Mitochondria: The Powerhouses of the Cell PDF

Mitochondria The Powerhouses of the Cell  introduction Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce energy in the form of ATP. These organelles are essential for various cellular processes,...

Mitochondria The Powerhouses of the Cell  introduction Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce energy in the form of ATP. These organelles are essential for various cellular processes, including energy metabolism, calcium storage, and apoptosis. Mitochondria have their own DNA, which supports the theory of their ancient origin as independent organisms.  Structure of Mitochondria 1. Outer Membrane 2. Intermembrane Space 3. Inner Membrane 4. Cristae 5. Matrix 6. The outer and inner membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins. The two membranes have different properties. What are Mitochondrial Diseases? Disorders caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, often due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA. Causes: Genetic mutations in mtDNA or nuclear DNA. Inherited maternally (mtDNA) or sporadic mutations.  Leigh Syndrome: A severe neurological disorder Examples of that affects energy production. Mitochondrial Diseases: MELAS Syndrome: Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke- like episodes. LHON: Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, leading to vision loss.  Muscle weakness and fatigue. Neurological problems (e.g., seizures, Symptoms: developmental delays). Vision and hearing loss. Lactic acidosis (build-up of lactic acid in the body).  Mitochondria are essential organelles, often referred to as the “powerhouses of the cell” due to their role in ATP production. Conclusion They play critical roles in energy metabolism, calcium storage, and cellular processes like apoptosis. Mitochondria's unique features—such as their own DNA—highlight their evolutionary importance (Endosymbiotic Theory).  Dysfunction in mitochondria can lead to serious diseases, affecting high-energy organs like the brain, muscles, and Conclusion heart. Understanding mitochondria helps us appreciate their role in cellular health and the broader impact on human life. THANK YOU