itihas 9th class PDF

शासन निर्णय क्रमांक : अभ्यास-२११६/(प्र.क्र.4३/१६) एसडी-4 दिनांक २5.4.२०१६ के अनुसार समन्वय समिति का गठन किया गया । दि. ३.३.२०१७ को हुई इस समिति की बैठक में यह पाठ्‌यपुस्तक निर्धारित करने हेतु मान्यता प्रदान की गई । B{Vhmg Am¡a amOZr{V emñÌ Zm¡dt H$jm _hmamîQ´> amÁ` nmR²>`nwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>i, nwUo संलग्न ‘क्यू आर कोड’ तथा इस पुस्तक में अन्य स्थानों पर दिए गए ‘क्यू आर कोड’ स्मार्ट फोन का प्रयोग कर स्कैन कर सकते हैं । स्कैन करने के उपरांत आपको इस पाठ्‌यपुस्तक के अध्ययन- अध्यापन के लिए उपयुक्त लिंक/लिंक्स (URL) प्राप्त होंगी । प्रथमावृत्ति : २०१७ © महाराष्ट्र राज्य पाठ्‌यपुस्तक निर्मिती व अभ्यासक्रम संशोधन मंडळ, पुणे - 4११००4 इस पुस्तक का सर्वाधिकार महाराष्ट्र राज्य पाठ्‌यपुस्तक निर्मिती व अभ्यासक्रम संशोधन मंडळ के अधीन सुरक्षित है। इस पुस्तक का कोई भी भाग महाराष्ट्र राज्य पाठ्‌यपुस्तक निर्मिती व अभ्यासक्रम संशोधन मंडळ के संचालक की लिखित अनुमति के बिना प्रकाशित नहीं किया जा सकता । इतिहास विषय समिति भाषांतरकार मुखपृष्ठ एवं सजावट डॉ. सदानंद मोरे, अध्यक्ष lr e{e ‘wabrYa {ZKmoOH$a श्री मुकीम शेख श्री मोहन शेटे, सदस्य S>m°. à‘moX ew³b मानचित्रकार श्री पांडुरंग बलकवडे, सदस्य समीक्षक श्री रविकिरण जाधव श्री बापूसाहेब शिंदे, सदस्य lr YÝ¶Hw$‘ma {~amOXma श्री बाळकृष्ण चाेपडे, सदस्य lr‘Vr ‘§Owbm {ÌnmR>r {_lm श्री प्रशांत सरूडकर, सदस्य अक्षरांकन {df¶Vk श्री मोगल जाधव, सदस्य-सचिव gm¡. d¥§Xm Hw$bH$Uu _o. {Zhma J«m[\$Šg, _w§~B© lr àH$me Zm. dmK_mao कागज lr gmho~amd g. nmQ>rb नागरिक शास्त्र विषय समिति ७० जी.एस.एम. क्रिमवोव डॉ. श्रीकांत परांजपे, अध्यक्ष भाषांतर संयोजन मुद्रणादेश प्रा. साधना कुलकर्णी, सदस्य डॉ. अलका पोतदार N/PB/2017-18/QTY.- 90,000 डॉ. मोहन काशीकर, सदस्य {deofm{YH$mar, qhXr मुद्रक श्री वैजनाथ काळे, सदस्य gm¡. g§Ü¶m {dZ¶ CnmgZr M/S. Uchitha Graphics Printers श्री मोगल जाधव, सदस्य-सचिव {df¶ ghm¶H$, qhXr Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai इतिहास और नागरिक शास्त्र अभ्यास गट संयोजक श्री राहुल प्रभू डॉ. रावसाहेब शेळके श्री मोगल जाधव श्री संजय वझरेकर श्री मरीबा चंदनशिवे विशेषाधिकारी, इतिहास व नागरिकशास्त्र सौ. वर्षा सरोदे श्री सुभाष राठोड श्री संतोष शिंदे विषय सहायक, इतिहास व नागरिकशास्त्र सौ. सुनीता दळवी डॉ. सतीश चापले पाठ्‌यपुस्तक मंडळ, पुणे प्रा शिवानी लिमये श्री विशाल कुलकर्णी श्री भाऊसाहेब उमाटे श्री शेखर पाटील डॉ. नागनाथ येवले श्री संजय मेहता निर्मिति श्री सच्चितानंद आफळे, श्री सदानंद डोंगरे श्री रामदास ठाकर मुख्य निर्मिति अधिकारी श्री रवींद्र पाटील डॉ. अजित आपटे श्री प्रभाकर परब, श्री विक्रम अडसूळ डॉ. मोहन खडसे निर्मिति अधिकारी साै. रूपाली गिरकर सौ. शिवकन्या कदेरकर श्री शशांक कणिकदळे, डॉ. मिनाक्षी उपाध्याय श्री गौतम डांगे सहायक निर्मिति अधिकारी सौ. कांचन केतकर डॉ. व्यंकटेश खरात सौ. शिवकन्या पटवे श्री रविंद्र जिंदे प्रकाशक डॉ. अनिल सिंंगारे डॉ प्रभाकर लोंढे श्री विवेक उत्तम गोसावी, नियंत्रक पाठ्‌यपुस्तक निर्मिती मंडळ, प्रभादेवी, मुंबई-२5 àñVmdZm {dX²¶mWu {‘Ìmo, Zm¡dt H$jm H$s B{Vhmg nmR²>¶nwñVH$ ‘| B.g. 1961 go 2000 VH$ H$s H$mbmd{Y H$m g‘mdoe {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ¶h nwñVH$ AmnHo$ hmWm| ‘| XoVo hþE h‘| AmZ§X hmo ahm h¡& B{Vhmg Ho$ nmR²>¶H«$‘ H$mo A{YH$-go-A{YH$ AX²¶VZ H$aZo Ho$ à¶ËZm| H$m EH$ ^mJ AWm©V ¶h nmR²>¶nwñVH$ h¡& Bg nmR²>¶nwñVH$ ‘| B.g. 1961 Ho$ ~mX ^maV ‘| hþE gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a AÝ¶ joÌm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$s g‘rjm H$s JB© h¡ AWm©V ¶h g‘rjm n[anyU© Zht h¡; 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B{Vhmg Ho$ gmYZ............................. 1 2. ^maV … 1960 Ho$ ~mX H$s KQ>ZmE±............ 5 3. ^maV Ho$ gå‘wI Am§V[aH$ MwZm¡{V¶m±........... 10 4. Am{W©H$ {dH$mg............................... 15 5. {ejm H$s {dH$mg ¶mÌm........................ 23 6. ‘{hbm Am¡a AÝ¶ H$‘Omoa dJm] H$m ge³VrH$aU 31 7. {dkmZ Am¡a àm¡X²¶mo{JH$s....................... 37 8. CX²¶moJ VWm ì¶mnma........................... 43 9. ~XbVm OrdZ … ^mJ 1....................... 47 10. ~XbVm OrdZ … ^mJ 2....................... 52 S.O.I. Note : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © Government of India, Copyright : 2017. (2) The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. j‘Vm {dYmZ H«$. KQ>H$ j‘Vm 1. B{Vhmg Ho$ gmYZ * Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm| H$m dJuH$aU H$aZm& * Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm| Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z ‘| VËH$mbrZ KQ>ZmAm| H$s H$ënZm H$aZm Ed§ AZw‘mZ H$aZm& * Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^m] H$m ¶mo½¶ dmMZ H$a CgH$m AW© ~VmZm& * Eo{Vhm{gH$ dñVw, XñVmdoO, nwñVH|$, {g³Ho$ d Bbo³Q´>m°{ZH$ OmZH$mar EH${ÌV H$a g§J«h H$aZm& Cgr àH$ma CZH$m dJuH$aU {d{dY nX²Y{V¶m| go H$aZm& * Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$m AW© dñVw{ZîR> ar{V go bJmZm& 2. amîQ´> {Z‘m©U H$s MwZm¡Vr : * ^maVr¶ ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX H$s J{V{d{Y¶m| H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$m H«$‘ ^mJ 1 ¶mo½¶ nX²Y{V go ~VmZm& * ^maV Ho$ gå‘wI Am§V[aH$ MwZm¡{V¶m| H$m {díbofUmË‘H$ AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm& * ^maV H$s Am{W©H$ Zr{V¶m± H$mb Ho$ AZwgma ~XbVr JBª, ¶h ñnîQ> H$aZm& * d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ H$maU hþE Am{W©H$ gwYmam| Ho$ n[aUm‘m| H$s g‘rjm H$aZm& * {ZOrH$aU, CXmarH$aU VWm d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ H$maU ^maVr¶ AW© ì¶dñWm ‘| hþE n[adV©Zm| H$s H$maU ‘r‘m§gm H$aZm& 3. amîQ´> {Z‘m©U H$s MwZm¡Vr : * ^maVr¶ {ejm àUmbr Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZ ~VmZm& ^mJ 2 * {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo hoVw {ejm ‘hËËdnyU© ‘mÜ¶‘ h¡, ¶h ~VmZm& * g‘mO Ho$ Xþ~©b KQ>H$m| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE {d{dY à¶ËZ Ed§ CZHo$ ‘hËËd nhMmZZm& * ñdmV§Í¶moËVa ^maV Ho$ {dkmZ VWm àm¡X²¶mo{JH$s H$s àJ{V Ho$ CXmhaU ~VmZm& * CX²¶moJ Am¡a ì¶mnma joÌ go g§~§{YV g§JR>Zm| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a CZH$m ^maVr¶ AW© ì¶dñWm na n[aUm‘ ~VmZm& * {dkmZ VWm àm¡X²¶mo{JH$s H$s àJ{V Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| Jd© H$aZm& * A§VaOmb H$s ghm¶Vm go ZE-ZE emoYm| H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$aZm& 4. ~XbVm OrdZ * OZ‘V {Z‘m©U VWm ZJar¶ g‘mO g{H«$¶ H$aZo ‘| àgma ‘mÜ¶‘m| H$s ^y{‘H$m VWm {Oå‘oXm[a¶m| H$mo nhMmZZm& * eharH$aU Ed§ J«m‘rU OrdZ H$s VwbZm H$a ~VmZm& * gm‘m{OH$ g‘Vm H$m g‘W©Z H$aZo Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| ~moY {Z‘m©U hmoZm& * d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU AmË‘gmV H$aZm& 1 B{Vhmg Ho$ gmYZ A~ VH$ h_Zo àmMrZ, _Ü`æmwJrZ Am¡a g_mMmanÌm| H$m {dH$ën Zht Wm& ^maV _| AmYw{ZH$ ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m CXmarH$aU H$mo àma§^ hþAm Am¡a B§Q>aZoQ>(A§VaOmb) h¡& Bg df© h_ ñdmV§Í`moËVa H$mbI§S> Ho$ ^maVr` H$m g~ Amoa àgma-àMma àma§^ hþAm& \$bV… B{Vhmg H$m AÜ``Z H$a|Jo& AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S> N>mnm _mÜ`_m| H$m {dH$ën CnbãY hþAm& `X²`{n Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZ àmMrZ Am¡a _Ü`æmwJrZ Eogm hþAm; {\$a ^r N>mnm àgma _mÜ`_m| H$s gmYZm| H$s Anojm {^ÝZ h¢& {bpIV gmYZ, gm_Ï`© A^r ^r ~Zr hþB© h¡& ^m¡{VH$ gmYZ, _m¡pIH$ gmYZ, Ñí`-lì` g_mMmanÌ … h_ g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _mÜ`_ Ho$ gmYZ Am{X Ho$ AmYma na B{Vhmg amîQ´>r` Am¡a A§VaamîQ´>r` KQ>ZmAm|, amOZr{V, H$bm, H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ Iob-Hy$X, gm{hË`, g_mOZr{V Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_` _| h_| àmXo{eH$, amÁ` ñVa, amîQ´>r` Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| go AdJV hmoVo h¢& _mZd OrdZ go OwS‹ >r A§VaamîQ´>r` ñVa Ho$ gmYZm| H$m {dMma H$aZm g^r J{V{d{Y`m± g_mMmanÌ _| N>nVr h¢& amîQ´>r` n‹S> Vm h¡& BZ gmYZm| H$s ghm`Vm go h_ ñVa na H$m`© H$aZo dmbo g_mMmanÌ g_yhm| Zo AnZo B{Vhmg boIZ H$a gH$Vo h¢& àmXo{eH$ g§ñH$aUm| H$m àH$meZ àma§^ {H$`m h¡& {bpIV gmYZ … {bpIV gmYZm| _| {ZåZ AbJ-AbJ {df`m| H$s OmZH$mar XoZo dmbo CZHo$ gmYZm| H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡& nyaH$ g§ñH$aU hmoVo h¢& N>mnm _mÜ`_m| _| Am§XmobZ g_mMma nÌ Ho$ _wInÌ, amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s gmßVm{hH$ n{ÌH$mE± H$moe gm{hË` nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± AWdm X¡{ZH$ g_mMmanÌ, _m{gH$ Am¡a dm{f©H$ X¡Z§{XZr n{ÌH$mE± _hËËdnyU© hmoVr h¢& S>mH$ लिखित साधZ Hw$N> g_mMmanÌ df© Ho$ A§V _| g§nyU© df© H$s {Q>H$Q> J«§W _hËËdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| H$s g_rjm H$aZo dmbo g§ñH$aU àH$m{eV H$aVo h¢& h_| CZ g§ñH$aUm| X²dmam g§nyU© gaH$mar JOQ> nÌmMma df© H$s à_wI KQ>ZmAm| H$mo g_PZo _| ghm`Vm A{^boImJma _| àmßV hmoVr h¡& CnbãY H$mJO-XñVmdoO àog Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m (PTI) : df© 1953 Ho$ ~mX ^maV Ho$ ~hþg§»`H$ g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ {bE Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢? g^r _hËËdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| H$m àmW{_H$ {ddaU, Eo{Vhm{gH$ XñVmdoO {Og ñWmZ na gwa{jV _hËËdnyU© {df`m| na AmYm[aV boIm| H$m CnbãY aIo OmVo h¢; Cg ñWmZ H$mo "A{^boImJma' òmoV àog Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m Wm& àog Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ H$hVo h¢& ^maV H$m amîQ´>r` A{^boImJma ZB© B§{S>`m Zo AZ{JZV g_mMmanÌm| H$mo {d{^ÝZ {Xëbr _| h¡& `h A{^boImJma E{e`m g_mMma, N>m`m{MÌ, Am{W©H$ Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ {df`m| _hmX²drn _| g~go ~‹S> m A{^boImJma h¡& go g§~§{YV boIm| H$s Amny{V© H$s h¡& A~ nrQ>rAmB© AmYw{ZH$ g_` _| g_mMmanÌ O¡go bmoH$V§Ì Zo AnZr Am°Z bmBZ godmE± àma§^ H$s h¡& nrQ>rAmB© H$m Mm¡Wm ñV§^ h¡, d¡go hr do OmZH$mar XoZo Zo 1990 Ho$ XeH$ _| Q>obrqàQ>g© Ho$ ñWmZ na dmbo à_wI gmYZ ^r h¢& df© 1961 go 2000 "CnJ«h àgmaU' VH$ZrH$ X²dmam g_mMma ^oOZm ewê$ H$s H$mbmd{Y H$m {dMma H$a| Vmo {XImB© XoVm {H$`m h¡& AmYw{ZH$ ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg boIZ Ho$ h¡ {H$ àma§^ _| N>mnm _mÜ`_m| H$m {deofV… {bE `h gm_J«r _hËËdnyU© h¡& 1 Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢? Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢? N>mnm (qàQ>) _mÜ`_ Ho$ A§VJ©V ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ àH$meZ {d^mJ X²dmam àH$m{eV dm{f©H$ J«W§ ^maV gaH$ma Zo df© 1977 _| Omb Hy$na {Q>H$Q> H$m àH$meZ H$adm`m& Omb Hy$na "S>mH$ _| g_m{dîQ> OmZH$mar {dídgZr` hmoVr h¡& {Q>H$Q>' Ho$ {df` _| A§VaamîQ´>r` ñVa Ho$ O¡go … gyMZm Ed§ àgmaU {d^mJ X²dmam ‘INDIA AÜ``ZH$Vm© Wo& Hy$na H$m OÝ_ _w~§ B© _| nmagr 2000’ dm{f©H$ g§X^© J«W § àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m n[adma _| hþAm Wm& CÝhm|Zo "B§{S>`mO ñQ>n¢ h¡& `h J«W§ "AZwgY§ mZ g§X^© Ed§ à{ejU' OZ©b' H$m g§nmXZ H$m`© {H$`m Wm& do ^maV {d^mJ Ho$ A§VJ©V V¡`ma {H$`m J`m h¡& Ho$ gd©àW_ {Q>H$Q> g§Jm« hH$ ãæmyamo Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ Bg J§«W _| Xoe, bmoJ, h_mao amîQ´>r` (First Philatelic Bureau) Wo& CÝhmoZ| o àVrH$$, amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWm, ajm, {ejm, "Bånm`a Am°\$ B§{S>`m {\$bmQ>b o rH$ gmogmBQ>r' H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>ZmE±, {dkmZ Am¡a àm¡X²`mo{JH$s ñWmnZm H$s& AmJo MbH$a Bg {df` na CÝhm|Zo joÌ _| K{Q>V KQ>ZmE±, n`m©daU ñdmñÏ` Ed§ nwñVH|$ {bIt& AnZr Bg é{M H$mo CÝhm|Zo n[adma H$ë`mU, g_mO H$ë`mU, Xÿag§Mma Ed§ d¡km{ZH$ ñdê$n àXmZ {H$`m& ^maVr` S>mH$ àgma _mÜ`_, _m¡{bH$ Am{W©H$ OmZH$mar, {Q>H$Q>m| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$mo A§VaamîQ´>r` ñVa na {dËV Amny{V©, `moOZm Am`moJ, H¥${f, Ob bo OmZo _| CZH$m ~hþV ~‹S> m `moJXmZ ahm h¡& g§dY©Z, J«m_rU {dH$mg, AZmO Ed§ ZJar` S>mH$ {Q>H$Q> g§Jm« hH$ Ho$ H$m`© H$mo àma§^ H$a Amny{V©, D$Om©, CX²`moJ, ì`mnma, n[adhZ, {díd ñVa VH$ nhþM ± Zo dmbo Hy$na Ho$ `moJXmZ Xÿag§doXr ì`dñWm, l_, J¥h `moOZmE±, Ý`m` H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE CZna àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m Ed§ {d{Y, æmwdm Am¡a Iob Hy$X {d^mJ Am{X `h S>mH$ {Q>H$Q> _hËËdnyU© gmYZ h¡& go g§~§{YV KQ>ZmAm| H$s g_rjm VWm gm_mÝ` ê$n go CnæmwŠV OmZH$mar H$m g_mdoe h¡& Eogr OmZH$mar Ho$ AmYma na h_mao {bE B{Vhmg H$m boIZ H$aZm g§^d hmo OmVm h¡& do~gmBQ>:www.publicationsdivision. nic.in Omb Hy$na - S>mH$ {Q>H$Q> S>mH$ {Q>H$Q> … S>mH$ {Q>H$Q> ñd`§ Hw$N> Zht H$hVo na§Vw B{VhmgH$ma CZgo ~wbdmVm h¡& ^maV Ho$ ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX go boH$a A~ VH$ S>mH$ {Q>H$Q>m| ^m¡{VH$ gmYZ… ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| _| {ZåZ _| AbJ-AbJ ê$nm| _| n[adV©Z hþE h¢& {Q>H$Q>m| Ho$ gmYZm| H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡& AmH$mam| _| AmB© hþB© {d{dYVm, {df`m| H$s ZdZdrZVm, {d{^ÝZ a§Jg§J{V Ho$ H$maU S>mH$ {Q>H$Q> h_| ~XbVo àmW©Zm X¡{ZH$ Cn`moJ _| {gŠHo$ g_` Ho$ ~mao _| ~hþV Hw$N> H$hVo ahVo h¢& ñWmZ AmZo dmbr dñVwE± amO_wÐm S>mH$ {d^mJ amOZr{VH$ ZoVmAm|, nwînm|, new- n{j`m|, {H$gr Adga, {H$gr àg§J H$s aOV, ñdU© ^m¡{VH$ gmYZ O`§Vr, A_¥V _hmoËgd, eVmãXr, X²{deVmãXr, {ÌeVmãXr ny{V© Ho$ Cnbú` _| {Q>H$Q> H$m àH$meZ H$aVm h¡& `h {Q>H$Q> B{Vhmg H$s AZ_mob WmVr Am^yfU dñVw g§J«hmb` doe^yfm AmYw{ZH$ ñWmnË` hmoVm h¡& 2 {gŠHo$ … {gŠH$m| VWm ~XbVo JE ZmoQ>m| gmYZ H$hVo h¢& BZ_| Xoer` VWm {dXoer M¡Zbm| H$m H$s N>nmB© Ho$ _mÜ`_ go h_ B{Vhmg H$mo g_P g_mdoe hmoVm h¡& O¡g- {hñQ´>r M¡Zb, {S>ñH$dar M¡Zb& gH$Vo h¢& [aOd© ~¢H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m ZmoQ>m| H$mo N>mnZo H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡& CgH$m _w»`mb` H$aHo$ XoI§o & _w§~B© _| h¡& gm{hË` _| H$moB© KQ>Zm {H$g àH$ma à{Vq~{~V hmoVr h¡ Am¡a H${d {H$gr KQ>Zm H$s Amoa {H$g àH$ma XoIVm h¡, BgH$m EH$ CXmhaU _amR>r H${dd`© Hw$gw_mJ«O H$s H${dVm "AmdmhZ' h¡& `h H${dVm ^maV Am¡a MrZ Ho$ ~rM hþE `wXY² H$s n¥îR>^{y _ na aMr JB© h¡& बर्फाचे तट पेटुनि उठले सदन शिवाचे कोसळते {gŠHo$ रक्त आपुल्या प्रिय आईचे शुभ्र हिमावर ओघळते ! df© 1950 go boH$a dV©_mZ g_` VH$ Ho$ असुरांचे पद भ्रष्ट लागुनी आज सतीचे पुण्य मळे {gŠH$m|, CZH$mo$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ _| bmB© अशा घडीला कोण करंटा तटस्थेने दूर खळे JB© YmVw, CZHo$ AmH$ma, CZna A§{H$V {df`m| कृतांत ज्वाला त्वेषाची ना कोणाच्या हृदयात जळे H$s {d{^ÝZVm Ho$ AmYma na h_| ^maV H$s साममंत्र तो सरे, रणाची नौबत आता धडधडते g_gm_{`H$ Am¡a _hËËdnyU© g_ñ`mAm| H$m ~moY रक्त आपुल्या प्रिय आईचे शुभ्र हिमावर ओघळते ! hmoVm h¡& O¡go-OZg§»`m H$mo gr{_V aIZo H$m Eogr hr AZ{JZV KQ>ZmAm| na {bIo JE g§Xoe XoZo dmbo {gŠHo$, H¥${f Am¡a {H$gmZm| H$m gm{hË` H$s ImoO H$s{OE& _hËËd ~VmZo dmbo {gŠHo$& ^maVr` {\$ë_ Am¡a Q>obr{dOZ g§ñWmZ g§Jh« mb` … ^maV Ho$ g^r amÁ`m| _| CZH$s (FTII) : ^maV gaH$ma Zo nwUo _| df© 1960 AnZr àmXo{eH$ {deofVmE± ~VmZo dmbo dñVw g§Jh« mb` _| bmoH${ejm XoZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go {\$ë_ E§S> h¢& CZHo$ AmYma na h_| B{Vhmg H$mo g_PZo _| Q>obr{dOZ BÝñQ>rQ>²`yQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m Zm_H$ g§ñWmZ ghm`Vm àmßV hmoVr h¡& (O¡g-o _w~§ B© _| N>Ìn{V H$s ñWmnZm H$s& B§{S>`Z ÝæmyO [aìæmy Zm_H$ {edmOr _hmamO dñVw g§Jh« mb`, [aOd© ~¢H$ H$m nwUo g§ñWmZ Zo amOZr{V, g_mOZr{V, H$bm, Iob-Hy$X _| dñVw g§Jh« mb`) gaH$mar g§Jh« mb`m| Ho$ A{V[aŠV Am¡a g§ñH¥${V O¡ogo {d{^ÝZ joÌm| _| K{Q>V Hw$N> g§Jm« hH$ ñd`§ Ho$ g§Jh« mb` ñWm{nV H$aVo h¢& _hËËdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| na AmYm[aV g_mMma {\$ë_| `o g§Jh« mb` ^r AZyR>o Am¡a d¡{eîQ²>`nyU© hmoVo h¢& (S>m°Šæmy_|Q>ar {\$ë_|) ~ZmB© h¢& Bg {d^mJ Zo O¡g-o {gŠHo$, ZmoQ>, {d{^ÝZ AmH$mam|dmbo Xr`o, gam¡V,o g_mO H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo dmbo Am¡a Xoe Ho$ {bE {H«$Ho$Q> H$s gm_J«r& AnZm `moJXmZ XooZo dmbo ì`{ŠV`m| Am¡a _hËËdnyU© मौखिक साधन : BZ gmYZm| _| bmoH$H$WmE±, ñWmZm| H$s$ OmZH$maràX AZw~moY {\$ë_|(S>m°Šæmy_|Q>ar) bmoH$JrV, bmoH$mopŠV`m±, Amo{d`m± (MŠH$s Ho$ JrV) Am{X H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡& O¡go- g§æmwŠV _hmamîQ´> Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_` bmoH$emhra AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o, emhra A_a eoI Ho$ bmoH$JrVm| X²dmam H$m¶©H$Vm©Am| H$mo àoaUm àmßV hmoVr Wr& Ñí` Am¡a lì` _mÜ`_… XÿaXe©Z, {\$ë_, B§Q>aZoQ>, (A§VaOmb) Am{X gmYZm| H$mo Ñí`-lì` E\$Q>rAmB©AmB© H$m ~moY {Mh²Z 3 h¢& O¡g-o Kaoby Q>b o r\$moZ go boH$a _mo~mBb VH$& H$aHo$ XoI|o Bg `mÌm _| "noOa' Zm_H$ gmYZ g§nH©$ H$aZo hoVw ApñVËM _| Am`m Wm& `h {Og VoO J{V Vwåh| Xoe^pŠV Ho$ {df` na ~Zr go Am`m Wm, Cgr VoO J{V go g_mßV ^r hmo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr {\$ë_| _mby_ h¢? J`m& A§VaOmb (B§Q>aZoQ>) na CnbãY {dnwb Am¡a Vwåh| Omo {\$ë_ AÀN>r bJr h¡, CgH$m ^mdmW© AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE& àM§S> OmZH$mar H$m ^r Cn`moJ B{Vhmg Ho$ boIZ _| {H$`m OmVm h¡, na§Vw Bg OmZH$mar H$s gË`Vm ~ZmB© h¢& AmYw{ZH$ ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m Am¡a `WmW©Vm H$s Om±M-n‹S>Vmb H$aZr n‹S> Vr h¡& AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE `o g_mMma {\$ë_| Am¡a AZw~moY {\$ë_| Cn`moJr h¢& BZ g^r gmYZm| Ho$ AmYma na B{Vhmg H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm ghO Am¡a gab hmo J`m h¡& gmW A~ VH$ h_Zo B{Vhmg boIZ Ho$ {bE hr, `o g^r gmYZ AmYw{ZH$ g_` Ho$ h¢& AV… Cn`moJr Hw$N> gmYZ XoIo h¢& BŠH$sgdt eVmãXr CZH$m CnbãY hmoZm g§^d hmoVm h¡& B{Vhmg _mZd _| g_` BVZr Vrd« J{V go ~Xb ahm h¡ {H$ OrdZ Ho$ g^r A§Jm| H$mo ñne© H$aVm h¡& AV… `o gmYZ ^r An`m©ßV {gX²Y hm|J&o n[aUm_ñdê$n CgHo$ gmYZm| Ho$ g§ajU Ho$ à`mg g^r ñVam| na A~ ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go ZE gmYZ AmJo Am aho {H$E Om aho h¢& Eogo à`mg h_ ^r H$a|J&o ñdmÜ`m` 1. (A) {XE JE {dH$ënm| _| go C{MV {dH$ën 2. {Q>ßnUr {bpIE& MwZH$a H$WZ nwZ… {bpIE& (1) {bpIV gmYZ (2) àog Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m (1) ^maV H$m amîQ´>r` A{^boImJma.......... _| 3. H$maU {b{IE& h¡& (1) S>mH$ {d^mJ S>mH$ {Q>H$Q>m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go (A) nwUo (~) ZB© {Xëbr ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$s {damgV Ed§ g_agVm (H$) H$mobH$mVm (S>) h¡Xam~mX Ho$ g§dY©Z VWm g§ajU hoVw à`mg H$aVm h¡& (2) Ñí`-lì` gmYZm| _|.......... gmYZ H$m (2) AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$m B{Vhmg {bIZo Ho$ g_mdoe hmoVm h¡& {bE Ñí`-lì` _mÜ`_ _hËËdnyU© hmoVo h¢& (A) g_mMmanÌ (~) XÿaXe©Z (H$) AmH$medmUr (S>) nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± उपक्रम (3) ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| _|.......... H$m g_mdoe Zht hmoVm h¡& (1) {dX²`mb` H$m hñV{bpIV g_mMmanÌ (A) {gŠHo$ (~) Am^yfU (S>mŠ`y_|Q>ar) V¡`ma H$s{OE& (H$) B_maV| (S>) bmoH$mopŠV`m± (2) Archaeological Survey of India (~) {ZåZ _| go {dg§JV Omo‹S> r nhMm{ZE Ho$ A{YH¥$V g§Ho$V ñWb na CnbãY AbJ- Am¡a {bpIE& AbJ OmZH$maràX S>m°Šæmy_|Q>arO XopIE& ì`pŠV {deof (3) Amn AnZo Jm±d H$m B{Vhmg {bIZo Ho$ {bE Omb Hy$na - S>mH$ {Q>H$Q> Ho$ {H$Z gmYZm| H$m Cn`moJ H$a|Jo? CZ gmYZm| AÜ``ZH$Vm© H$s ghm`Vm go AnZo Jm±d H$m B{Vhmg Hw$gw_mJ«O - H${d {bpIE& AÊUm^mD$ gmRo - bmoH$emhra A_a gm~bo - {MÌ g§J«mhH$ 4 2 ^maV … 1960 Ho$ ~mX H$s KQ>ZmE± df© 1947 _| ^maV ñdV§Ì hþAm& 1950 _| Zr{V Ho$ {eënH$ma Wo& ^maV Ho$ gm_m{OH$ -Am{W©H$ ^maV Zo g§{dYmZ H$m A§JrH$ma {H$`m Am¡a ^maV à^wVm {dH$mg _| CZHo$ X²dmam {X`m J`m `moJXmZ ~hþ_yë` h¡& g§nÝZ, bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ amîQ´> Ho$ ê$n _| ApñVËd _| Am`m& df© 1964 _| ^maV Ho$ ^maVr` g_mO {d{dYVmAm| go g§nÝZ h¡ VWm Bg àYmZ_§Ìr n§. Zohê$ H$m g_mO _| {d{dY ^mfm, Om{V, d§e Am¡a {ZYZ hþAm& BgHo$ níMmV Y‘© Ho$ bmoJ ahVo h¢& bmb~hmXþa emñÌr ^maV ñdV§ÌVm àm{ßV Ho$ níMmV Ho$ àma§{^H$ g_` _| Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zo& CZHo$ ^maV H$mo Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg H$m`©H$mb _| df© 1965 _| go Ow‹S> r g_ñ`mAm| H$mo hb H$aZm Wm& `moOZm Am`moJ ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ H$m JR>Z H$aZm Am¡a Am¡X²`mo{JH$sH$aU H$mo àmW{_H$Vm ~rM H$í_ra g_ñ`m H$mo bmb~hmXþa emñÌr XoZm, BZ Xmo ~mVm| H$mo Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$mo gmÜ` H$aZo boH$a nwZ… EH$ ~ma æmwX²Y hþAm& XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ ~rM Am¡a Xoe H$s X[aÐVm H$s g_ñ`m H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` gmo{d`V æmy{Z`Z Zo _Ü`ñWr (~rM-~Mmd) H$aZo H$m Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m& MwZmdm| H$mo g\$bVmnydH© $ à`mg {H$`m& bmb~hmXþa emñÌr Zo hr Xoe H$mo "O` g§nÝZ H$am`m OmZm VWm bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ na§namAm| Ho$ OdmZ, O` {H$gmZ' H$m Zmam {X`m Am¡a Bgr Zmao Ho$ à{V h_mao {dídmg Ho$ H$maU h_| amOZr{VH$ ñWm{`Ëd _mÜ`_ go CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` {H$gmZ Am¡a OdmZ (g¡{ZH$) àmßV H$aZm g§^d hþAm& gmW hr; CZ AZ{JZV H$m _hËËd aoIm§{H$V {H$`m& df© 1966 _| bmb gm_m{OH$ gwYmam| H$mo àË`j _| CVmaZo Ho$ à`mg {H$E ~hmXþa emñÌr H$m VmíH§$X _| {ZYZ hþAm& JE; {OZ gwYmam| _| H$_Omoa g_mO Ho$ g^r dJmª| Ho$ df© 1966 _| lr_Vr {bE {d{^ÝZ H$m`©H«$_m| Am¡a Zr{V`m| H$m g_mdoe Wm& B§{Xam Jm§Yr ^maV H$s 1960 H$m XeH$ … ^maV H$s amOZr{VH$ àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zt& CZHo$ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo dmbr H$B© KQ>ZmE± df© H$m`©H$mb _| nm{H$ñVmZ Zo nyd© 1960 Ho$ XeH$ _| K{Q>V hþB&ª nwVJ© m{b`m| Ho$ Am{YnË` nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ à{V X_Z Zr{V _| JmoAm, X_Z Am¡a Xrd àXoe Wo& `o àXoe nwVJ© m{b`m| H$m Adb§~ {H$`m& `hr X_Z Ho$ Am{YnË` go _wŠV hþE VWm do ^maVr` g§K amÁ` Ho$ Zr{V nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ _| ~hþV A§J ~Zo& Xoe H$s CËVar gr_m na df© 1950 go hr इंदिरा गांधी ~‹S> m Am§XmobZ ewê$ hmoZo H$m ^maV Am¡a MrZ Ho$ ~rM VZmd ~‹T> Vm Om ahm Wm& H$maU ~Zr& A§VV… Bg VZmd H$s n[a{U{V XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ ~rM gr_m Bg Am§XmobZ H$m ZoV¥Ëd eoI _wOr~-Ca-ah_mZ aoIm æmwXY² _| hþB&© `h æmwXY² H$r _w{ŠV goZm Zo {H$`m& nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ H$s Cg _¡H$_mohZ (df© 1962) aoIm g_ñ`m H$m n[aUm_ ^maV na ^r hþAm Š`mo§{H$ nyd© Ho$ joÌ _| hþAm& nm{H$ñVmZ go H$amo‹S>m| eaUmWu ^maV _| Am JE Wo& ^maV ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ df© 1970 H$m XeH$ … df© 1971 _| ^maV níMmV Ho$ H$mbI§S> _| Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~rM æmwX²Y hþAm& Bg æmwX²Y H$s àYmZ_§Ìr n§{S>V Odmhabmb n[aU{V ~m§½bm Xoe Ho$ ñdV§Ì hmoZo _| hþB©& na_mUw Zohê$ Zo ^maV H$m ZoV¥Ëd D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ em§{V ñWm{nV H$aZo hoVw H$aZm h_mar पं.जवाहरलाल नेहरू {H$`m& do ^maV H$s {dXoe Zr{V h¡& Bg Zr{V Ho$ EH$ A§J Ho$ ê$n _| ^maV Zo df© 5 1974 _| amOñWmZ Ho$ nmoIaU _| ^y{_ Ho$ A§Xa g\$b Am§XmobZ Zo AË`§V CJ« Am¡a ^`mZH$ ñdê$n YmaU na_mUw narjU {H$`m& df© 1975 _| {gpŠH$_ H$s {H$`m& dmñVd _| Bg Am§XmobZ H$mo nm{H$ñVmZ H$m OZVm Zo ^maVr` g§KamÁ` _| {dbrZ hmoZo Ho$ nj _| g_W©Z àmßV Wm& df© 1984 _| A_¥Vga Ho$ ñdU© _VXmZ {H$`m Am¡a CgHo$ AZwgma ^maVr` g§KamÁ` _| _§{Xa _| Aml` {bE hþE Am§VH$dm{X`m| H$mo _§{Xa go {gpŠH$_ H$mo amÁ` H$m XOm© àmßV hþAm& {ZîH$m{gV H$a XoZo Ho$ {bE ^maVr` goZm H$mo dhm± Bg XeH$ _| ^maV H$s amOZr{V _| ApñWaVm ^oOZm n‹S> m& lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ gwajm ajH$ Xb CËnÝZ hmo JB©& df© 1974 _| lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ {gI ajH$m| Zo hr CZH$s hË`m H$s& Bgr H$mbmd{Y X²dmam MwZmd àMma _| gaH$mar gmYZm| Ho$ Xþê$n`moJ _| nydm}ËVa ^maV _| Cë\$m g§JR>Z X²dmam ~hþV ~‹S> m {H$E OmZo H$m {ZU©` Bbmhm~mX Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Zo Am§XmobZ Mbm`m J`m& gwZm`m& BgH$mo {damoY OVmZo Ho$ {bE g§nyU© Xoe _| df© 1984 _| amOrd hS>Vmb| hþBª& Bgr ~rM O`àH$me Zmam`U Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd Jm§Yr Zo àYmZ_§Ìr nX H$s _| Am§XmobZ hþE& \$bñdê$n n[apñW{V A{YH$m{YH$ ~mJS>moa AnZo hmW _| {~H$Q> Am¡a O{Q>b ~Z JB©& Xoe _| H$mZyZ Am¡a ì`dñWm br& CÝhm|Zo ^maV H$s Ma_am JB©& n[aUm_V… gaH$ma Zo g§{dYmZ _| C{ëbpIV AW©ì`dñWm, {dkmZ Ed§ AmnmVH$mbrZ pñW{V go g§~§{YV àmdYmZ Ho$ AmYma àm¡X²`mo{JH$s joÌm| _| AZoH$ na amîQ´>r` AmnmVH$mb Kmo{fV H$a {X`m& AmnmVH$mb gwYma bmZo H$m à`mg _| ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ _m¡{bH$ A{YH$ma ñW{JV {H$E {H$`m& amOrd Jm§Yr Zo JE& AmnmVH$mb Ho$ H$maU ^maVr` àemgZ ì`dñWm राजीव गांधी lrb§H$m Ho$ V{_b _| AZwemgZ Am J`m na§Vw Bg H$maU _mZdr` Aëng§»`H$m| H$s g_ñ`m H$mo hb H$aZo _| nhb H$s& A{YH$ma ^r {gHw$‹S> JE& amîQ´>r` AmnmVH$mb H$s `h V{_b g_wXm` H$mo Xoe Ho$ ^rVa ñdm`ËVVm XoH$a lr- H$mbmd{Y df© 1975 go 1977 VH$ ahr& BgHo$ b§H$m H$s AI§S>Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ lrb§H$m Ho$ níMmV Am_ MwZmd g§nÝZ hþE& àñVmd H$mo CÝhm|Zo g_W©Z {X`m Wm, na§Vw Bg g§X^© _| AmnmVH$mb H$s nmíd©^{y _ _| H$B© {damoYr Xb CZHo$ X²dmam {H$E JE à`mgm| H$mo g\$bVm Zht {_br& BH$Q>R² >o AmE Am¡a CÝhm|Zo OZVm nmQ>u H$m JR>Z {H$`m& ajm gm_J«r H$mo boH$a Am¡a {deof ê$n go ~mo\$mog© Bg ZB© J{R>V OZVm nmQ>u Zo lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ H§$nZr X²dmam Xÿa VH$ _ma H$aZo dmbr Vmonm| H$s ZoVË¥ ddmbr H$m±Jgo« nmQ>u H$mo ~war Vah go nam{OV {H$`m& IarXmar Ho$ _m_bo _| hþE ^«îQ>mMma Ho$ H$m§S> _| CZH$s _moamaOr XogmB© àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zo, na§Vw CZHo$ ZoVË¥ ddmbr H$‹S>r AmbmoMZm hþB&© Bg Ad{Y _| hþE MwZmdm| _| OZVm nmQ>u H$s gaH$ma Amngr _V^oXm| Ho$ H$maU amOZr{VH$ ^«îQ>mMma EH$ _hËËdnyU© _wXX² m ~Zm Am¡a Bg A{YH$ g_` VH$ Mb Zht gH$s& BgHo$ ~mX Am_ MwZmd _| H$m±Jgo« nmQ>u H$s namO` hþB&© BgHo$ ~mX MaUqgh àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zo& CZH$s gaH$ma ^r AënH$mb AbJ-AbJ Xb BH$Q>R² >o hþE Am¡a OZVm Xb Ho$ H$s ahr& df© 1980 _| nwZ… MwZmd hþE Am¡a lr_Vr {dídZmW àVmn qgh ^maV Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zo& CÝhm|Zo B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ ZoVË¥ d _| H$m±Jgo« nmQ>u nwZ… gËVm _| AmB©& AÝ` {nN>S‹ > m dJ© Ho$ {bE AmajU Zr{V {ZYm©[aV H$s& df© 1980 H$m XeH$ … Bg XeH$ _| ^maVr` `h CZH$m g~go _hËËdnyU© `moJXmZ _mZm OmVm h¡& Xb amOZr{VH$$ ì`dñWm H$mo AZoH$ ZB© MwZm¡{V`m| H$m Ho$ A§VJ©V MbZo dmbo {ddmXm|- H$bhm| Ho$ H$maU do gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& n§Om~ _| {gIm| Zo ñdV§Ì I{bñVmZ A{YH$ g_` VH$ àYmZ_§Ìr nX na ~Zo Zht ah gHo$& amÁ` H$s _m±J H$mo boH$a Am§XmobZ àma§^ {H$`m& Bg df© 1990 _| M§ÐeoIa ^maV Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zo& CZH$s 6 gaH$ma ^r AënH$m{bH$ ahr& df© 1991 _| MwZmd ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~rM _| H$ma{Jb _| `wX²Y àMma Ho$ Xm¡amZ lrb§H$m Ho$ {bQ>Q² >o (LTTE) g§JR>Z Zo hþAm& Bg `wX²Y _| ^r ^maV Zo nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo nam{OV amOrd Jm§Yr H$s hË`m H$s& {H$`m& 1980 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ A§V _| Oå_y Am¡a ^maV H$s AW©ì`dñWm … ñdV§ÌVm àm{ßV Ho$ H$í_ra _| Ag§Vmof YYH$Zm àma§^ hþAm& dhm± ~mX go AW©ì`dñWm H$m AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, Am{W©H$ MbZo dmbr AmV§H$dm{X`m| H$s J{V{d{Y`m| Zoo AmË_{Z^©aVm Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ho$ gmW-gmW H$í_rar n§{S>Vm| H$mo dhm± go ^mJ OmZo Ho$ {bE g_mOdmXr T>m±Mm ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm H$s {deofVmE± {dde {H$`m& `h g_ñ`m A{YH$m{YH$ J§^ra ahr h¢& CX²`moJm| H$s ñWmnZm H$a$ ^maV H$mo ~ZVr JB© Am¡a A~ Bg g_ñ`m Zo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Am¡a AmË_{Z^©aVm H$mo gmÜ` H$aZm AmV§H$dmX H$m ñdê$n YmaU H$a {b`m h¡& Wm& gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` na AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm H$mo df© 1991 Ho$ ~mX Ho$ n[adV©Z… {díd {Z`moOZ X²dmam ApñVËd _| bmZm Wm& AV… `moOZm Am¡a ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| df© 1991 Am`moJ H$m JR>Z {H$`m J`m Am¡a n§Mdfu` `moOZm H$mo _hËËdnyU© n[adV©Zm| H$m df© ahm& bJ^J Bgr àma§^ {H$`m J`m& df© gmo{d`V æmy{Z`Z (ê$g) H$m {dKQ>Z hþAm df© 1991 _| Zaqgh amd H$s gaH$ma Zo Am{W©H$ Am¡a {díd _| Mb ahm erV`wX²Y g_mßV hmo gwYmam| H$mo H$m`m©pÝdV H$aZm àma§^ {H$`m& BZ Am{W©H$ J`m& ^maV _| nr.dr.Zaqgh amd H$s gaH$ma Zo gwYmam| H$mo Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aU H$hVo h¢& Bg Zr{V Ho$ ^maV H$s AW©ì`dñWm _| H$B© n[adV©Z bmE& H$maU ^maV H$s AW©ì`dñWm g§nÝZ ~Zr& ^maV _| Bgr g_` A`moÜ`m H$s am_OÝ_^y{_ VWm ~m~ar {dXoer {Zdoe _| d¥X²{Y hþB©& CX²`moJ, {dkmZ joÌ Ho$ _g{OX H$m _wX²Xm gm_Zo Am J`m& Hw$eb ^maVr` ì`dgm{``m| Zo ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm df© 1996 go 1999 H$s H$mbmd{Y _| ^maV H$s H$mo gwYmaZo hoVw gh`moJ {X`m& gyMZm Ed§ àmX²`mo{JH$s bmoH$g^m _| {H$gr ^r amOZr{VH$ Xb H$mo ñnîQ> joÌ Ho$ CX²`moJm|o Zo amoOJma Ho$ ZE Adga n¡Xm {H$E& ~hþ_V àmßV Zht Wm& AV… Bg H$mbmd{Y _| AZoH$ df© 1991 Ho$ níMmV hþE BZ n[adV©Zm| H$m dU©Z àYmZ_§Ìr gËVm _| AmE "d¡ídrH$aU' Ho$ ê$n _| ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡& hþE {XImB© XoVo h¢& CZ_| {dkmZ Ed§ àm¡X²`mo{JH$s … ^maV Zo AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r, AmË_{Z^©a ~ZZo Ho$ {bE Omo à`mg {H$E, CZ_| EM.S>r.XodoJm¡‹S> m Am¡a Xmo _hËËdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m Om B§ÐHw$_ma JwOamb Wo& gH$Vm h¡& df© 1965 _| àma§^ hþB© h[aVH«$m§{V A§VV… df© 1999 _| Ho$ OZH$ S>m°. E_. Eg. ñdm_rZmWZ Wo& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` OZVm nmQ>u Ho$ ZdrZ d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s H$m Cn`moJ H$a$ ZoV¥Ëd _| amîQ´>r` OZVm§{ÌH$ ImX²`mÝZ CËnmXZ _| d¥X²{Y H$s& S>m°. da{Jg अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी JR>~§YZ gËVmgrZ hwAm Hw$[a`Z X²dmam XÿY CËnmXZ joÌ _| MbmE JE Am¡a AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r ^maV Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zo& ghH$m[aVm Am§XmobZ Ho$ à`moJ go ^maV _| XÿY AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r Zo nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ gmW H$m CËnmXZ ~‹S>r _mÌm _| ~‹T> m& Bgr H$mo ~mVMrV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m na§Vw g\$bVm Zht "YdbH«$m§{V' ^r H$hVo h¢& {_br& df© 1998 _| ^maV Zo Am¡a ^r na_mUw narjU ^maV Zo na_mUw D$Om© Am¡a A§V[aj AZwg§YmZ Ho$ H$a$ ñd`§ H$mo na_mUw AñÌYmar amîQ´> Ho$ ê$n _| Kmo{fV joÌm| _| ^r ~hþV CÝZ{V H$a br h¡& S>m°. hmo_r ^m^m Zo {H$`m& df© 1999 _| H$í_ra Ho$ _wX²Xo na {\$a EH$ ~ma ^maV _| na_mUw D$Om© H$m`©H«$_ H$s Ztd aIr& na_mUw 7 D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ {~Obr {Z_m©U, Am¡f{Y`m± Am¡a ajm gH|$; BgHo$ {bE df© 1989 _| gaH$ma Zo "AË`mMma O¡go em§{VnyU© CX²Xoí`m| Ho$ {bE H$aZo na ^maV Zo gX¡d {damoYr' (EQ´>mo{gQ>r) H$mZyZ nm[aV {H$`m& ~b {X`m h¡& ^maV Zo A§V[aj àm¡X²`mo{JH$s _| ^r R>mog d¡ídrH$aU … d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ H$maU AW©Zr{V, H$m`© {H$`m h¡& df© 1975 _| nhbm CnJ«h "Am`©^Q>²Q> ' amOZr{V, {dkmZ Ed§ àm¡X²`mo{JH$s, g_mO VWm g§ñH¥${V A§V[aj _| àjo{nV {H$`m J`m& AmO ^maV Ho$ nmg O¡go g^r joÌm| _| AZoH$ n[adV©Z hþE& CZ_| go Hw$N> EH$ g\$b A§V[aj `moOZm h¡& BgHo$ A§VJ©V AZoH$ n[adV©Zm| H$s MMm© Cn`wŠV n[aÀN>oX _| H$s h¡& d¡pídH$ CnJ«h A§V[aj _| N>mo‹S>o JE h¢& Xÿa g§Mma joÌ _| ^r ñVa na ^maV g^r joÌm| _| _hËËdnyU© Xoe Ho$ ê$n _| CÝZ{V hþB© h¡& C{XV hþAm h¡& ^maV G-20 Am¡a BRICS (Brazil, gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| n[adV©Z … Bgr H$mbmd{Y Russia, India, China, South Africa) O¡go _| ^maV Ho$ gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| ^r H$B© _hËËdnyU© A§VaamîQ´>r` g§JR>Zm| H$m EH$ _hËËdnyU© gXñ` Xoe h¡& n[adV©Z hþE h¢& ^maV Zo Xÿag§Mma, àm¡X²`mo{JH$s joÌ _| hþB© EH$ CZ_| go Hw$N> n[adV©Z _{hbmAm| Ho$ geŠVrH$aU _hËËdnyU© H«$m§{V H$mo AZw^d {H$`m h¡& H$s g_ñ`mAm| go g§~§{YV h¢ Vmo Hw$N> Cno{jV KQ>H$m| g§nyU© ^maV _| ^«_UÜd{Z (_mo~mBb) Am¡a H$s CÝZ{V hoVw ñdrH$ma H$s JB© Zr{V`m| go g§~§{YV h¢& A§VaOmb (B§Q>aZoQ>) godmAm| VWm CnJ«h na AmYm[aV Xoe H$s _{hbmAm| Am¡a ~mbH$m| Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg Xÿag§Mma godmAm| H$m Omb \¡$bm hþAm h¡& amOZr{VH$ H$mo J{V XoZr Wr& \$bV… df© 1985 _| _mZd g§gmYZ joÌ _| ^r pñWa bmoH$V§Ì {H$g àH$ma g\$bVmnyd©H$ {dH$mg _§Ìmb` Ho$ A§VJ©V "_{hbm Am¡a ~mb {dH$mg H$m`© H$a ahm h¡; Bgo ^maV Zo nyao {díd H$mo {XIm {d^mJ' H$m JR>Z {H$`m J`m& _{hbmAm| H$mo gm_m{OH$ {X`m h¡& BgH$m n[aUm_ `h hþAm h¡ {H$ ^maVr` Ý`m` H$m AmídmgZ {_bo Am¡a `moOZmAm| Ho$ H$m`m©Ýd`Z bmoJm| Ho$ Am¡a {deof ê$n go æmwdmAm| H$s OrdZe¡br H$mo ghm`Vm àmßV hmo, Bg CX²Xoí` H$mo boH$a Omo H$mZyZ ~ZmE JE, CZ_| XhoO à{V~§{YV H$mZyZ, g_mZ doVZ _| ~hþV ~‹S> m n[adV©Z hþAm& `o n[adV©Z CZH$s$ ^moOZ H$mZyZ H$m g_mdoe Wm& 73 d| Am¡a 74 d| g§{dYmZ H$s AmXVm|, doe^yfm, ^mfm, _mÝ`VmE± X²dmam {XImB© g§emoYZ X²dmam ñWmZr` emgZ g§ñWmAm| _| _{hbmAm| XoVo h¢& Ho$ {bE Ama{jV ñWmZ aIo JE& AJbo nmR> _| h_ ^maV Ho$ gå_wI Hw$N> Am§V[aH$ g§{dYmZH$mam| H$mo bJm Wm {H$ Om{Vì`dñWm Ho$ MwZm¡{V`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$a|Jo& H$maU ^maVr` g_mO Ho$ dJm]/g_yhm| H$mo à{VîR>m Am¡a ** * g_mZ Adgam| go d§{MV hmoZm n‹S>o Jm& Bg g_ñ`m H$m hb Ty>±‹T> Zo Ho$ {bE df© 1953 _| "H$mH$mgmho~ H$mbobH$a Am`moJ' H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& df© 1978 _| ~r.nr._§S>b H$s AÜ`jVm _| {nN>‹S>o dJm] H$s g_ñ`mAm| na {dMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a EH$ Am`moJ J{R>V {H$`m J`m& {d{dY godmAm| Am¡a g§ñWmZm| _| {nN>‹S> r Om{V Ho$ dJm] H$mo C{MV à{V{Z{YËd CnbãY H$am XoZo Ho$ {bE AmajU H$s Zr{V H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m& AZwgy{MV Om{V Ed§ OZOm{V Ho$ bmoJ Cƒ dJm] X²dmam H$s OmZo dmbr qhgm, ^` Am¡a X_Z V§Ì go _wŠV ahH$a à{VîR>m Am¡a AmË_gå_mZ Ho$ gmW Or 8 स्वाध्याय 1. (A) {XE JE {dH$ënm|o _| go C{MV {dH$ën (~) {ZåZ àíZm| Ho$ CËVa 25 go 30 eãXm| _| MwZH$a H$WZ nwZ… {bpIE& {bpIE& (1) lrb§H$m Ho$ V{_b Aëng§»`H$m| H$s (1) {díd Am¡a ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| df© g_ñ`mAm| H$mo hb H$aZo Ho$ {bE nhb H$aZo 1991 _hËËdnyU© n[adV©Zm| H$m df© dmbo àYmZ_§Ìr............. Wo& {H$g àH$ma ahm? (A) amOrd Jm§Yr (2) ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm H$s Š`m {deofVmE± h¢ ? (~) lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr (H$) EM.S>r.XodoJm¡‹S> m 4. nmR> H$s ghm`Vm go ^maV Ho$ gå_wI Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mhar MwZm¡{V`m| Am¡a ^maV H$s gm_Ï`© (S>) nr.dr.Zaqgh amd BZH$s gyMr nyU© H$s{OE& (2) ^maVr` h[aVH«$m§{V Ho$ OZH$.............h¢& (A) S>m°. da{Jg Hw$[a`Z Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mhar gm_Ï`© (~) S>m°. hmo_r ^m^m MwZm¡{V`m± (H$) S>m°. E_.Eg.ñdm_rZmWZ O¡go- ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ {d{dYVm _| EH$Vm (S>) S>m°. Zm°_oZ ~moabm°J æmwX²Y........................................ (~) {ZåZ _| go {dg§JV Omo‹S> r nhMm{ZE&.................... na_mUw AñÌm| go (1) B§{Xam Jm§Yr - AmnmVH$mb gwgÁO (2) amOrd Jm§Yr - {dkmZ Ed§ AbJmddmX.................... àm¡X²`mo{JH$s _| gwYma (n¥WŠH$VmdmXr) (3) nr.dr.Zaqgh amd- Am{W©H$ gwYma (4) M§ÐeoIa - _§S>b Am`moJ CnH«$_ (1) ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ æmwX²Y _| draVm àX{e©V 2. (A) nmR> _| C{ëbpIV OmZH$mar H$s ghm`Vm go H$aZo dmbo ^maVr` g¡{ZH$m| H$s OmZH$mar àYmZ_§Ìr Am¡a CZH$s H$mbmd{Y H$s H$mbmZwH«$_ àmßV H$s{OE& Vm{bH$m V¡`ma H$s{OE& (2) H$ma{Jb æmwX²Y Ho$ dra g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ N>m`m{MÌ (~) {ZåZ AdYmaUmAm| H$mo ñnîQ> H$s{OE& BH$Q>²R>o H$s{OE& (1) d¡ídrH$aU (3) A~ VH$ ~Zo ^maV Ho$ àYmZ _§{Ì`m| Ho$ (2) Ydb H«$m§{V {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE& 3. (A) {ZåZ H$WZmo§ H$mo H$maUg{hV ñnîQ> H$s{OE& (4) S>m°. hmo_r ^m^m AZwg§YmZ H|$Ð H$s OmZH$mar (1) _moamaOr XogmB© H$s gaH$ma AënH$mb àmßV H$s{OE& H$s ahr& (5) XÿY CËnmXZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$m¡Z-go ì`dgm` (2) A_¥Vga Ho$ ñdU© _§{Xa _| goZm ^oOZr MbVo h¢? CZH$s OmZH$mar N>m`m{MÌm| Ho$ n‹S> r& gmW àmßV H$s{OE& (3) ^maV _| `moOZm Am`moJ H$m JR>Z {H$`m J`m& 9 3 ^maV Ho$ gå_wI Am§V[aH$ MwZm¡{V`m± Bg nmR> _| h_ ^maV Ho$ gå_wI Hw$N> `h H$m`© _oOa OZab Hw$bXrn qgh ~ama H$mo gm¢nm Am§V[aH$ MwZm¡{V`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$a|Jo& ^maV Ho$ J`m& 3 OyZ 1984 H$mo gw~h "Am°naoeZ ãby ñQ>ma' gå_wI AbJmddmXr (n¥WŠH$VmdmXr) Am§XmobZ, A{^`mZ àma§^ hþAm Am¡a 6 OyZ H$mo g_mßV hþAm& nydm}ËVa ^maV H$s g_ñ`m, ZŠgbdmX, Y_©dmX, Bg g¡{ZH$s H$m`©dmhr _| ^maVr` goZm Zo {dbjU àXoedmX O¡gr Am§V[aH$ MwZm¡{V`m± h¢& g§`_ ~aVVo hþE AnZm H$m`© {H$`m& q^S>am±dmbo Ho$ n§Om~ _| Ag§Vmof … n§Om~ amÁ` Ho$ à_wI gmW-gmW AÝ` Xÿgao AmV§H$dmXr ^r _mao JE& amOZr{VH$ Xb AH$mbr Xb Zo df© 1973 _| BgHo$ ~mX df© 1986 _| ñdU© _§{Xa _| nwZ… EH$ "AmZ§Xnwa gm{h~ àñVmd' nm[aV {H$`m& Bg àñVmd ~ma AmV§H$dm{X`m| Ho$ {déX²Y H$m`©dmhr H$aZr n‹S> r& Ho$ AZwgma M§S>rJ‹T> n§Om~ H$mo X|, AÝ` amÁ`m| Ho$ Bgo "Am°naoeZ ãb¡H$ W§S>a' H$hVo h¢& H$mbm§Va _| n§Om~r ^mfmB© àm§V n§Om~ _| g_m{dîQ> H$a|, goZm _| n§Om~ _| em§{V ñWmnZm Ho$ H$m`© H$mo J{V {_br& n§Om~r ^m{f`m| H$s g§»`m _| d¥X²{Y H$a|, n§Om~ amÁ` H$mo A{YH$ ñdm`ËVVm X|; O¡gr AZoH$ ~mVm| Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢? H$s _m±J H$s JB© Wr& df© 1977 _| AH$mbr Xb {d{eîQ> CX²Xoí` H$mo boH$a H$s JB© g¡{ZH$s Zo gËVm J«hU H$aVo hr AnZr nwamZr _m±Jm| Ho$ gmW H$m`©dmhr H$mo Am°naoeZ H$hVo h¢& ñdU© _§{Xa ZXr Ho$ Ob ~±Q>dmao _| n§Om~ H$mo A{YH$ nmZr _| {N>no hþE XheVdm{X`m| H$mo ~mha {ZH$mbZo {X`m OmE VWm A_¥Vga eha H$mo n{dÌ eha H$m Ho$ {bE Omo g¡{ZH$s H$m`©dmhr H$s JB©, Cgo {IVm~ {X`m OmE O¡gr _m±J| aIt& Am°naoeZ ãby ñQ>ma H$hVo h¢& df© 1980 _| n§Om~ _| "ñdV§Ì I{bñVmZ' nydm}ËVa ^maV H$s g_ñ`m Am§XmobZ Zo Omoa nH$‹S>m& Bg Ad{Y _| AH$mbr Xb nydm}ËVa ^maV AmR> amÁ`m| H$m g_yh h¡& H$m ZoVË¥ d g§V haMaU qgh bm|Jmodmb H$a aho Wo& Ag_, AéUmMb àXoe, _{Unwa, _oKmb`, do ñdU© _§{Xa _| ~¡R>H$a AnZo H$m`©H$Vm©Am| H$mo {_Omoa_, ZmJmb¢S>, {g{ŠH$_ Am¡a {Ìnwam BZ AmR> àXe©Z H$aZo Ho$ {df` _| {ZX}e XoVo Wo& ñdU© _§{Xa amÁ`m| Ho$ g_yh H$mo nydm}ËVa ^maV H$hVo h¢& BZ Ho$ Xÿgar Amoa H$Q>Q² >a I{bñVmZdmXr OZ}b qgh AmR> amÁ`m| H$mo ÝæmyZm{YH$ ê$n _| A§VaamîQ´>r` q^S>am±dmbo Ho$ Amg-nmg eñÌYmar AZw`m`r BH$Q>R² >o gr_m ñne© H$aVr h¡& `hm± d§e, ^mfm, gm§ñH¥${VH$ hmoZo bJo& Bgr Ad{Y _| AmV§H$dmXr J{V{d{Y`m± {d{dYVm H$mo boH$a AbJnZ {XImB© XoVm h¡& àma§^ hþB&ª df© 1981 _| g§nmXH$ bmbm OJVZmam`U Bg joÌ H$s OZOm{V`m| H$mo ^maV H$s _w»` H$s hË`m Ho$ Amamon _| q^S>am±dmbo H$mo ~§Xr ~Zm`m Ymam Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> Zo Ho$ H$m`© H$s àYmZ_§Ìr J`m& BgHo$ ~mX pñW{V`m± {~J‹S> Vr Mbr JBª& n[aUm_ n§. Zohê$ Zo nhb H$s& CÝhm|Zo df© 1954 _| ñdê$n df© 1983 _| n§Om~ _| amîQ´>n{V emgZ bmJy Zo\$m (Zm°W© B©ñQ, \§«${Q>`a EO|gr AWm©V nydmªMb) {H$`m J`m& q^S>am±dmbm AH$mb V»V Bg Ym{_©H$ Zm_H$ joÌ H$m JR>Z {H$`m& `h àXoe ^maV ñWmZ _| ahZo Ho$ {bE Mbm J`m& q^S>am±dmbo Ho$ Am¡a MrZ H$s gr_m na pñWV Am¡a Ag_ H$s AZw`m{``m| Zo ñdU© _§{Xa Ho$ n[aga H$mo AnZo {Z`§ÌU CËVa {Xem _| ~gr OZOm{V`m| H$m àXoe h¡& _| bo {b`m& n[aUm_ñdê$n n§Om~ H$s em§{V IVao n§. Zohê$ H$s _mÝ`Vm Wr {H$ Bg joÌ H$s _| n‹S> JB©& OZOm{V`m| H$m {dH$mg CZH$s g§ñH¥${V H$mo gwa{jV Am°naoeZ ãby ñQ>ma … ñdU© _§{Xa go aIH$a hr H$aZm hmoJm& g§{dYmZ H$s N>R>r AZwgyMr AmV§H$dm{X`m| H$mo ~mha IXoS‹ > XoZm _w»` H$m`© Wm& 10 _| Bg joÌ Ho$ {df` _| {deof àmdYmZ {H$`m df© 1946 _| Hw$N> n‹T>o-{bIo ZmJm æmwdmAm| J`m h¡& df© 1965 _| Bg joÌ H$m CËVaXm{`Ëd Zo "ZmJm Z¡eZb H$m¢{gb' (NNC) Zm_H$ g§JR>Z {dXoe _§Ìmb` H$mo gm¢nm J`m& nydm}ËVa Ho$ BZ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& AmJo MbH$a CÝhm|Zo "ZmJmb¢S>' àXoem| H$mo _w»` Ymam _| g_m{dîQ> H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$s ñdV§Ì amîQ´> Ho$ ê$n _| _m±J H$s& CZ df© 1971 _| "nydm}ËVa n[afX H$mZyZ' ~Zm`m æmwdmAm| H$m ZoV¥Ëd A§Jm_r Omny {\$Omo H$a aho J`m& Bg H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgma nydm}ËVa n[afX Ho$ Wo& df© 1954 _| "EZEZgr' Zo ZmJmb¢S> H$s H$m`© {ZYm©[aV {H$E JE& Am{W©H$ VWm gm_m{OH$ ñdV§Ì amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm {H$E OmZo H$s KmofUm joÌ Ho$ g_mZ {hV, A§VaamÁ`r` n[adhZ, {~Obr H$s& df© 1955 _| Ag_ amB\$ëg Ho$ g¡{ZH$m| VWm ~m‹T> {Z`§ÌU Am{X g§~§Yr Ho§$Ð gaH$ma H$mo Am¡a ñWmZr` bmoJm| _| hþBª _wR>^o‹S>m| H$mo X~mZo gbmh XoZm Bg n[afX Ho$ H$m_ Wo& Ho$ {bE g¡{ZH$s H$m`©dmhr H$s JB©& {_Omoa_ … nydm}ËVa ^maV H$s OZOm{V`m| H|$Ð gaH$ma Am¡a "EZEZgr' Ho$ ~rM ~mVMrV H$m AnZm àmMrZ B{Vhmg h¡& ^maV ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ AZoH$ Xm¡a hþE& H|$Ð gaH$ma Zo ZmJm~hþb Ho$ níMmV gaH$ma Zo {_Omo~hþb bwemB© Q>rbm|dmbo joÌ H$mo g§K em{gV àXoe H$m XOm© XoZm {ZpíMV joÌ Ho$ {Obm| H$mo àemgZ g§~§Yr ñdm`ËVVm {H$`m& Zo\$m Ho$ ZmJm~hþb joÌ Am¡a gwEZgm§J àXmZ H$s& H|$Ð gaH$ma Zo df© 1954 _| ^mfmdma joÌ H$mo BH$Q>²R>o H$a 1 {Xg§~a 1963 H$mo àm§V aMZm Am`moJ H$m JR>Z {H$`m& {_Omo ZoVmAm| "ZmJmb¢S>' amÁ` ApñVËd _| Am`m& Zo ñdm`ËV {_Omo àm§V H$s _m±J H$aZm àma§^ Ag_ … df© 1983 _| Ag_ _| ~m§½bm {H$`m& df© 1959 _| {_Omoa_ àXoe _| n‹S>o ^mfr$ ñWbm§V[aVm| Ho$ ~‹T> Vo à^md Ho$ _wX²Xo ^rfU AH$mb _| {_Omo ZoVm bmbS|>Jm Zo Am_ na Am°b Ag_ ñQy>S|>Q>g æmy{Z`Z Am¡a Ag_ OZVm Ho$ {bE ~hþV H$m`© {H$`m& JUg§J«m_ n[afX Zo Vrd« Am§XmobZ N>o‹S> m Wm& df© 1961 _| bmbS|>Jm Zo "{_Omo Z¡eZb df© 1985 _| àYmZ_§Ìr amOrd Jm§Yr, Ho§$Ðr` \«§$Q>' (MNF) g§JR>Z H$s ñWmnZm H$s& bmbS|>Jm J¥h_§Ìr e§H$aamd MìhmU Am¡a Ag_ ZoVm Zo {Ìnwam, _{Unwa Am¡a bwemB© Q>rbm| Ho$ à\w$ëbHw$_ma _h§Vmo Ho$ ~rM g_Pm¡Vm hþAm Am¡a {_Omo~hþb àm§Vm| Ho$ {bE "J«oQ>a {_Omoa_' AWm©V Ag_ Ho$ Kwgn¡{R>E ~m§½bmXoer ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo CZHo$ ñdV§Ì amîQ´> H$s _m±J H$s& ‘mM© 1966 _| {_Omo ñWmZm| na {\$a go ^oOZm {ZpíMV hþAm& df© Z¡eZb \«§$Q> Zo "ñdV§Ì {_Omoa_' amîQ´> ApñVËd 1986 _| Ag_ {dYmZ g^m Ho$ MwZmd hþE _| AmZo H$s KmofUm H$s$& àYmZ_§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Am¡a Ag_ JUn[afX Ho$ à\w$ëbHw$_ma _h§Vmo Zo Bg {dÐmoh H$mo {d\$b ~Zm`m& df© 1972 _w»`_§Ìr ~Zo& Bggo Ag_ _| em§{V àñWm{nV _| n[apñW{V gm_mÝ` hmo OmZo na hmoZo _| ghm`Vm àmßV hþB©& {_Omo~hþb joÌ H$mo g§K em{gV àXoe H$m XOm© AéUmMb àXoe … df© 1954 _| Zo\$m {X`m J`m& df© 1985 _| àYmZ_§Ìr amOrd Jm§Yr joÌ H$s {Z{_©{V hþB&© df© 1972 _| Bg Am¡a \§«$Q Ho$ ~rM> g_Pm¡Vm hþAm Am¡a {_Omoa_ AéUmMb àXoe (CJVo gy`© H$m àXoe) H$hm OmZo H$mo ñdV§Ì amÁ` H$m XOm© {X`m J`m& bmbS|>Jm bJm& 20 \$adar 1987 H$mo Bgo ñdV§Ì g§KamÁ` {_Omoa_ amÁ` Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr ~Zo& H$m XOm© {X`m J`m& ZmJmb¢S> … ZmJm OZOm{V H$s nhMmZ df© 1960 go 2000 H$s Ad{Y _| `moX²Ym OZOm{V Ho$ ê$n _| ~Zr hþB© h¡& nyd© nydm}ËVa ^maV H$s `mÌm bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ n[anŠd {h_mb`, ZmJm Q>rbo, Ag_ VWm å¶mZ‘ma Ho$ hmoZo _| MbVr ahr& `h joÌ H|$Ð gaH$ma X²dmam gr_mdVu joÌ _| ZmJm OZOm{V H$s ~ñVr Wr& MbmB© JBª {deof `moOZmAm|, Am¡X²`mo{JH$sH$aU 11 Am¡a {ejm Ho$ àMma-àgma Ho$ H$maU àJ{V nW Ym{_©H$ Xþa{^_mZ _| go g§àXm`dmX H$m OÝ_ hmoVm na AmJo ~‹T> ahm h¡& h¡& A§JOo« m| Zo h_mao Xoe _| g§àXm`dmX Ho$ ~rO ZŠgbdmX ~moE& h_mao Xoe _| {d{^ÝZ Y_m] Ho$ bmoJ {dJV ZŠgbdmXr Am§XmobZ … `h Am§XmobZ npíM_ H$B© eVmpãX`m| go nañna ñZoh Am¡a gm¡hmX© Ho$ gmW ~§Jmb Ho$ Xm{O©qbJ {Obo Ho$ ZŠgb~mar _| àma§^ ahVo AmE h¢& {H$gr Xoe _| {d{^ÝZ Y_m] Ho$ bmoJm| hþAm& ZŠgbdm{X`m| Zo Aën ^yYmaH$ {H$gmZm| Am¡a H$m ahZm Am¡a AnZo-AnZo Y_© Ho$ à{V C{MV IoV _OXÿam| H$mo g§J{R>V {H$`m Am¡a df© 1967 _| Jm¡ad H$m ^md aIZm H$moB© ~war ~mV Zht h¡ na§Vw ZŠgb~mar joÌ Ho$ Hw$N> H¥${fjoÌ Ho$ Mmam| Amoa O~ Y_© H$m Jm¡ad ^md A{Vdm{XVm H$mo bm±K bmb P§S>o amonH$a \$gbm| H$mo AnZo {Z`§ÌU _| H$a OmVm h¡ V~ CgH$m ê$nm§VaU Xþa{^_mZ AWdm {b`m&> Bg {dÐmoh go àoaUm boH$a Omo Am§XmobZ H$Q²>Q>aVm _| hmo OmVm h¡& n[aUm_V… Y_mªYVm CËnÝZ hþE, CÝh| "ZŠgbdmXr' Am§XmobZ H$hVo h¢& hmoVr h¡& O_tXmam| X²dmam {H$E OmZo dmbo Am{W©H$ Y_mªY§ Vm g§àXm`dmX H$s Ztd h¡& Y_mªYVm emofU Ho$ {déX²Y AmdmO ~wb§X H$aZo Ho$ {bE Ho$ H$maU ì`mnH$ amîQ´>r` {hVm| H$mo ^wbm`m OmVm H¥${f g{_{V`m| H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZm, ~‹S>o O_tXmam| h¡& AbJ-AbJ Y_© Ho$ bmoJm| H$m EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ H$s O_rZm| H$mo N>rZ boZm, CZH$m AbJ-AbJ à{V {dídmg g_mßV hmoZo bJVm h¡& Xÿgao Y_© n[admam| _| {dVaU H$aZm ZŠgbdmXr Am§XmobZ Ho$ Ho$ na§Vw Omo h_mao hr Xoe~§Yw h¢; 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Odmhabmb {dH$mg, qgMmB© Am¡a ~m‹T> {Z`§ÌU, D$Om© Zohê$ Bg `moOZm Am`moJ Ho$ AÜ`j Wo& g§gmYZ, J«m_rU Ed§ bKw CX²`moJ, ~‹S>o CX²`moJ Bg `moOZm Am`moJ Zo nm±M dfm] H$s `moOZm Am¡a I{ZO g§gmYZ, n[adhZ Ed§ Xÿag§Mma, V¡`ma H$s {Og_| H¥${f Am¡a J«m_ H$m {dH$mg {ejm VWm ñdmñÏ` na ì`` {H$`m J`m& hmoJm, g§V{w bV Am¡X`² mo{JH$sH$aU Am¡a ÝæmyZV_ OrdZ `moOZm~X²Y Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$s Ztd aIZo dmbr ñVa H$m àmdYmZ hmoJm& {Og_| `moOZmAm| H$s `h n§Mdfu` `moOZm Wr& ê$naoIm ~ZmZo Am¡a H$m`m©Ýd`Z _| bmoJm| H$m Xÿgar n§Mdfu` `moOZm (1956-1961) à{V^mJ hmoJm Am¡a àË`oH$ ì`pŠV H$m {dH$mg hmoJm& Bg `moOZm X²dmam Am¡X²`mo{JH$sH$aU H$m Bg `moOZm H$mo hr "n§Mdfu` `moOZm' H$hVo h¢& _hËËdmH$m§jr CX²Xoí` nyU© H$aZm Wm& \$bV… `moOZm Am`moJ H$m _m¡{bH$ {gX²Ym§V … XþJm©nwa, {^bmB©, éaHo$bm _|$ BñnmV Ho$ H$maImZo, {H$gr Xoe Ho$ g_J« g§gmYZm| H$m AZwnmV~X²Y qgXar _| amgm`{ZH$ ImX H$maImZm, {MËVa§OZ {dVaU Am¡a dhm± Ho$ _Zwî` l_ H$m C{MV _| aob B§OZ H$m H$maImZm, noam§~ya _| aobJm‹S> r Cn`moJ Cg Xoe H$s OZVm H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ {S>ã~o {Z_m©U H$m H$maImZm, {demImnQ>²Q>Z_ H$mo nyU© H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& `h _| OhmO {Z_m©U H$m H$maImZm O¡go {demb `moOZm Am`moJ H$m _m¡{bH$ {gX²Ym§V h¡& Am¡a ^mar CX²`moJ-Y§Yo Am¡a H$maImZo gmd©O{ZH$ `moOZm Am`moJ Ho$ CX²Xoí` joÌ _| ñWm{nV {H$E JE& H¥${f H$mo Obmny{V© ^maV Ho$ `moOZm Am`moJ Ho$ gm_mÝ` CX²Xoí` Bg àH$ma h¢& (1) amîQ´>r` Am` _| d¥X²{Y& (2) _yb^yV CX²`moJ-Y§Ym| H$mo dar`Vm XoH$a erK«J{V go Am¡X²`mo{JH$sH$aU H$admZm& (3) H¥${f CËnmXZm| _| d¥X²{Y bmZm; {Oggo Xoe ImX²`mÝZ Ho$ {df` _| AmË_{Z^©a ~Z gHo$& (4) ~‹S>r _mÌm _| amoOJma CnbãY H$amZm Am¡a Xoe Ho$ _Zwî` l_ H$m nyU©V… Cn`moJ H$a boZm& {^bmB© - BñnmV H$m H$maImZm (5) Am` Am¡a g§n{ËV Ho$ ~rM CËnÝZ {df_Vm H$mo Xÿa H$aZm& H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^mI‹S> m-Z§Jb, Xm_moXa O¡go (6) dñVwAm| Ho$ _yë` pñWa ñVa na aIZm& {demb ~m±Y ~ZmE JE& Bg `moOZm Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n amîQ´>r` Am` _| d¥X²{Y hþB©& 16 Vrgar n§Mdfu` `moOZm (1961-1966)… nm¡{ï>H$ ^moOZ, no`Ob H$s ny{V© H$aZm, J«m_rU Bg `moOZm _| CX²`moJ Am¡a H¥${f Ho$ {dH$mg joÌm| _| {M{H$Ëgm H$s gw{dYmE± nhþM ± mZm, J«m_rU Ho$ ~rM g§VwbZ Am¡a g_Ýd` gmYZm Wm& ^mJm| _| {dX²`Vw Amny{V© Am¡a Xÿag§Mma Ho$ gmYZ à{Vdf© amîQ´>r` Am` _| d¥X²{Y bmZm, ^mar nhwM± Zo Ho$ {bE g‹S> H$m| H$m {Z_m©U H$amZm, g_mO CX²`moJ, n[adhZ Am¡a I{ZO CX²`moJm| H$m {dH$mg H$ë`mU H$s `moOZmAm| H$mo ì`mnH$ ñVa na H$aZm, {df_Vm H$m CÝ_ybZ H$aZm Am¡a amoOJma H$m`m©pÝdV H$aZm, H¥${f H$m {dH$mg H$admZm, Ho$ A{YH$m{YH$ Adga CnbãY H$amZm Bg _yb^yV CX²`moJ-Y§Ym| _| d¥X{² Y bmZm, ImX²`mÝZ `moOZm Ho$ à_wI CX²Xoí` Wo& Am¡a AÝ` OrdZmdí`H$ dñVwAm| H$s IarXmar Vrgar n§Mdfu` `moOZm Ho$ níMmV VrZ EH$ EH$m{YH$ma àUmbr X²dmam H$aHo$$ CZH$s gmd©O{ZH$ dfu` `moOZmE± (1966-1969) MbmB© JBª& Bg {dVaU ì`dñWmAm| X²dmam {ZY©Zm| H$mo C{MV H$mbmd{Y _| ^rfU AH$mb H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& Xm_m| _| ny{V© H$aZm O¡go CX²Xío `m| H$m g_mdoe MrZ H$m AmH«$_U Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ gmW hþE Wm& `wXY² Ho$ H$maU gaH$ma H$mo {dH$mg H$m`m] H$s nm±Mdt n§Mdfu` `moOZm H$s Ad{Y _| Anojm ajm Am¡a AH$mb {ZdmaU H$s Amoa A{YH$ X[aÐVm H$m {ZdmaU H$aZm Am¡a amoOJma H$mo Ü`mZ XoZm n‹S>m& BZ g^r ~mVm| go ^maVr` ~‹T> mZm g§^d Zht hþAm& AW©ì`dñWm na ~hþV ~‹S>m X~md Am J`m& df© 1977 _| bmoH$g^m MwZmd _| H$m±Jgo« nmQ>u Mm¡Wr n§Mdfu` `moOZm (1969-1974)… H$s namO` hþB&© OZVm nmQ>u gËVm _| AmB©& ZB© Bg `moOZm Ho$ CX²Xoí` {ZYm©[aV H$aVo g_` `h gaH$ma Zo _mM© 1978 Ho$ A§V _| nm±Mdt n§Mdfu` {ZpíMV {H$`m J`m {H$ ^maV H$mo AmË_{Z^©a `moOZm H$mo g_mßV H$a Aà¡b 1978 go l¥I § bm~X²Y ~ZZm Mm{hE, gaH$ma H$mo _yb^yV CX²`moJm| H$m `moOZm àma§^ H$s; na§Vw dh {d\$b ahr& df© {dH$mg H$aZm Mm{hE, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$s J{V 1980 _| bmoH$g^m Ho$ ‘Ü¶md{Y MwZmd g§nÝZ hþE ~‹T> mZr Mm{hE Am¡a g_mOdmXr gm_m{OH$ T>m±Mo Am¡a H$m±Jgo« nmQ>u gËVm _| AmB©& Bg gaH$ma Zo H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoZm Mm{hE& Bg n§Mdfu` `moOZm l¥I § bm~X²Y `moOZm H$mo ~§X H$a nwZ… nydd© V àUmbr H$s Ad{Y _| Xoe Ho$ à_wI 14 ~¢H$m| H$m AWm©V n§Mdfu` `moOZm H$mo àma§^ {H$`m& amîQ´>r`H$aU {H$`m J`m& `h n§Mdfu` `moOZm N>R>r n§Mdfu` `moOZm (1980-1985)… AnojmZwgma g\$b Zht ahr& Mm¡Wr n§Mdfu` Bg `moOZm _| X[aÐVm CÝ_ybZ Am¡a amoOJma `moOZm H$s Ad{Y _| ~m§½bm Xoe `wX²Y Ho$ {Z_m©U H$mo dar`Vm Xr JB© Wr& Bg `moOZm Ho$ n[aUm_ ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm H$mo ghZoo n‹S>o & gmW CX²Xoí` Bg àH$ma Wo& hr eaUm{W©`m| H$m ì`` ghZ H$aZm n‹S> m& gaH$mar AW©ì`dñWm H$s {dH$mg Xa _| CëboIZr` H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s doVZ d¥X²{Y, aob H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s d¥X²{Y H$aZm, X[aÐVm Am¡a ~oamoOJmar H$mo H$_ doVZ d¥X²{Y, A§VaamîQ´>r` ~mOma _| noQ´>mob H$s H$aZm& Eogr Zr{V H$mo ñdrH$maZm {H$ bmoJ N>moQ>m ~‹T> Vr Xa| O¡gr ~mVm| go ^maV H$s AW©ì`dñWm n[adma nX²Y{V H$mo ñdoÀN>m go ñdrH$ma|Jo, {Oggo H$mo H$B© AmKmV ghZo n‹S>o & OZg§»`m d¥X²{Y na {Z`§ÌU aIm Om gHo$Jm& nm±Mdt n§Mdfu` `moOZm (1974-1979)… N>R>r n§Mdfu` `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V {ZåZ {ZY©ZVm H$mo Xÿa H$a Xoe H$mo Am{W©H$ ê$n go H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo H$m`m©{ÝdV {H$`m J`m& AmË_{Z^©a ~ZmZo H$m à_wI CX²Xío ` * EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ (IRDP) gå_wI aIH$a `h `moOZm V¡`ma H$s JB©& Bg * J«m_rU ^y{_hrZ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ (RLEGP) `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V amîQ´>r` Am` _| d¥X{² Y bmZm, * amîQ´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma H$m`©H«$_ (NREP) ~‹S> r _mÌm _| amoOJma CnbãY H$amZm, {ejm, * gbo_ BñnmV n[a`moOZm 17 gmVdt n§Mdfu` `moOZm (1985-1990) H$aZm, {dXoer {Zdoe Ho$ {bE Am¡X`² mo{JH$ Zr{V H$mo Bg `moOZm _| ImX²`mÝZ, amoOJma Am¡a CËnmXH$Vm ZB© {Xem àXmZ H$aZm Bg `moOZm Ho$ CX²Xío ` Wo& na ~b {X`m J`m Wm& {dH$mg, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, Bg `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V ñdU© O`§Vr ehar AmË_{Z^©aVm, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$m gj_Vm go amoOJma `moOZm, ^m½`lr ~mbH$ë`mU `moOZm, H$m`m©Ýd`Z H$aZm, CËnmXZ VH$ZrH$s {dkmZ _| amOamOoídar _{hbm H$ë`mU `moOZm, ñdU© O`§Vr gwYma H$aZm, amîQ´r`> Am` _| à{Vdf© 5% d¥X²{Y J«m_ ñdamoOJma `moOZm, Odmha J«m_ g_¥X²{Y bmZm, ImX²`mÝZ CËnmXZ _| d¥X²{Y H$aZm `moOZm, A§Ë`moX` AZmO `moOZm, àYmZ_§Ìr J«m_ n§Mdfu` `moOZm Ho$ CX²Xoí` Wo& g‹S> H$ `moOZm Am{X H$m`©H«$_ MbmE JE& Bg `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V {ZåZ H$m`©H«$_ àma§^ Bg `moOZm _| g§Mma ì`dñWm Am¡a godm {H$E JE& joÌ H$s Ano{jV _mÌm _| CÝZ{V hþB©& {Z_m©U * Odmha amoOJma `moOZm& * B§{Xam Amdmg H$m`© Am¡a Xÿag§Mma joÌm| _| d¥X²{Y hþB©& `moOZm& * Xg bmI Hw$E± `moOZm& ~¢H$m| H$m amîQ´>r`H$aU… amoOJma {Z_m©U H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï>> go gmVdt n§{S>V Zohê$ Am¡a bmb~hmXþa emñÌr Ho$ n§Mdfu` `moOZm _hËËdnyU© {gX²Y hþB©& H$m`©H$mb _| ^maV _| ~¢qH$J ì`dgm` na {ZOr AmR>dt n§Mdfu` `moOZm (1992- joÌ H$m EH$m{YH$ma Wm& `o ~¢H$ CX²`moJ g_yh 1997) … Bg `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V {ZOr joÌ H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo Wo& BZ ~¢H$m|o Ho$ {ZXoeH$ H$mo A{YH$m{YH$ Adga {XE JE& AnZo CX²`moJm|o H$m {dH$mg Am¡a bm^ H$mo ~‹T> mZo _|$ H$m`©aV ahVo Wo& BgH$s amoH$-Wm_ H$aZo Ho$ Bg `moOZm H$s {deofVmE± Bg àH$ma Wt& {bE gaH$ma Zo df© 1955 _| "Bånr[a`b ~¢H$' amîQ´>r` Am` H$s d¥X{² Y Xa 6.5% VH$ H$m amîQ´>r`H$aU {H$`m Am¡a Cgo "^maVr` ñQ>oQ> ~ZmE aIZm, OZg§»`m d¥X{² Y H$s amoH$-Wm_ ~¢H$' _| n[ad{V©V {H$`m& Bg ~¢H$ Zo Aënmd{Y H$aZm, n[adma {Z`moOZ H$m`©H$« _ H$mo ~‹T> mdm _| hr g§nyU© Xoe _| AnZr emImE± ImobH$a XoZm, àmW{_H$$ {ejm H$m gmd©O{ZH$ {dñVma H$a gaH$mar {dH$mg _| _hËËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mZm {ZajaVm H$m CÝ_ybZ H$aZm& àma§^ {H$`m& Bg `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V {ZåZ H$m`©H«$_ àma§^ amîQ´>r`H$aU H$s n¥îR>^{y _… ^maV Zo ñdmV§Í`moËVa {H$E JE& H$mbmd{Y _| {_{lV AW©ì`dñWm H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m * àYmZ_§Ìr amoOJma `moOZm * _{hbm Wm& `moOZmAm| H$mo H$m`m©pÝdV H$aVo g_` `{X KmQ>m g_¥X²{Y `moOZm * amîQ´>r`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ hmo OmVm h¡ Vmo Cgo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~¢H$mo§ H$m gh`moJ `moOZm * _Ü`mh²Z ^moOZ `moOZm amîQ´>r`H$aU hmoZm Amdí`H$ Wm& amîQ´>r`H$aU hmoZo Ho$ * B§{Xam _{hbm `moOZm * J§Jm H$ë`mU `moOZm ~mX BZ ~¢H$m| H$mo hmoZo dmbm bm^ gaH$mar H$mof AmR>dt n§Mdfu` `moOZm _| {ZOr joÌ H$m _| O_m hmoZo dmbm Wm& Bgr Ho$ gmW bKw Am¡a _hËËd ~‹T> J`m& Bg `moOZm _| df© 1991 _§Pmobo CX²`moJ go g§~{§ YV {dH$mg Zr{V H$mo H$m`m©pÝdV _| gaH$ma X²dmam ñdrH$mar JB© CXma Am¡a _wŠV H$aZm ^r Amdí`H$ Wm& bmb~hmXþa emñÌr Zo Am{W©H$ Zr{V H$m à{Vq~~ {XImB© XoVm h¡& ImX²`mÝZ H$s H$_r H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Am¡a AH$mb na Zm¡dt n§Mdfu` `moOZm(1997-2002) … _mV H$aZo Ho$ {bE h[aV H«$m§{V H$m à`moJ àma§^ Bg `moOZm _| H¥${f Am¡a J«m_rU {dH$mg H$mo àYmZVm {H$`m Wm& àYmZ_§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ H$m`©H$mb _| Xr JB© Wr& Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$s Xa _| d¥X{² Y H$m±Jgo« nmQ>u _| g_mOdmXr {dMmam| go ào[aV hmoH$a bmZm, _yb^yV joÌ _| ñdñW à{V`mo{JVm {Z_m©U 18 Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢? àYmZ_§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Zo 19 OwbmB© 1969 H$mo 14 ~¢H$m| H$m amîQ´>r`H$aU {H$`m& BZ_| Bbmhm~mX ~¢H$, ~¢H$ Am°\$ ~amoS‹ >m, ~¢H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, ~¢H$ Am°\$ _hmamîQ´>, H¡$Zam ~¢H$, g|Q>´b ~¢H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, XoZm ~¢H$, B§{S>`Z ~¢H$, B§{S>`Z AmodagrO ~¢H$, n§Om~ Z¡eZb ~¢H$, qgS>rHo$Q> ~¢H$, æmyZm`Q>So > ~¢H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, æmyZmBQ>So > H$_{e©`b ~¢H$, (æmyH$mo ~¢H$), æmy{Z`Z ~¢H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m BZ 14 ~¢H$m| H$m g_mdoe Wm& df© 1980 _| Am¡a H$n‹S>m {_b N>h ~¢H$m| H$m amîQ´>r`H$aU {H$`m J`m& ewê$ H$s& H$mbm§Va _| XmXa, naob, ^m`Ibm, {edS>r, à^mXodr Am¡a dabr _| H$n‹S>m {_b| "H$m±Jgo« \$moa_ \$m°a gmoem{bñQ EŠeZ' Xb Zo Iwb JBª& `h joÌ {JaUJm±d Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZm ì`mnmar ~¢H$m| Ho$ amîQ´>r`H$aU H$s _m±J H$s& Bg OmZo bJm& {ZU©` H$mo H$åæmw{ZñQ> nmQ>u H$m ^r g_W©Z àmßV Wm& 80 Ho$ XeH$ _| l{_H$m| _| Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U ~rg gyÌr H$m`©H$« _ … 1 OwbmB© 1975 hþAm& BgHo$ {bE AÝ` joÌm| _| CËnÝZ hþB© H$mo àYmZ_§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Zo ~rg gyÌr H$m`©H$« _ pñW{V H$maU ~Zr& Hw$N> CX²`moJm| _| l{_H$m| Ho$ H$s KmofUm H$s Am¡a {dH${gV amîQ´> H$s {Xem _| doVZ _| d¥X{² Y hmo ahr Wr& CÝh| ~moZg H$s A{YH$ J{V_mZ àJ{V H$aZo Ho$ à`mgm| H$m g§H$ën {H$`m& am{e {_b ahr Wr& H$n‹S> m {_b l{_H$m| H$s Bg H$m`©H$« _ _| à_wI àmdYmZ Bg àH$ma Wo& VwbZm _| CÝh| A{YH$ gw{dYmE± àmßV hmo ahr Wt& (1) H¥${f Am¡a ehar joÌm| _| A{YH$V_ ^y{_ YmaU H$mZyZ (MH$~§Xr H$mZyZ), g§n{ËV H$m Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢? g_mZ {dVaU, IoV _OXÿam| H$mo ÝæmyZV_ doVZ, _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo Ho$ gh`moJr Zmam`U Ob g§dY©Z `moOZmAm| _| d¥X²{Y H$aZm& _oKmOr bmoI§So> BZHo$ à`mgm| Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n (2) l{_H$m| H$m CX²`moJ joÌ _| à{V^mJ, `h {ZU©` hþAm {H$ 1 OZdar 1882 go {_b amîQ´>r` à{ejU `moOZm Am¡a ~oJma go _w{ŠV& l{_H$m| H$mo gßVmh _| EH$ {XZ "a{ddma' H$mo (3) H$a Mmoar H$s àd¥{ËV, Am{W©H$ AnamY NwQ>²Q>r Xr OmE& Am¡a VñH$ar H$s amoH$-Wm_& df© 1981 H$s Xrdmbr _| l{_H$m| H$mo Anojm (4) OrdZmdí`H$ dñVwAm| Ho$ _yë`m| na Wr {H$ CÝh| 20% ~moZg {_boJm& l{_H$m| H$m {Z`§ÌU, ameqZJ ì`dñWm _| gwYma H$aZm& à{V{Z{YËd amîQ´>r` {_b _OXÿa g§K H$a ahm Wm& Bg g§K Zo l{_H$ dJ© H$mo {dídmg _| Z boH$a (5) hWH$aKm joÌ Ho$ {dH$mg X²dmam CËV_ _m{bH$m| Ho$ gmW ~mVMrV H$s Am¡a 8 go 17% dñÌmoX`² moJo H$m {Z_m©U, Xþ~b © dJm] H$s$ G$U go na ~moZg H$mo boH$a g_Pm¡Vm {H$`m& ~moZg _| H$s _w{ŠV, Amdmg {Z_m©U, Xÿag§Mma gw{dYmE±, JB© `h H$Q>mV¡ r Ag§Vmof H$s qMJmar {gX²Y hþB&© Hw$N> {dX²`mb`m| Ho$ {bE e¡{jH$ gm_J«r CnbãY H$amZm& l{_H$ S>m.° XËVm gm_§V go {_bo& CÝhm|Zo S>mŠ° Q>a l{_H$ g_ñ`m … _w§~B© _| nhbr H$n‹S>m gm_§V go ZoVË¥ d ñdrH$maZo H$m {ZdoXZ {H$`m& 65 {_b 11 Owb¡ 1851 H$mo H$mdgOr S>mda Zo {_bm| Ho$ l{_H$ BH$Q>R² >o AmE Am¡a XËVm gm_§V 19 H$n‹S>o H$s VwbZm _| nm°{bEñQ>a H$mo _hËËd Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢? àmßV hþAm Wm& n[aUm_V… nhbo go hr {_b H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> go ^r l{_H$ dJ© Zo H$n‹S> m {~H«$r na à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hþAm Wm& bmoH$ZmQ>²`, bmoH$H$bm Am¡a gm{hË` O¡go joÌm| H$n‹S> m {_b| _w~§ B© go gyaV Am¡a JwOamV _| _| ~hþV ~‹S> m `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& AÊUm^mD$ 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