ITP Reviewer - Sensation and Perception PDF

**CHAPTER 4: Sensation and Perception** **SENSATION AND PERCEPTION** - - - - **DETECTING LIGHT** - - - - - **THE STRUCTURE OF EYES** - - - - - - - **COMMON DISORDERS OF VISION** **PRESBYOPIA:** impaired ability to focus on nearby objects **MYOPIA:** nearsi...

**CHAPTER 4: Sensation and Perception** **SENSATION AND PERCEPTION** - - - - **DETECTING LIGHT** - - - - - **THE STRUCTURE OF EYES** - - - - - - - **COMMON DISORDERS OF VISION** **PRESBYOPIA:** impaired ability to focus on nearby objects **MYOPIA:** nearsightedness- impaired ability to focus on distant objects **HYPEROPIA:** farsightedness**-** impaired ability to focus on close objects **GLAUCOMA:** damage to optic nerve, usually caused by increased pressure in the eyeball **CATARACT:** a disorder in which the lens becomes cloudy **2 VISUAL RECEPTOR** - - **THE DARK ADAPTATION** - - **THE VISUAL PATHWAY** ** ** The visual receptors send their impulses away from the brain, toward the center of the eye, where they contact neurons called **bipolar cell.** ** ** Bipolar cells contact still other neurons, the ganglion cells. The axons from the ganglion cells join to form the optic nerve, which turns around and exits the eye. Half of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm. Most of the optic nerve goes to the thalamus, which sends information to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. The retinal area where the optic nerve exits is called the *blind spot* (part of the retina has no room for receptors because the exiting axons take up all the space) **THE TRICHROMATIC THEORY** - - - - - **THE OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY** - - - **THE RETINEX THEORY** - - - - - - - **COLOR VISION DEFICIENCY** - - - - - **THE NON VISUAL SENSES** **HEARING** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **PITCH PERCEPTION** - - - - **LOCALIZING SOUND** The auditory system determines the direction of a sound source by comparing the messages from the two ears. If a sound grows louder, you interpret it as coming closer. If two sounds differ in pitch, you assume the higher frequency tone is closer. Loudness and frequency tell you only the relative distances, not absolute distances. If you hear many echoes, you judge the source of the sound to be far away. **THE VESTIBULAR SENSE** - - **THE CUTANEOUS SENSES** - **PAIN** - - - **THE GATE THEORY OF PAIN** - - - - - - - **CHEMICAL SENSES: TASTE** - - - - - **CHEMICAL SENSES: SMELL** - - - - - - - **SYNESTHESIA** - - - - **INTERPRETING SENSORY INFORMATION** **PERCEIVING MINIMAL STIMULI** - - - - - - **SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION** - - - - - - **PERCEIVING AND RECOGNIZING PATTERNS** **FEATURE-DETECTOR APPROACH** - - **EVIDENCES TO FEATURE-DETECTOR** **FIRST STUDY** - - - **SECOND STUDY** - - **GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY** - - - - - - **GESTALT PRINCIPLES** - - - - **PERCEIVING MOVEMENT AND DEPTH** **VISUAL CONSISTENCY:** our tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size, and color, despite distortions in the actual pattern reaching the retina. - - - - **PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT** - - **PERCEPTION OF DEPTH** - - - - - - - - - - - - **OPTICAL ILLUSIONS** - - **MOTION ILLUSION** -