necessary government function measure of power over the (publication of gatherings, order, and selection of news the members ordinances) of society received ○ messengers were controlled, for the MINSTRELS most part, by kings, chiefs, ○ rhythm, rhyme, and melody: headsmen; rarely channels of entertaining, aides to memory dissent. ○ third group of news specialist; sing or recite news in verse TYPES OF MESSENGERS ○ barrah (gypsy musicians) would FIRST MARATHON — PHEIDIPPIDES wander through marketplaces to ○ best known instance of news being announce news items of the day carried by a messenger took place in greece (490 b.c.) MOVING NEWS ○ athenian messenger pheidippides, ○ domestication of the horse (china in ran all the way from marathon to 3500 B.C.): first great improvement athens (25 miles) with word of a in the speed of news huge victory (war against persian humans bearing news could be soldiers); carried by horses much faster died of exhaustion than by their own legs  ○ the wheel goes back to the fifth COFFEEHOUSES millennium b.c. ○ coffee was cultivated in africa from wheel + horses = chariots 9ᵗʰ century; found way to britain through mediterranean trade routes CHINESE NEWS VENDOR with the muslim world ○ living newspaper; the newsman ○ queen elizabeth i established trade gathered his own intelligence with morocco and the ottoman compounded of rumor, gossip and a empire; brought tea, coffee, and few grains of truth chocolate to england wrote on bulletins on a thin ○ middle east had coffee houses over sheet of bamboo a century before england did; originating around 1511 ANCIENT BALLADS began as a place to enjoy an ○ earliest form of public criticism exotic drink, coffee; evolved into ○ the chinese are great critics of their a place that helped change the rulers course of history ○ no censorship of monarchical pub or tavern: social gathering absolutism stopped criticism of the place before coffee houses government arrived in london ○ coffeehouses were seen as places SURVIVAL OF SPOKEN NEWS for christian renegades (possibly due ○ kept societies informed, entertained to islamic culture) and aware; played a significant role ○ 1663: 83 coffeehouses were in civilization established in London ○ 1675: king charles ii of england AGORA — GREECE wrote a proclamation to have all of ○ “an assembly of the people” the coffeehouses shut down ○ marketplace; the center of athenian overturned democracy ○ in greece, talk of current events filled THE TURKS HEAD (1652) the agora and the gymnasium ○ the first coffeehouse in london ○ opened by pasqua rosee (servant of FORUM — ROME a merchant trader and an immigrant ○ news center where a man of politics from ottoman smyrna) or business could spend the morning ○ located in the center of the financial learning the latest news from district of the city of london (st provinces michael’s alley, cornhill) ○ the scene of public meetings, law ○ first clientele were merchants of the courts, and gladiatorial combats levant company (trading house that organized and regulated trade with QUARTIERS OF PARIS the ottoman empire) ○ where deaths, royal decrees, and arrival of new wine are all cried out  GREAT TURK COFFEE HOUSE (1662) ○ some of these groups of nouvellistes ○ featured a bust of sultan amurath iv a la bouche (by the mouth) were well — the most detestable tyrant that organized ever ruled the ottoman empire ○ professional news tellers or news ○ not only did the coffee catch on merchants among the people, but so did some expected a few coins after of the turkish culture every performance had contacts in many sectors THE WOMEN’S PETITION AGAINST ○ “they have bridges on all the rivers, COFFEEHOUSES secret routes in all the mountains.” ○ “...women were not permitted inside and all the news they brought with LESSON 2: PRINTED NEWS them.” NEWSPAPER ○ “news from the coffeehouse” (1667) ○ a regularly published print containing broadside ballad satirising the information vital to the function of the relationship between market it serves coffeehouses and news FIRST FORMS OF NEWSPAPERS: LLOYD’S OF LONDON TIPAO ○ famous insurance underwriter ○ "reports from the [official] the insurance market began in a residences" coffeehouse in 1688 ○ the first printed newspapers in offered a free shipping history information service called ○ type of publications issued by central "lloyd’s list" and local governments in imperial ○ london stock exchange: originated china from the practice of bringing buyers also called imperial bulletins or and sellers together in coffeehouses palace reports to set market prices ○ written on bamboo sheets (200 b.c.); printed on carved wooden blocks DECLINE OF COFFEEHOUSES (tang dynasty, 618-907) ○ the english began losing their taste ○ selected items from a gazette can be for coffee later in the 18ᵗʰ century conveyed by word of mouth or ○ introduction of tea from india posted announcements ○ pressure from women who were ○ frequency of publication varied denied access to coffeehouses widely over time and place ○ gentlemen began taking their ○ very exclusive form of conversation to the private confines newspaper/bulletin of the imperial of the club, others turned to pubs palace NOUVELLISTES ACTA DIURNA ○ 17th-18ᵗʰ century; coffeehouses ○ earliest recorded "newspaper" (b.c. faced competition with many parks 59) and gardens in the city of paris  ○ introduced by julius caesar; wanted KAIYUAN ZA BAO to inform the public about important ○ bulletin of the court; official social and political happenings publication (appeared in the 8ᵗʰ ordered to post upcoming century) during the kaiyuan era events in major cities ○ has been described as the first caesar's publication began the chinese newspaper or official dissemination of official written gazette government news in the considered as the world's first western world magazine ○ written in large white boards; ○ main subscribers were imperial displayed in popular places officers; editors collected political (baths—place of socialization) and domestic news daily, and writers ○ kept citizens informed about transcribed it to send to the government scandals, military provinces campaigns, trials and executions ○ hand printed on silk, and appeared ○ superior people employed between 713 and 734 "scriveners" to note down the day's events for them PEKING GAZETTE scrivener: a clerk, scribe, or ○ published in 748; the first continuous notary publication in newspaper format widely circulated among the (historically) upper classes ○ a record of royal edicts in its original the birth of the penny-a-line form; intended for the use of officers journalist (a journalist or hack of the realm writer who is paid by the line) ○ went out of existence with the coming of the chinese republic of → tipao (government oriented) ≠ acta diurna 1912 (multi-faceted). however, in terms of ○ for news, chinese citizens still had to what's the first form of newspaper, it's wait for the gong of the ancient TIPAO. newsvendor and the gossip of the teahouse; ❖ WOODBLOCK PRINTING ○ chinese emperors were disinclined ○ printing is one of the major to let their people know too much of contributions of china to the world what was going on diamond sutra: first dated printed book in 868 a.d. (book → chinese rulers found many uses for of prayers); printed via printing other than news dissemination, woodblock printing including the making of money and play cards in addition to books ❖ BI SHENG ○ chinese blacksmith credited with the ❖ KANGXI EMPEROR (1662-1722) invention of movable porcelain type ○ china did not have its own metal (about 1000 a.d.) type of printing until his reign  ○ highly-educated, hard-working, ○ seemed to have abandoned printing benevolent, and open-minded after 1460, possibly because of ○ issued an edict that legalized blindness catholic churches and the practice of ○ died in feb 1468 and buried in the christianity franciscan church which was pulled down in 1742 ❖ KOREAN MOVABLE TYPE a human relation later dedicated ○ invented during korea's 13ᵗʰ century an epitaph goryeo dynasty PETER SCHOFFER GUTENBERG’S PRINTING PRESS ○ apprentice of gutenberg ○ revolutionized printing; mass ○ made a suggestion to replace wood production of print products, ushing with metal in printing in an era of newspapers, magazines ○ attended an exhibition in france and and books saw the technology of korea (movable metal type) by 1500, france saw the genesis of a postal ○ also taken by fust upon the system, book publishing became popular foreclosing on the inventor along across europe, and england established its with the machines gutenberg first paper mill. invented ○ introduced colored ink JOHANNES GENSFLEISCH ZUM GUTENBERG ❖ SUMMA GRAMMATICALIS QUAE ○ can be acclaimed as the progenitor VOCATUR CATHOLICON, OR of the periodical press CATHOLICON ○ gutenberg is his middle name ○ first book to be printed using ○ born between 1394-1399 in a mainz gutenberg’s invention goldsmith family; ○ began experimenting on printing in → it took time for printers to develop a belief 1440s; had perfected his invention in the untrammeled right of production by 1450s far enough to exploit it commercially → 1501: pope alexander vi decreed that borrowed 800 guilders from the printed material must be submitted to mainz lawyer johannes fust clerical authority prior to publication (to in 1452, fust advanced another prevent heresy); could result in fines or 800 guilders and secured a excommunication if failed to do so partnership in the production of books ❖ GERMAN NEWSPAPERS in 1455, fust foreclosed on the ○ gutenberg’s machine enabled the inventor free exchange of ideas and the ○ saved only 1-2 presses and the type spread of knowledge — themes in which the 42-line and 36-line defining renaissance europe bibles and catholicon were printed  ○ newsletters supplied a growing → the oldest surviving european printed merchant class with news relevant to newspapers were both published weekly in trade and commerce german in 1600. ○ manuscript news sheets were being circulated in german cities by the FIRST NEWSPAPERS PRINTED — late 15ᵗʰ century Through Gutenberg's machine → these papers did not name the city in ❖ GERMAN PAMPHLETS which they were printed to evade ○ were often highly sensationalized government prosecution one reported on the abuse germans in transylvania RELATION ALLER FÜRNEMMEN UND suffered at the hands of vlad GEDENCKWÜRDIGEN HISTORIEN tsepesdrakul, also known as (1609) count dracula. ○ "collection of all distinguished and ○ 1505: augsburg printer erhard commemorable news"; simply oeglin, put out a broadside known as relation announcing the discovery of brazil ○ published by johann carolus in strasbourg; launched in 1605 ❖ VENICE ○ a center for trade and information AVISA RELATION ODER ZEITUNG ○ avisi or gazette (venetian news ○ one of the first news periodicals in sheets): filled with information on the world; published in wolfenbuttel, wars and politics in italy and europe germany (1609) distributed weekly as early as ○ published by lucas schulte 1566 and were seen as far away as london POST-OCH INRIKES TIDNINGER ○ the modern newspaper is a ○ swedish; for post and domestic european invention; owes little or times; government newspaper and nothing to the roman acta or to the gazette of sweden tipao. ○ the official notification medium for handwritten news sheets announcements like bankruptcy (circulated in venice in the 16ᵗʰ declarations or auctions century): oldest direct ancestors ○ founded as "ordinari post tijdender" of the modern newspaper or regular mail times (1645) by queen cheristina and chancellor axel ❖ STYLE OF JOURNALISM oxenstierna ○ the style venetians employed would ○ merged with inrikes tidningar be used in most early printed (domestic times) to form post ich newspapers: inrikes tidningar in 1821 short sets of news items ○ 2009 — online version forwarded from a particular city; written under the name of said city date on which they were sent  DEVELOPMENTS OF ○ spanish for “official bulletin of the NEWSPAPERS state” — the official gazette of the ○ printed newspaper spread rapidly government of spain through europe publishes everyday except ○ printed weeklies appeared in: sunday 1610: basel publishes nation's legislature; 1615: frankfurt and vienna still being published today 1616: hamburg 1617: berlin LA GAZZETTA DI MANTOVA 1618: amsterdam ○ italian newspaper published from ○ 1621: the first newspaper printed in mantova, italy; england appeared ○ established in 1664; one of the ○ 1613: france produced a newspaper world's oldest newspaper still of its own existing ○ printers in amsterdam, a center of trade and political and religious OTHER SURVIVING NEWSPAPERS: tolerance in the early 17ᵗʰ century, ○ oxford gazette (since 1665, england) were exporting weeklies in french ○ wiener zeitung (since 1703, vienna, and in english as early as 1620 austria) ○ italy's first printed weekly appeared ○ the belfast news letter (since 1737, by 1639; spain by 1641 belfast, ireland) ○ feuille d'avis de neuchâtel → publishers of these early weeklies had (neuchâtel, swiss confederacy) struggled finding fresh new items to fill their ○ the press journal (since 1747, papers every week; many, particular in aberdeen, united kingdom) england, failed to meet his demanding ○ berlingske tidende (since 1749, schedule, and their newspapers appeared denmark-norway) late ○ the herald (since 1783, glasgow, united kingdom) → struggled to fulfill the reader's ○ the times (since 1785, london, united "expectations weekly newes"; these kingdom) struggles sped up the process of printing ○ the observer (since 1791, london, news, editors could no longer print items at united kingdom); their leisure world's first sunday newspaper → there was always that weekly to fill; the OTHER SURVIVING NEWSPAPERS pace of events would soon adapt itself to (USA) this weekly schedule (and in recent ○ the new hampshire gazette (since decades, of hourly broadcast news reports) 1756, new hampshire) ○ quebec-chronicle telegraph (since SURVIVING NEWSPAPERS 1764) BOLETIN OFICIAL DEL ESTADO oldest surviving north american (BOE) paper with continuous corporate existence  ○ new york post (since 1801) cologne he saw the emerging ○ the philadelphia inquirer (since german printing industry 1829) ○ set up a printing press in brudges; in ○ the new york times (since 1851) 1473, the first book to be printed in ○ the wall street journals (since 1889) english was produced ○ los angeles times (since 1891) “the recuyell of the histories of troye” — first book printed in the OTHER SURVIVING NEWSPAPERS english language; caxton’s own (EAST ASIA) translation ○ the straits times (since 1845, ○ set up a press at westminster in singapore) 1476; after 1965, the new straits times edition of chaucer's canterbury founded in malaysia tales —- first book known to ○ chosen shinpo have been issued there korea’s first newspaper in japanese, founded in 1881 KING HENRY VIII ○ hanseong sunbo ○ printing became dangerous when he korea’s first newspaper in assumed the throne in 1509 korean, founded in 1886 ○ challenged the church by requesting a divorce from his first wife, 17ᵀᴴ CENTURY NEWSPAPERS catherine of aragon ○ 1670 — earliest known use of the ○ asserted the power of the state; word newspaper introduced prepublication censorship ○ early newspapers were generally ○ penalized violators for “seditious printed in either the style of dutch libel” papers or german papers ○ published a list of books which were in dutch papers or corantos, prohibited in 1529 reports were packed densely in ⅓ of the books published in 16ᵗʰ only 2 of 4 pages century england were printed outside the official channels → these periodicals mainly featured ○ 1557: queen mary formalized the european news, occasionally including licensing procedure by establishing information from america or asia. the stationer company ❖ rarely covered domestic issues; the organization of printers and instead, english papers reported on book dealers; licensing and french military blunders prior restraint ❖ french papers covered the latest british royal scandal. VICTORIAN WORLD OF PRINTING ○ time of enormous change in the HISTORY OF PRINTING IN world of printing; the development of BRITAIN the steam presses for printing large WILLIAM CAXTON (1442) numbers of page ○ born in kent; went to live in brudges ○ lithography was also subject to great in 1446, where during a visit to improvements  ○ introduction of chromolithography primarily concerned books and took little notice of weekly newspapers → the various english publishers, including ○ these newspapers were among the butter and bourne (sometimes competed first in the world to escape but often worked together), first used the government control dutch style, but switched to the german style by 1622. AREOPAGITICA ○ by john milton; a plea for a free FIRST EDITOR — THOMAS press GAINSFORD ○ “give me the liberty to know, to utter ○ made one of the first attempts to edit and to argue freely according to stories into readable narratives in conscience, above all liberties.” london ○ licensing of the press restricted the ○ started working on early english dissemination of truth newspapers in 1622 ○ after the execution of charles i in ○ a widely traveled man and served as 1649, oliver cromwell chose milton a captain in the irish wars. to preside over the spreading of the ○ contributed a sense of organization cromwellian doctrine across england and perspective to early newspaper ○ 1651: milton became editor of journalism mercurius politicus (cromwel’s publication) → early newspapers featured items from ○ 1679: parliament renewed printing europe and occasionally america or asia, regulation act which gave rise to but rarely reported on their own country independent newspapers ○ 1688: licensing system was repealed → print shops were tightly regulated, needing government licenses and facing NEWSPAPERS IN AMERICA shutdowns for offending authorities ○ jamestown was the first permanent english colony in 1609 → europe's rulers allowed newspapers as ○ 1634: rev jose glover sought funds long as they avoided local or national issues for a college and a printing press after a visit HEADS OF SEVERAL PROCEEDINGS ○ rev glover died on his way to IN THIS PRESENT PARLIAMENT america but wife started printing ○ first english newspaper to attempt to shop in 1638 in cambridge report on national news; sedate little ○ 1641: elizabeth glover married weekly newspaper henry dunster, then president of ○ appeared in november 1641 harvard college ○ had a number of competitors PUBLICK OCCURRENSES BOTH PRESS FREEDOM FORREIGN AND DOMESTICK ○ the ideal of freedom of the press ○ printed in boston on september 25, was articulated in england in 1644 1690 by benjamin harris, former by john milton in areopagitica, which london bookseller  the fled to boston to open a JOURNAL DES SCAVANS coffeehouse ○ later “journal des savants” — 1665 had a history of publishing ○ started in france by the author denis sensational newspapers in de sallo; earliest scientific journal england predated the “philosophical jailed and fled to america for an transactions of the royal society incendiary publication of a of london” by 3 months catholic plot against england ○ ceased publication in 1792 during ○ featured attacks on indians allied the french revolution; briefly with the english and a rumor about reappeared in 1797 the king of france ○ did not re-commence regular ○ massachusetts authorities quickly publication until 1816; became a disapproved of publick occurrences literary journal, ceased carrying ○ the first issue of america's first significant scientific material newspaper was also the last; it took 14 years before another newspaper PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS appeared in the colonies GIVING SOME ACCOMPT OF THE PRESENT UNDERTAKINGS, LESSON 3: MAGAZINES AND STUDIES, AND LABOURS OF THE NEWS AGENCIES INGENIOUS IN MANY CONSIDERABLE PARTS OF THE MAKHAZIN WORLD ○ edward cave: published a periodical ○ world's oldest scientific journal in called “the gentleman’s magazine” in continuous publication 1731 served to inform of the latest invented the word “magazine” scientific discoveries from the arabic word makhazin established the principles of (storehouse) scientific priority and peer wanted to create a magazine review, central to scientific that the general public would be journals ever since interested in ○ published by the royal society in england on march 6, 1665 FIRST MAGAZINE henry oldenburg (secretary): ERBAULICHE MONATHS authorized to publish a monthly UNTERREDUNGEN collection of scientific papers ○ “edifying monthly discussions” — a were communicated by society literary and philosophy magazine members or foreign scientists ○ launched in 1663 in germany; was ○ became the primary means of issued from 1663 to 1668 communication between english and ○ the scope was narrow, most content continental scientists authored by theologian and poet ○ served as a model for later johann rist from hamburg periodicals issued by scientific ○ inspired similar magazines; fostered academies enthusiasm for education  GIORNALE DE LETTERATI shaped the manners and taste ○ published in italy in 1668 by scholar of the age and ecclesiastic francesco nazzari; lasted until 1683 THE SPECTATOR ○ first italian scientific journal ○ joseph addison and steele (1711–12, briefly revived in 1714; daily) LE MERCURE GALANT shaped the manners and taste ○ began the concept of "periodical of of the age amusement" in 1672 significant development in the THE GENTLEMAN’S MAGAZINE history of journalism ○ first published by edward cave in first gazette to report on 1731 in london; was the first fashion; played a pivotal role in general-interest magazine spreading news about fashion, ○ originally a monthly collection of luxury goods, etiquette, and essays and articles culled from court life under louis xiv elsewhere ○ founded by writer jean donneau de ○ contained mostly original matter, vizé; featured court news, including parliamentary reports anecdotes, and short pieces of verse ○ 1738: joined by dr. johnson ○ the name refers to the god mercury johnson published his own: ○ renamed “mercure de france” in “rambler” (1750–52) 1714 ○ rivals and imitators quickly followed “the london magazine” BRITAIN MAGAZINES (1732–85) ○ three early “essay periodicals” had “the scots magazine” enormous influence (1739–1817; to 1826 published ○ resembled newspapers but more like as “the edinburgh magazine”) magazines in content ○ the stamp tax of 1712: had a AMERICAN MAGAZINES damping effect but magazines BENJAMIN FRANKLIN remained resilient ○ credited for the first american easy to start and easy to fail magazine ○ first to conceive the idea of a THE REVIEW monthly magazine, beginning his ○ daniel defoe (1704–13; thrice efforts in late 1740 weekly) ○ “general magazine and historical ○ introduced opinion-forming political chronicle for all the british articles on domestic and foreign plantations in america” affairs 70-plus pages; dated january 1741, sold on february 16, 1741 THE TATLER ○ sir richard steele (1709–11; thrice ANDREW BRADFORD weekly) ○ son of william bradford i, editor of new york gazette  ○ “american magazine” or “a monthly 1840: used carrier pigeons to view of the political state of the deliver the news faster than the british colonies” official state services january 1741; was offered for ○ located on rue jean-jacques sale february 6, 1741 rousseau in paris; opposite the ○ also published ”american mercury” general post office → franklin produced 6 issues; bradford ❖ FIRST TELEGRAPH IN FRANCE produced only 3 ○ the agency starts using electrical telegraphs to expand; improved → before the end of the 18ᵗʰ century, about global news coverage 100 magazines had appeared, offering ○ extended its european network to st. entertainment, uplift, or information on a petersburg and the bosphorus in shaky, local, and brief basis response to the crimean war ❖ philadelphia's pennsylvania (1854-1856) magazine (1775–76); edited by ○ paul reuter and bernhard wolff set up thomas paine rival news agencies in london and ❖ the american museum (1787-92); by berlin in 1848 (respectively) matthew carey ○ havas's sons, who succeeded him in ❖ boston’s massachusetts magazine 1852, signed agreements with reuter (1789-96) and wolff. ❖ the new-york magazine (1790-97) each news agency was given an exclusive reporting zone in NEW AGENCIES different parts of europe ○ (encyclopedia britannica) gather, lasted until the 1930s write, and distribute news locally or internationally to: → reuter (britain), wolff (germany), and newspapers, periodicals, radio havas (france): divided the world for and television broadcasters, information collection and dissemination. government agencies ○ do not publish news but supply it → the first transatlantic cable connected europe to america in 1866. AGENCE HAVAS ○ founded in 1835 by charles havas as → the first telegraphic cable between the “agence havas as agence des u.s. west coast and the philippines was feuilles politiques” inaugurated in 1903. world’s first international news agency; uses a network of ❖ NEW MEANS OF COMMUNICATION correspondents and translators 1880 ○ trains and homing pigeons bring in ○ the telephone, teletype, and the news to paris from all over long-wave radio revolutionize france and other european countries journalism, dramatically increasing news due to new transmission  methods and the development of the press in france. ❖ STALIN’S DEATH: THE FIRST SCOOP ○ joseph stalin's death on march 5, FRENCH INFORMATION OFFICE 1953, gave afp a historic scoop ○ november 25, 1940: the news ○ foreign journalists in moscow section of havas was nationalized couldn't transmit news instantly due and became the government agency to censorship; afp monitored radio french information office (ofi) moscow's domestic broadcasts from ○ two laws separated the advertising paris branch, which retained the name havas, from the news branch, now ❖ JEAN MARIN state property ○ appointed ceo; after the vote of the ○ ofi was renamed “agence agence france-presse statute in france-presse” january 1957 ○ re-elected every three years and AGENCE FRANÇAISE remained president and ceo until INDÉPENDANTE 1975 ○ founded in london, december 1940 ○ representing free french public ❖ THE AFP STATURE opinion, able to criticize the vichy ○ the french parliament adopted the regime (paul-louis bret) afp statute on january 10, 1957; ○ afi agreed with the british ministry of guaranteeing its editorial information and reuters to broadcast independence, global presence, and a daily 10,000-word french service financial autonomy across free europe ○ the ceo is elected by a board of ○ liberated france’s first dispatch was directors issued on august 20, 1944 → october 1988: afp launches infographics ❖ BELINOGRAPH service ○ afp photo service: created in october 1944 by freelance photographers ❖ AFP TODAY who cover the liberation of paris: ○ afp's 201 bureaus cover 151 georges mélamed countries; 2,296 collaborators from andré raimbaud 80 nationalities work with afp. robert palat ○ the agency operates regional hubs ○ the belinograph: invented in 1907 by in five geographical zones. edouard belin; transmits images by 5,000 stories produced per day telephone and radio links 3,000 photos produced per day 250 videos produced per day ❖ TELEX 1952 75 graphics produced per day ○ invented in germany in the 1930s; 50 videographics produced per arrived in france in 1946. year ○ used to send information and ○ had a turnover of 300.5 million euros teletype messages and served 4,827 customers  74% were from media outlets, tribune joined in 1849 while the remaining 26% were ○ new york times became a member from non-media sectors shortly after its founding in september 1851 REUTERS ○ initially known as “the new york ○ was set up in 1851 by german-born associated press” (nyap) paul julius reuter faced competition from the was born israel beer josaphat “western associated press” (july 21, 1816) and adopted his (1862); criticized its new name in 1844 monopolistic news gathering opened a london office to and price setting practices. transmit stock quotes between ○ entered the broadcast field in 1941 london and paris via the new when it began distributing news to calais-dover cable radio stations used pigeons to fly stock prices ○ created its own radio network in between aachen and brussels 1974; in 1994, it established aptv, a two years earlier global video news gathering agency ○ eventually extended its service to merged with worldwide the british press and other european television news in 1998 to form countries; also expanded to include aptn general and economic news provides video to international worldwide broadcasters and websites ○ reputation grew rapidly thanks to major scoops UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL ○ 1865: was first in europe with the (UP) news of us president lincoln's ○ founded in 1907 by e.w. scripps; assassination challenged the associated press' ○ advances in overland telegraphs and monopoly on u.s. news undersea cables allowed expansion: dissemination; the rivalry led to the far east in 1872 legendary business competition south america in 1874 ○ 1921: up eroded ap's hold on the european newspaper market and ASSOCIATED PRESS (AP) began servicing newspapers in ○ formed in may 1846 by five new york cologne, frankfurt, and vienna daily newspapers to share news ○ 1922: began servicing newspapers transmission costs for the on the asian mainland mexican-american war ○ led the media industry in ○ organized by moses yale beach of independent world news coverage the sun ○ established new rules of style and ○ other founders: method; the first service to new york herald emphasize the byline of the new york courier and enquirer correspondent journal of commerce new york evening express  ○ 1935: became the first major ○ censorship was widespread; american news service to supply newspapers rarely permitted to news to radio stations discuss events that might incite the first north american news citizens to opposition agency market elements were created that encouraged the CRISES FACED BY NEWS development of daily AGENCIES newspapers ○ low profit potential due to setup, culture, or weak markets 18ᵀᴴ CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS ○ media conglomerates with little ○ 1766: sweden was the first country commitment to national agencies to pass a law protecting press ○ reduced need for traditional services freedom due to 'dumbing down' of content ○ 1844: invention of the telegraph ○ incentive for internal news transformed print media operations over national services ○ internet and competing sources 19ᵀᴴ CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS breaking down 'wholesaler' model ❖ BRITAIN ○ reduced state support with continued ○ 1820: the queen's affair coverage interference in editorial autonomy defined many newspapers king george iv sought to divorce SOLUTIONS TO THE CRISES queen caroline over adultery ○ diversification for non-media clients, accusations fostering entrepreneurial cultures the london trial aimed to strip ○ training and professional caroline of her title development in journalism, ○ critics claimed newspapers became management, and technical skills scandal sheets, focusing entirely on ○ networking through sharing the trial experiences, news/content, and they published details of resources caroline, her lover begami, and ○ re-defining relationships with state, testimony about bed sheet capital, and civil society influenced stains by political transitions and new governance models ❖ RADICAL PRESS ○ the radical or pauper press thrived briefly in the early 19ᵗʰ century; LESSON 4: TABLOIDS & YELLOW weekly papers were produced by JOURNALISM and for the working class NEWSPAPER CENTURY ○ this was the only period with a truly 17ᵀᴴ CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS working-class press; politics was at ○ content began to shift toward more the center of these newspapers local issues (latter half of the 17ᵗʰ ○ used everyday language with color, century) vitality, and force; this style became  the staple of commercial popular (the new york world) — credited with journalism the creation of yellow journalism ○ launched with small capital and ○ prominent headlines for unimportant survived with small circulations; news, lavish but insignificant relied on cheap and often unpaid pictures, faked interviews and labor for writing, printing, and selling stories, sunday supplements, color the papers comics, and sympathy for the underdog with campaigns against PENNY PRESS abuses (media historian frank luther ○ targeted semiliterate urbanites with mott) human-interest stories ○ ervin wardman (new york press ○ sold for one cent rather than the editor): coined the term "yellow cover price typical for newspapers journalism" in january 1897 ○ their style was sensational, based on tried “new journalism” and the language of the common man “nude journalism” to describe tell good human-interest stories, the style of journalism appealing to readers' feelings and intellect CHARACTERISTICS OF YELLOW this style was adopted by the JOURNALISM english press at the turn of the ○ use of multicolumn headlines, century oversized pictures, and dominant graphics ❖ NEW YORK SUN ○ front-page stories ranging from ○ 1833: benjamin h. day began sensationalist to salacious printing the new york sun, a penny ○ scooping of stories leading to newspaper retractions ○ unlike subscription-based papers, it ○ jingoism through slanted news was affordable for many americans stories, often related to civil war ○ day printed outrageous stories, ○ extensive use of anonymous including a 1835 claim of life on the sources (investigative stories on moon big-business, famous people, or ○ evolved a simpler, more direct news political figures) style: vivid, active language, ○ self-promotion within the news colloquialisms and breaking up medium stories into manageable chunks ○ pandering to the hoi polloi, using layout to cater to non-native english ❖ THE HERALD speakers ○ james gordon bennett ran over-exaggerated crime stories in → the us penny press pioneered reporting the herald techniques like observation, interviews, and putting the most important part in the first YELLOW JOURNALISM paragraph ○ william randolph hearst (the new york journal), and joseph pulitzer → the british press adopted this style in the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 1930s ○ yellow journalism helped push spain and united states into war (1898) → human-interest stories became central in ○ the maine, a us battleship, sank from mass-market newspapers, influencing an explosion british journalism joseph pulitzer and william randolph hearst published false → new york sun; new york herald; new york articles about a plot to sink the tribune; new york times ship ❖ changed basis of newspaper ○ many new york newspapers economic support counseled patience and peace; ❖ changed distribution pattern however, both the world and the ❖ changed definition of news journal jumped on the jingo ❖ changed how news was collected bandwagon published a "suppressed cable" NEWSPAPER TRANSFORMATION that said the explosion was not ○ the rise of the middle class an accident transformed newspapers in the 1800s WILLIAM RANDOLF HEARST ○ 1833: a penny buys a new york ○ entered the publishing business in newspaper, opening up the mass 1887; given control of “the san market francisco examiner” by his father ○ 1873: an illustrated daily newspaper ○ acquired “the new york journal”; appears in new york fought a bitter circulation war with ○ 1878: full-page newspaper joseph pulitzer’s “new york world” advertisements debut the new york world sold papers ○ 1880: first photographs using by giant headlines over lurid halftones appear in newspapers stories featuring crime, corruption, graphics, sex, and GOLDEN AGE OF PRINT MEDIA innuendo ○ by the mid-19ᵗʰ century, newspapers ○ created a chain that numbered became the main source of nearly 30 papers in major american information cities at its peak ○ between 1890 and 1920, the "golden ○ expanded to magazines, creating age" of print media, media barons the largest newspaper and like: william randolph hearst, joseph magazine business in the world pulitzer, and lord northcliffe built publishing empires JOSEPH PULITZER wielded enormous influence; ○ a newspaper publisher of the “st. gained notoriety for their use of louis post dispatch” and “the new power in the media industry york world” ○ introduced to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s the techniques of yellow journalism  type of journalism that presents ○ inspired by u.s. magazines, little or no legitimate harmsworth sought to transform the well-researched news british market ○ 1887: recruited the famous ○ 1888: he founded answers to investigative journalist nellie bly correspondents with his brother ○ 1895: the new york world introduced harold as the financial administrator the immensely popular “the yellow kid” comic by richard f. outcault → harmsworth continued expanding by gave rise to the term “yellow founding and acquiring other periodicals, journalism” creating amalgamated press, the world's ○ circulation grew from 15,000 to largest magazine publishing house. 600,000 — made the new york world ○ 1894: bought the london evening the largest newspaper in the us at news and introduced new features that time like book serialisations, social gossip, and women's columns to the → an illustration in the new york evening daily press post shows william randolph hearst as a jester tossing newspapers to eager readers PRE SPANISH & SPANISH ERA ❖ condemned by the new york mayor PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD for their lack of integrity and urges ○ ancient filipinos used pointed tools people to reject such newspapers and sharp objects to write on tree barks, leaves, and bamboo tubes TABLOID JOURNALISM ○ umalohokan — town crier; traveled ○ 1884: “tabloid” meaning “small tablet around the community to make of medicine” — trademarked by public announcements burroughs, wellcome and co. for ○ types of literature during this period: compressed or concentrated sabi (maxim) chemicals and drugs bugtong (riddle) a hybrid of "tablet" and the tagalog kumintang (war song) greek suffix "-oid." maranaw tutul (folk tale) ○ by 1898: was being used figuratively darangan (epic poetry) to mean a compressed form or dose ifugao hudhud (wedding song) of anything ○ led to "tabloid journalism" in 1901; newspapers with short, condensed articles or small in size by 1917 SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD ○ originally associated with alfred c. → before printed media, various forms of harmsworth mass media that flourished in 1521 ALFRED CHARLES WILLIAM CENACULO (SENAKULO) HARMSWORTH ○ also known by pasyon y muerte, ○ first viscount northcliffe was a british passion play, centurion, tanggal, and newspaper and publishing magnate pamalandong  ○ a staged reenactment of christ’s ○ first introduced by spanish passion and death missionaries (especially dominican ○ can last 7-8 days; takes place in and franciscan orders) town or church plazas and streets ○ primary aim was to spread catholic ○ some were staged in cockpits near doctrine manila (20ᵗʰ century) ○ initial works printed were mostly religious texts in local languages PASION (PASYON) ○ first printing press: university of ○ an epic narrative that tells the santo tomas (17ᵗʰ century) passion, death and resurrection of ust, founded by dominicans in jesus christ 1611, became a significant ○ written in stanzas of 5 lines, 8 center for printing syllables each ○ continuous chanting (pabasa) DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA became a cherished filipino catholic ○ written in 1593; one of the earliest tradition printed books in the philippines ○ printed by a chinese using PASTORES (SHEPHERDS) woodblocks ○ narrates the nativity story juan de vera (ken yong): printed ○ sang home to home, performing the the doctrinas, inspired by fray daygon as a form of worship francisco blancas de san jose a chinese converted into BALAGTASAN christianity ○ a filipino form of debate conducted in established a printing shop verses; incorporates poetic elements located on jolo st. (juan luna (karagatan, huwego de prenda, street); been in binondo until duplo) 1607 ○ april 6, 1924 — first balagtasan; died in 1603 and passed the organized to honor the birth of business to his brother, francisco balagtas francisco ○ the first three books were printed in AWIT AND CORIDO 1593 ○ narrative songs or poems that often ○ catechism printed in both spanish explore themes of love, heroism, and tagalog (used both roman letters and adventure and baybayin) awit: dodecasyllabic verses referred to as “plosa” → fray blancas instructed the art of corido: octosyllabic verses printing to two natives of bataan known as “hakira” ❖ tomas pinpin — wrote “librong pag-aaralan nang manga tagalog PRINTING IN THE PHILIPPINES nang wicang castilla” (1610) ○ 1565: beginning of printing and ❖ diego talaghay — printed the book; publishing in the philippines reprinted in 1752 and 1832  COLONIAL POLICY ON PRINTING ○ distributed by the spanish ○ spanish colonial authorities government; controlled what could be printed official announcements, news ○ a policy was set up whereby all and updates to the public publications required prior approval quickly ensured that the printed content aligned with the spanish DEL SUPERIOR GOVIERNO religious and political interests ○ the first newspaper in the philippines suppressed dissent and created by private initiative and prevented ideas of rebellion or freely distributed to readers non-catholic ideologies ○ lasted between august 8, 1811 to ○ the bishop and the audiencia (the february 7, 1812; only 15 members supreme tribunal) had the authority published to review and censor materials ○ focused on european political events before printing and sale ○ not issued on a regular schedule, ○ 19ᵗʰ century: filipino reformists used only when significant news arrived the printing press to express from europe nationalist ideas and advocate for mariano fernandez de folgueras reforms (spanish governor-general); la solidaridad: a reformist served as the editor newspaper published by filipino expatriate in spain; SHORT-LIVED NEWSPAPERS marked the beginning of the NOTICIAS SACADAS press as a medium for filipino ○ published on july 4, 1813; provided voices against colonial rule accounts of battles involving the moros MAJOR SPANISH PUBLICATIONS SUCESOS FELICES RAMILLETE PATRIÓTICA ○ “fortunate events” — released in MANILENSE 1637; known as the first philippine ○ “a collection of choice things” newsletter ○ an eight-page monthly newspaper; marked the early beginnings of dubbed as the first frank newspaper journalism in the country ○ served as colonial propaganda; LA FILANTROPICA ○ printed by tomas pinpin; celebrated ○ published in 1891; closed due to few as “the father of filipino printing” readers and advertisers HOJAS VOLANTES REGISTRO MERCANTIL ○ also called as the “flying sheet” — ○ established by an economic society early form of print news distribution with government permission; in the philippines during spanish rule focused solely on commercial and released in 1799 shipping information ○ a one-issue newsletter; used for rapid, single-event reporting  ○ had the longest publication run of ○ leading spanish language any paper at the time; lasting about newspaper; best-edited publication ten years in the philippines from 1848-1898; discontinued in may 1833 due ○ edited by felipe del pan (the ablest to lack of funding journalist of his time); published by reportedly the only paper ramirez y compañia in intramuros published in the philippine ○ government’s daily organ in 1852; islands renamed to “boletin oficial de filipinas” LA OPINION shut down by the royal order ○ the first opinion newspaper; 1860; reappeared with del pan beginning of political journalism ○ the printing press was secretly used ○ well-funded and structured; opposed to publish katipunan material religious orders and strived for diego ang kalayaan (the newspaper of reform katipunan), edited by emilio LA ESTRELLA DE MANILA — DIARIO jacinto; published using diario’s DE AVISOS Y NOTICIAS printing press ○ daily spanish newspaper; provided discovered by the colonial foreign and local news government; closed the ○ established in 1847; focused on newspaper in 1898 topics like religion, commerce, art, and literature ❖ NOTABLE JOURNALISTS included features on manila’s ○ isabelo de los reyes — established cultural activities, a science the aglipayan church; employed as a section, and serialized “the journalist and became the associate count of monte cristo” by editor of diario alexandre dumas “the invasion of limahong” ○ closed due to poor internal ○ apolonio de la cruz — one of the management thirteen martyrs from bagumbayan; served as a foreman and recruited MAJOR SPANISH PUBLICATIONS other katipuneros LA ESPERANZA ○ first daily newspaper, launched on → in 1856, governor-general ramon december 1, 1846 montero issued a decree: ○ considered lackluster, predominantly ❖ created “the comision permanente covered non-controversial topics de censura” to censor publications ○ the cautious approach aimed to ❖ newspapers required government avoid conflict amidst pre-publication licenses; articles had to be censorship submitted for editing and censorship ○ 1846: followed by its rival, diario de by officials manila; surpassed it in popularity ✦ PROHIBITED ARTICLES ARE THE DIARIO DE MANILA FOLLOWING:  ○ conspired to destroy or change the ○ existed from february 15, 1889 to catholic religion, throne, or november 15, 1895; became the fundamental monarchical laws principal organ of the propaganda ○ disturbed public peace movement ○ initiated action against legitimate ○ the use of spanish language is a authority factor why its influence was limited ○ licentious writings or those contrary ○ lost momentum at liga filipina’s to good customs collapse and rizal’s arrest ○ injurious or libelous to individuals' reputations or private conduct KALAYAAN ○ injurious to a foreign sovereign or ○ 1896: the first edition was published their government with a secondhand press financed by francisco del OTHER NOTABLES castillo and candido iban NEWSPAPERS types taken from the diario de ○ EL RESUMEN manila established by pascual poblete; ○ andres bonifacio and emilio jacinto characterized as having wrote propaganda articles “nationalistic tendencies” ○ to avoid censors, the place of ○ EL CATOLICO FILIPINO (1862) publication was yokohama, japan, the first religious newspaper in and marcelo del pilar as editor the philippines; published by mariano sevilla (priest) ○ EL PASIG (1862) bilingual newspaper, in spanish AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD and tagalog; marked the ○ shaped by issues and revolutionary beginning of native press or war conditions, ie. censorship was intended to be educational ○ less of a government concern; but only lasted a few months became more of a business ○ EL COMERCIO (1869-1925) ○ catered to a wider reach of has the biggest circulation and audiences longest life span of 56 years ○ period of competition and rivalry during the spanish era among newspapers ○ DIARIONG TAGALOG (1882) founded by marcelo del pilar NEWSPAPERS ○ LA SEMANA ELEGANTE (1884) NOTABLE MENTIONS the first satire magazine in the ○ THE BOUNDING BELLOW country first american paper published ○ EL HOGAR (1893) in the philippines; printed on the the first women’s newspaper olympia ○ THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE LA SOLIDARIDAD published by the military ○ published in madrid by the government; the first yankee propaganda movement in spain publication in the philippines  ○ THE AMERICAN ○ established on february 1, 1900 by the second english language american carlson taylor as a daily shipping journal, and h.g. farris as published by franklyn brooks, a the editor new york journalist, on october printed on contract by el 15, 1898 progreso at no. 10 carriedo ○ LA REPUBLICA FILIPINA to give the public accurate and established at mandaluyong on reliable shipping and september 15, 1898 commercial information represented the revolutionary viewed as the mouthpiece of faction directed by pedro a. the american community paterno ○ second oldest extant english-language newspaper; largest LA INDEPENDENCIA english language broadsheet ○ founded and edited by antonio luna newspaper by circulation on september 3, 1898 ○ 1912: broadened its scope and came out with its last issue on became a paid publication november 11, 1900 ○ 1957: purchased by hans menzi and ○ first to advocate independence from turned into a modern filipino spain; first newspaper published by newspaper filipinos ○ rafael palma took over as acting THE PHILIPPINES HERALD editor when luna was dismissed ○ established on august 8, 1920 by ○ first to publish the spanish lyrics of manuel l. quezon the national anthem (“filipinas”) the most significant step made in philippine newspaper history THE MANILA TIMES first pro-filipino nationalistic ○ established on october 11, 1898 by newspaper thomas cowan, an englishman ○ allowed by americans to continue response to american soldiers’ despite not fully supportive complaints about the lack of a quality english newspaper TALIBA-VANGUARDIA-TRIBUNE (TVT ○ first english-language daily; oldest CHAIN) extant english-language newspaper ○ established by alejandro roces sr. ○ bought by manuel l. quezon in 1917, the first newspaper chain owner then by alejandro roces sr. in 1927; in the philippines disbanded in 1930 “father of modern journalism” ○ reopened in 1945 after being bought ○ 1916: taliba (filipino) and la by chino roces; considered the vanguardia (spanish) dailies were largest newspaper in the philippines bought from martin ocampo by 1950 ○ 1925: roses launched the tribune, herald romulo was its editor-in-chief MANILA BULLETIN EL NUEVO DIA — “THE NEW DAY”  ○ established on april 16, 1900 by ○ oldest weekly english language sergio osmeña and his former ust magazine currently still in print law classmates: jaime g. de veyra ○ 1946: the publication debuted juan and rafael palma dela cruz, representation of filipino ○ published during the early years of everyman american occupation ○ one of the first publications to be ○ the american regime suspended the shut down when martial law was paper twice and threatened its staff imposed with deportation LIWAYWAY AVES DE RAPIÑA ○ established on november 18, 1922 ○ published on october 30, 1908 and by ramon roces written by assistant editor fidel reyes ○ oldest tagalog magazine; ○ denounced and criticized the abuse instrumental in promoting filipino of american government officials and literature businesspeople ○ the most successful journalistic ○ 1908: went bankrupt and ceased enterprise in the history of the publication due to a libel suit filed by philippines conant worcester ○ suffered greatly from the change of management; sold to hanz menzi SAKDAL after roces retired from publishing ○ published on october 13, 1930 by (1965) benigno ramos menzi sold it to manila bulletin thought to be inspired by zola’s publishing corporation novel “j’acse” (i accuse) 2022: liwayway was relaunched ○ original purpose was to accuse high-ranking officials of acts that LIWAYWAY were harmful to the country and the ○ established on july 21, 1927 by filipino people ramon roces ○ addressed problems of interest to ○ a weekly magazine dedicating the filipino people and attacked majority of its pages to tagalog american-imposed taxes, abusive literary pieces capitalists, and landlords ○ ceased publication before the ○ evolved into a political party japanese occupation; resumed on (sakdalista party) may 25, 1948 relaunched as kislap, then MAGAZINES changed to kislap-graphic, then PHILIPPINE FREE PRESS rebranded as graphic ○ published on august 15, 1908 by judge kincaid with pat gallagher as BROADCASTING editor; ○ 1922: antonio quirino established the taken over by r. mcculloch dick country’s first radio station kzrm after a few months (dzrh)  ○ 1924: the philippine broadcasting newspapers in the country corporation (pbc) was formed during his management ○ 1929: the first provincial radio station was established in cebu city (kzrc) ○ 1932: advertising of products other RAMON ROCES (1913-1988) than those of the station owners ○ the eldest son of alejandro roces; began ○ referred to as: first radio stations were either “grandfather of filipino comics” owned by department stores or “grandfather of philippine were part of a newspaper-radio comics” chain “the grand old man of philippine popular press” → laws suppressed dissent by discontinuing ○ helped develop a rich heritage of publications critical of the u.s. government filipino comic books and popular ❖ SEDITION ACT literature banned expressions in support ○ became involved in magazines that of philippine independence contributed to popularizing comics in ❖ CRIMINAL LIBEL ACT the philippines targeted libelous statements ○ first conceived of photo news, a against government officials trilingual magazine; then liwayway ❖ BOARD OF CENSORSHIP FOR and its sister magazines: MOVING PICTURES (BCMP) bisaya, hiligaynon, bikolano, established in 1929 under and the ilocano bannawag commonwealth act No. 3852 reviewed films for public RAMON ROCES (1874-1939) showing and had rights to cut or ○ brother of jose palma; reporter in la ban films that were considered independencia inappropriate ○ founder of the newspaper el renacimiento PROMINENT JOURNALISTS ○ inaugurated as the fourth president ALEJANDRO ROCES SR. (1875-1943) of the university of the philippines ○ the “hearst of the philippines” and (july 1925) the “father of modern journalism” palma hall was named after him the first filipino publisher who saw newspaper production as a MARTIN OCAMPO (1852-1927) serious business ○ publisher, administrator and one of ○ most prominent and influential figure the founders of the nationalistic daily in the field of journalism during the newspaper el renacimiento american colonial period ○ founded the afternoon Spanish daily ○ 1917: granted access to his la vanguardia and the taliba newspapers to international news agencies BENIGNO RAMOS (1892-1945) taliba, la Vanguardia, and ○ established the tagalog language tribune were the biggest newspaper sakdal which gained a  wide circulation in rural area; REGIONAL GUERRILLA founded the sakdalista movement NEWSPAPERS Leyte-Samar Free Philippines: Published from October 1944 to March 1945, focused on Allied victories and JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD countering Japanese propaganda. GUERRILLA NEWSPAPERS Morning Times: Founded in 1942, ○ during world war ii, guerrilla became a daily until the late 1960s. newspapers spread; delivering Voice of Free Samar: Focused on local truthful news about the war guerrilla efforts, published in Visayan ○ however, the japanese used and English. violence to control and silence those The Saber: Led by ROTC guerrillas, spreading guerrilla newspapers known for its typewritten issues. Bolos and Bullets: Covered Bohol OLDEST GUERRILLA NEWSPAPERS Force operations from 1943-1944. Kalibo War Bulletin: Published in Capiz Visayan Shinbun: Led by Napoleon after Pearl Harbor. It aimed to Dejoras, it covered guerrilla activities in encourage people with honest war Cebu. reports but stopped due to disputes over profits. OTHER GUERRILLA NEWSPAPERS Lico-Chronicle: Published in January The Flash: Published in 1943, reached 1942, lasted 48 days. Founded by as far as Mindanao. Manuel Abad Gaerlan, buried and Pioneer: Stopped due to material burned copies to avoid detection. shortages. New Era: A one-page mimeographed The Thunderclap: Published by CIPC newspaper started in February 1942, in 1943, later known as Liberty. revived as "Patriot" during MacArthur’s The Bugle: Mimeographed news from return. 1942. Karatung: Bilingual publication reaching BIG THREE GUERRILLA Australia. NEWSPAPERS Onion Skin: Known for satirical content, Matang Lawin: First guerrilla paper in aimed at boosting morale. Luzon, founded by Colonel Guillermo The Avenger: Published news from Nakar in 1942. It warned against American broadcasts from 1943-1945. collaboration but stopped after Nakar’s Victory News: Published in Panay and capture. Negros, continued updates during The Liberator: Founded by Leon O. Ty occupation. for PQOG, it raised morale and featured MacArthur’s "I shall return." NEWSPAPERS FOR FILIPINO Voice of the Free People (VOFP): Led CHINESE by Dr. Ralph Posuncuy, it reported true The Fuse: Organized resistance against news despite Japanese control and the Japanese. continued after the death of three editors.  The Chinese Guide: Served the Filipino "The Legacy of the Rising Sun": Chinese community with war Discussed Japan’s industrialization information. impact. The Sentinel: Supported Filipino "One Nation, One Heart, One Chinese efforts against Japan. Republic": Promoted Japan as the Tai Han Huan: A Chinese publication for protector of peace and prosperity. Filipinos resisting Japanese occupation. "To the Filipino Youth": Encouraged Filipino youth to support Japan. AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS Freedom: Published by the U.S. Army RADIO STATIONS Propaganda Unit in 1942. Early Restrictions: Radios were Free Philippines: Official organ of banned until 1942, later allowed under American forces, published in 1944. registration. Press of Freedom: Published in 1944 Destruction of Equipment: USAFFE by the Philippine Army, USAFFE. destroyed radio gear, but Japanese USAFIP, NL News Letter: Released by reconditioned radios for use. the U.S. Armed Forces in 1944, Reconditioning of Radios: Radios sent covering local news. to delivery stations for reconditioning in 1943. JAPANESE NEWSPAPERS Tribune, Vanguardia, and Taliba: JAPANESE-CONTROLLED STATIONS Seized by the Japanese, published KZRH PIAM: Stations in Cebu, Baguio, under new leadership in January 1943. Davao, and Legaspi broadcasted in El Debate, The Philippines Herald: Tagalog and Nihongo. Stopped due to bombings. Hiding "Unreconditioned" Radios: Manila Sinbun-sya: Established in Filipinos continued to listen to foreign 1942 to control Philippine press. broadcasts despite efforts to block them. City Gazette: Praised Japan's government and included official RADIO AS A RESOURCE FOR speeches. GUERRILLA OPERATIONS Yay Panlilio: Used Japanese-controlled JAPANESE PROPAGANDA radio to communicate with guerrilla NEWSPAPERS IN REGIONS units. Pilars and Filipina: Magazines Broadcasters of KZEI: Used various encouraging adoption of Japanese languages to share information across culture and rejecting the U.S. the Philippines. PAMPHLETS AND POSTERS MOVIES AND THEATER "Get the Most Benefit Out of a Films: Used for propaganda, heavily Controlled Economy": Discussed censored to promote Japanese virtues. rationing of Filipino needs. ○ Shinsetsu (1942): Focused on "The Propagation of Filipino Japanese culture. Language": Promoted Filipino language ○ Ano Hata o Ute (1944): Depicted and Japan’s "Asia for Asiatics" ideology. Americans negatively.  ○ Tear Down the Stars and Stripes (1944): A Filipino film promoting THE PRESS Japanese values. → the tri-media had a very evident unequal Bodabil: Filipino theater combining information dissemination, especially since song, dance, and comedy, depicting the it was manila-centric Japanese as allies in the fight for ○ mass media in the provinces are freedom. poorly developed a communication gap existed COUNTERPROPAGANDA among 34 million filipinos in "Filipinos Fight for Freedom": Leaflets rural areas advocating for freedom from Japanese ○ regarded as “the freest in asia”; occupation. 1935 philippine constitution "Letters of Governor Tomas Confesor guarantees press freedom to Dr. Fermin Caram": Rejected Japanese collaboration. THE PRINT MEDIA "Slip News": Produced by guerrilla ○ the small “militant, frequently units to unite Filipinos with frontline dissenting newspapers” perished updates. ○ advertising was the major source of the papers’ revenue during that time ○ small papers were ignored by advertisers (political pressures and LIBERATION PERIOD lack of readers) ○ the philippines finally regained its ○ large publishers thrived but independence controlled by the advertisers' ○ july 4, 1946: president truman interests signed proclamation 2695 recognized the philippines’ independence ✦ THE RULING CLASS ○ the lopez family ○ the elizalde family ○ the soriano family ○ the araneta family RADIO BROADCASTING → six dailies were the leading newspapers ○ showed a greater concentration in from the early 1960s up to 1972, before the manila area martial law ○ commonwealth act 729 ○ manila times the president of the philippines ○ the daily mirror has a four-year right to grant ○ manila daily bulletin temporary permits for the ○ manila chronicle construction, installation, ○ manila evening news establishment, and operation of ○ the philippine herald: radio stations  ○ were required to change the first ○ operated by rich families or powerful broadcast call letter from “k” to “d” corporate bodies “dz” for manila; “dw” for luzon; ○ practiced self-censorship and “dy” for visayas; “dx” for filtering of information that is mindanao perceived to be detrimental to benefactors MARTIAL LAW PERIOD MEDIA AND MARTIAL LAW September 23, 1972: ○ Declaration of Martial Law by Marcos. ○ 7 public utility companies closed: TV BROADCASTING power, water, telecom, ○ 18 television stations in the country; transportation. 7 are located in the greater manila ○ 400 media outlets shut down. area ○ october 23 1953: first official telecast November 11, 1969: in the philippines ○ Described as the most fraudulent ○ dzaq-tv channel 3 (alto b