ITEC1300 Midterm Exam PDF

ITCS 1300 CH.1 - Explain technology and its importance in global society. - Growing changes around the world. - Motivating people in new ways. - What are the impact of tools of modern technology. [*] - Social networking tools: Enables groups to connect and exchange ideas. - Criss mapping tools...

ITCS 1300 CH.1 - Explain technology and its importance in global society. - Growing changes around the world. - Motivating people in new ways. - What are the impact of tools of modern technology. [*] - Social networking tools: Enables groups to connect and exchange ideas. - Criss mapping tools: Collect and map information. - Name the global issues in global society. 1 - Health care: - Develop and deliver vaccines. - Increased vaccine production. - Programs help design new helmets. 2 - The environment: - Data could alert scientists to new trends. 3 - Digital divide: - Gap exists between levels of the internet. - Prevent use of all minds to solve the planet's issues. - Describe how technology impacts how and why we connect and collaborate. 1 - Web 2.0: - Allows easy content contribution. - Improve easy connections with others. 2 - Cognitive Surplus: - Combination of leisure time and tools to be creative. 3 - Business: - Support others dreams. - Crowdfunding for small donations from large groups of people. - How do we consume using technology? 1 - Marketing technology: - Decide what to buy. - Buy goods and services. 2 - Marketing: - OR codes. - Crowdsourcing. 3 - Access versus ownership: - ZIP car. - Citi bike. - Collaborative consumption. - What is the importance of computer literacy? [*] 1 - Understanding capabilities and limitations of computers. 2 - Know how to use computers safely and efficiently. - Explain artificial intelligence and their basics. 1 - Intelligence applying knowledge and skills: - Experience, reasoning, problem solving, perception, and using language. (ERPPL) 2 - System/machines: - Perform tasks associated with human intelligence. 3 - AI 1950 goal: - Create a machine that could think like a human. 4 - Central goal of AI: - Natural language processing (NLP), perception, knowledge representation, planning, problem solving, learning. (NPKPPL) 5 - Major developments: - Expert system. - Artificial neural networks. - Advances in machine learning. - How does using artificial intelligence in our life help us with career opportunities?[*] 1 - Retail: - Process of searching over a big amount of data for patterns. - Responds to consumer buying usage patterns. 2 - Banking: - Helps spotting fraud. 3 - Transportation: - Autopilots on commercials in airplanes. - Autonomous vehicles. 4 - Robots and embodied agents. 5 - Education: - Intelligent personal assistants help students with learning. - Speed up the grading process. - Plagiarism checkers. 6 - Law Enforcement: - Computers used in cars. - Facial reconstruction. - Computer forensics. 7 - Medicine: - Help doctors diagnose unfamiliar conditions. - Maintain patient information in the system. - Design and construct artificial parts devices. 8 - Psychology: - My automated conversation coach (MACH). - Effective computing. - Describe the value of ethical computing in defining ethics. [*] 1 - Ethics: - Study of morals and moral choices made. 2 - Laws: - Formal written standards applied to everyone. 3 - Unethical behavior: - Denying approved standards. 4 - Amoral behavior: - No sense of right or wrong. - What is personal ethics in ethical computing. - It is a self image of oneself, determine your personal ethics by describing yourself, and list of principles you believe in. - Explain ethics and technology in ethical computing. [*] 1 - Intellectual property: - Work that is someone's creation or knowledge. - Protected by copyrights. 2 - Privacy: - Control Privacy and information. 3 - Social justice: - Policing prevents crime. - Military and government secrets kept in secret documents. 4 - Liability: - 3D printing leads to quality control issues. 5 - Censorship: - Global differences in site blocking. 6 - Social activism: - Hacking and using computers in a bad way. 7 - Automated robotic machinery: - Self driving cars. - Choosing between sets of bad choices. ITCS 1300 CH.2 - Describe the four major functions of a computer system and how they interact with data and information. 1 - Input: - Gathers data, allows entering data. 2 - Process: - Organizes data. 3 - Output: - Display data and information. 4 - Storage: - Saves data and information. - Define bits and bytes: 1 - Bit: - Binary digit. - 0 or 1 numerals. 2 - Byte: - Combination of 8 bits of 0s and 1s. 3 - Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, and petabytes. - What are the common types of computer? 1 - Cell phones. 2 - Tablets. 3 - Laptops. 4 - Stationary computers. - identify the main types of keyboards and touch screens: 1 - Physical keyboards and touch screens: - Enter data and instructions into the computer (Ex: Keyboards/touch screen/stylus/virtual keyboard.) - Describe the main types of mice and pointing devices. 1 - Mouse. 2 - Touch pad (trackpad). 3 - Game controller. - Explain how images, sounds, and sensor data are input into computing devices. 1 - Popular for images: - Digital cameras. - Camcorders. - Mobile device cameras. - Flatbed scanners. - Webcams. 2 - Popular for sound: - Microphone with voice recognition software. 3 - Sensors. - Describe options for outputting images and audio from computing devices. 1 - Sending data out of the computer in the form of: - Text. - Pictures. - Sounds. - Videos. (Ex: Monitors/printers/speakers/headphones/earbuds.) [*] 2 - Types of display screens:[*] - Liquid crystal display (LCD) - Light-emitting diode (LED) - Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) (They function as pixels/aspect ratio/resolution). 3 - Speaker: - Output devices for sound. - Surround sound speakers. - Wireless speaker systems. 4 - Headphones or earbuds: - Hearing gets damaged from high volume when using earbuds. - Describe various types of printers, and explain when you would use them. [*] 1 - Inkjet: - Affordable/high quality color/quick and quiet. 2 - Laser: - Faster printing/high quality printouts/expensive. 3 - Cloud ready printers. 4 - All in one printer: - Printer/scanner/copier/fax. 5 - Large format printer: - Prints oversize images. - Describe the functions of the motherboard and RAM. 1 - Motherboard: - CPU/ROM/RAM/Cache/slots expansion card/sound and video cards/network interface card. - Explain the main functions of the CPU. 1 - Central processing unit (CPU): - Brain of computer. - Control all functions of computer components. - Process all instructions. - Gigahertz(billion of tasks per second). 2 - CPU performances and measures: - Speed measured in hertz(Hz) - Number of cores (single/dual/quad/ten)  - Describe the various means of storing data and information with computing devices. 1 - Local storage devices: - Hard disk drive (Primary storage/nonvolatile storage/internal drive/external hard drive). - Solid state drive (SSD). 2 - Portable storage options: - Flash drive. - Flash memory card. 3 - Cloud storage: - Files stored online. - Some space is free. - Can purchase additional storage. - Describe common types of ports used today. 1 - Thunderbolt: - Transfer speeds up to 40 gbps 2 - Universal serial bus port (USB): - Transfer speeds of 10 gbps 3 - Connectivity port: - Ethernet port. - Up to 10000 mbps. 4 - HDMI port. - Describe how to manage power consumption on computing devices. 1 - Battery drain. 2 - Power supply. 3 - Sleep mode. 4 - Warm/cold boot (Restart=warm/Start=cold) 5 - Hibernate. - Define ergonomics, and discuss the ideal physical setup for using computing devices. 1 - Ergonomics guidelines: - Monitor position, adjust chair, proper typing position, breaks, decent lighting. 2 - Assistive technologies: - Voice recognition/special keyboards for visual disability. - Special trackballs for users with motor control issues. ITCS 1300 CH.3 - Describe how the internet got its start. - The Internet is a network of networks established as a secure form of communication, created as a means of communications. - Explain how data travels on the Internet. 1 - Client/server network: - Client asks for data. - Server receives request and returns data. - Internet backbone. 2 - Internet protocol address: - How computers identify each other. - Websites have unique IP addresses. - Text versions of IP addresses. - Evaluate the tools and technologies used to collaborate on the web. [*] 1 - Web 2.0: - Social media. 2 - Social networking: - Sites (Facebook/LinkedIn) - Privacy precautions. 3 - Project collaboration/file sharing tools: - Wikis. - Project management tools. 4 - Blogs: - Weblog/vlog/create self blog/microblog 5 - Podcasts: - Audio/video. - RSS: Really Simple Syndication - Aggregator 6 – Webcasts: - Broadcast of audio or video content over the internet. 7 - Media sharing platforms: - YouTube, Flickr, Instagram, SoundCloud. - Summarize the technologies used to communicate over the web. 1 - E-mail: - Primary means of communication. - Written message sent or received. 2 - Web-based email. 3 - Desktop client. 4 - Communicate in real time: - Texting. - Instant messaging. - VoIP. - Describe how business is conducted using the Internet. 1 - Types of e-commerce business models: - Business-to-consumer (B2C). - Business-to-business (B2B). - Consumer-to-consumer (C2C). 2 - Additional types of e-commerce: - Social commerce. - Mobile commerce or m-commerce. - Summarize precautions you should take when doing business online. 1 - Guidelines to make shopping safer: - Check for a secure website. - Use well-known sites. - Pay by credit card, not debit card. - Check return policy. - Avoid using public computers.  - Explain what web browsers are and describe their common features. 1 - Web browsers: - Surf the internet for information. 2 - Graphical browsers. (Ex: Google chrome: Most popular browser can run on any device and with any OS) - Explain what a URL is and discuss its main parts. [*] 1 - Every website has a unique address. 2 - URLs are composed of parts to identify the web document. 3 - Protocols: - Hypertext Transfer Protocol. - File Transfer Protocol. 4 - Domain name: - Top-level domain. - Describe tools used to navigate the web. 1 - Hyperlinks. 2 - Breadcrumb trail. 3 - Bookmarks/Favorites. 4 - History. 5 - Tagging/social bookmarking. - Describe the types of tools used to search the web, and summarize strategies used to refine search results. [*] 1 - Search engine: - Keywords. - Spider. - Indexer. - Search engine software. 2 - Specialized search engine. 3 - Metasearch engine. 4 - Obtaining better search results: - Use Boolean operators. - Search for a phrase. - Search within a website. - Use a wild card. - Describe how to evaluate a website to ensure it is appropriate to use for research purposes. 1 - Internet resource considerations: - Authority/Bias/Relevance/Audience/Links. - Demonstrate an understanding of the ethical issues regarding digital activism. 1 - Digital activism: - Raise awareness about specific issues. - Demonstrate an understanding of the ethical issues regarding location tracking applications and devices. 1 - Smartphones have a GPS chip. 2 - Geolocation—targets consumers by their location: - Used by third party advertising networks. - Can be a violation of privacy rights. - No specific laws yet to address privacy issues. ITCS 1300 CH.4 - Compare application software and system software. 1 - Software—set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. 2 - Two basic types of software: - Application software. - System software. - Explain the differences between commercial software and open source software, and describe models for software distribution. 1 - Ways software is created: - Proprietary (commercial). - Open source (free). 2 - Ways software is distributed: - Local installation. - Software as a Service (SaaS). - Subscription. - Explain the different options for purchasing software. 1 - DVD from brick and mortar store. 2 - Downloading from the Internet. 3 - Student discounts. 4 - Freeware. 5 - Beta version. - Describe how to install and uninstall software. 1 - System requirements. 2 - Restore point. 3 - Full installation. 4 - Custom installation. 5 - Recovering from a computer crash. 6 - Uninstalling software. 7 - Recovery drive. - Explain the considerations around the decision to upgrade your software. 1 - Upgrades/updates not needed for subscriptions or SaaS. 2 - Is it cost effective? 3 - Between upgrades are software updates or patches. - Explain how software licenses function. 1 - End User License Agreement (EULA) 2 - States the following: - Ultimate owner. - Copies allowed. - # of installations allowed. - Warranties. 3 - Copyleft. - Categorize the types of application software used to enhance productivity and describe their uses and features. 1 - Lets you perform various tasks required at home, school, and business: - Proprietary—Microsoft Office and Apple iWork. - Open source—LibreOffice. - Web-based—Microsoft Office Online, Google Docs, Zoho, and ThinkFree. 2 - Word processing—creates and edits documents: - Research papers. - Class notes. - Résumés. 3 - Program examples: - Word. - Writer. 4 - Spreadsheet—performs calculations and numerical analyses. 5 - Data types: [*] - Text/Values and dates/Formulas/Functions (Ex: Microsoft Excel LibreOffice Calc) 6 - Presentation software tips for designing good presentations: - Use images. - Be careful with color. - Use bullets for key points. - Consider font size and style. - Minimize animation and background audio. 7 - Database software—stores and organizes data: - Fields/Records/Tables. Chapter 5; System Software: The Operating System, Utility Programs and File Management Understanding System Software Operating System Fundamentals ○ Multitasking ○ Networking capabilities ○ Categorized by type of device they are installed in Two basic types of software: ○ Application software: to do everyday tasks at home and at work. ○ System software: helps run the computer and coordinates instructions between application software and the computer’s hardware devices. Common operating systems: Windows, OsX, Ios, Android, Linux Modern operating systems allow a single user to multitask—to perform more than one process at a time. Operating systems such as Windows and OS X provide networking capabilities as well. Operating System: is a group of programs that controls how your computer functions. Os consists two main types of programs: ○ The Operating System ○ Utility programs (housekeeping: system maintenance, compression, etc.) The OS: ○ Manages computer hardware including CPU, memory, storage and peripherals ○ Coordinates how applications and CPU work together ○ Is responsible for managing and scheduling tasks Operating system fundamentals are categorized by device they are installed in: ○ Robots, Mainframes, Network computers, Mobile devices, Personal computers Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) ○ For machinery that performs repetitive tasks in an exact amount of time ○ Referred to as “embedded systems” ○ Requires minimum user interaction ○ Designed for the need of the devices ○ Devices such TV sky cameras, cars and medical equipment use RTOS Mainframes & Network OSs ○ Manages multiples users & multitasking ○ Manages network peripherals Examples: Windows Server, Linux and Unix Operating Systems for Personal Computers ○ Top three operating systems for personal computers. Windows Mac OS X Linux (open source) ○ Windows 8 optimized for touch screen ○ Cloud-based OS ○ An OS is designed to run on a specific CPU (single, dual cores, etc.) ○ Most applications are OS dependent Operating Systems for Mobile Devices ○ Android is dominant ○ Allows multitasking (talking & checking email, etc.) What the Operating System Does OS: Coordinates and directs the flow of data and information through the computer system. ○ Provides User Interface ○ Processor Management ○ Virtual Memory  OS provides User Interface ○ Lets user to interact with the computer ○ Types of interfaces Command-driven interface; you enter commands to communicate with the computer system. Menu-driven interface; you choose commands from menus displayed on the screen. This eliminated the need for users to know every command. Graphical user interface (GUI); displays graphics and uses the point-and-click technology of the mouse and cursor. Processor Management ○ Performs multiple tasks at once ○ Arranges execution of activities ○ Assigns time to activity ○ Switches among processes (millions of times a second) ○ Handles events (interrupt handler) ○ Events are like keystroke, mouse click, single to printer The CPU needs the OS to arrange for the execution of all these activities. Preemptive multitasking: Processes high priority tasks such as printing Virtual Memory ○ RAM—limited capacity (most have 4-16 GB) ○ Full RAM—Unused Instructions are stored on hard drive (swapping) ○ When there isn’t enough room in RAM, it borrows room from the hard drive. ○ Borrowing hard drive space is called virtual memory ○ Increase RAM to avoid using virtual memory ○ When more RAM is needed, the OS swaps out from RAM data or instructions that haven't been used recently and moves them to a temporary storage area on the hard drive. The Boot Process Starting the Computer: The boot process loads the operating system into RAM The Windows Interface Windows 8 ○ Designed for a variety of devices laptops, phones, and tablets ○ Three ways to accomplish tasks in Windows Using a mouse Touching the screen Using keystrokes ○ Start screen The first interaction you have with the OS and the first image you see on your display. As its name implies, the Start screen is the place where you begin all of your computing activities. Large type with clean, readable block images Personalized Mac OS X and Windows ○ Not compatible ○ Similar in functionality Linux Most interfaces are based on familiar Windows and OS X paradigms Organizing Your Computer File Management ○ Additional function of the operating system is to enable file management which provides organizational structure to the computer. ○ Windows organizes in Hierarchical directory structure Folders Libraries (ex:documents) Drives (ex: C:drive)  Naming Files ○ File name—uniquely identified ○ Extension, or file type ○ Each os has its own naming conventions ○ Up to 255 characters Working with Files ○ File explorer: Main tool for finding, viewing and managing contents of your computer. ○ File management actions; Open, Copy, Move, Rename, Delete ○ Search for files ○ Viewing; Details view, Large icon view The Recycle Bin is represented by an icon that looks like a recycling bin, where files deleted from the hard drive reside until you permanently purge them from your system. Utility Programs Utility programs: are small applications that perform special functions and come in three flavors: ○ Those that are included with the OS ○ Those sold as standalone programs ○ Those offered as freeware (anti-malware software like Ad-Aware from Lavasoft) Designed to manage and tune the computer hardware are incorporated into the operating system. ○ Firewall and file-compression utilities ○ Antivirus and security programs ○ Freeware (free software like Adobe Reader and Skype) The stand alone utility programs typically offer more features or an easier user interface for backup, security, diagnostic, or recovery functions. File Compression Utilities ○ Make a large file more compact ○ Easier and faster to send files, large attachments by e-mail, upload them to the web, or save them to a disc. ○ Windows has a Built-in file compression utility that takes out redundancies in a file to reduce the file size. (Winzip) ○ Several standalone freeware and shareware programs, such as WinZip and StuffIt, to compress your files. System Maintenance Utilities ○ Disk Cleanup: Removes unnecessary files in recycle bin and temporary files from your hard drive ○ Error-checking A Windows utility that checks for lost files, fragments, and physical errors in hard drive File allocation table (FAT) can refer (index) files that no longer exist or have been moved ○ If a program has stopped working, you can use the Windows Task Manager utility To check on the program or to exit the nonresponsive program. List all programs you are using and give their status. Accessibility Utilities Ease of Access Center: For users with special needs, a centralized location for assistive technology and tools to adjust accessibility settings. Windows ease of access tools: Magnifier, Narrator, Speech recognition, On screen keyboard, High contrast Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing: Hardware; Evaluating your system Your Ideal Computer New technologies emerge quickly Things to consider ○ Speed ○ A rule of thumb, Moore’s Law (CPU speeds doubles every 2 years) describes the pace at which central processing units improve. This rule predicts that CPU capacity will double about every 2 years. ○ System components ○ Hard drive storage capacity Huge number of choices ○ Tablets (iPad or Galaxy) ○ Ultrabooks (MacBook Air) ○ Netbooks (Chromebook) ○ Tablet PCs Touch screen & full keyboard ○ Laptops (or notebook) ○ Desktops Mobility versus processing power (main distinction) ○ The main distinction between the available options is based on your need for mobility versus your need for processing power. Evaluating the CPU Subsystem CPU ○ Located on motherboard ○ Processes instructions ○ Performs calculations ○ Manages flow of information through your computer ○ Intel i5 and i7 processors The dominant processors on the market are the Core family from Intel, featuring the i7, i5, and i3. How the CPU Works ○ Composed of two units Control unit: Controls activities of all computer components. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. ○ Machine cycle (the steps CPU goes through) It fetches the required piece of data or instruction from RAM. It decodes the instruction into something the computer can understand. It executes the instruction. It stores the result to RAM before fetching the next instruction. CPU Factors CPU’s processing power determined by: ○ Clock speed: dictates how many instructions the CPU can process each second. ○ Overclocking: Running CPU above recommended speed (example: gaming) ○ Cores: contains the parts of the CPU required for processing. ○ Cache memory: Type of RAM but faster than RAM, 3 Levels defined by distance to CPU Multiple cores (Intel i7 has 6 cores) Hyperthreading: Uses one core to execute two instructions at the same time ○ A core on a CPUHyperthreading enables a new set of instructions to start executing before the previous set has finished. Measuring the CPU ○ Clock speed  ○ Cache memory ○ CPU benchmarks ○ Multiple cores Evaluating the Memory Subsystem Random access memory (RAM) ○ Short-term memory storage ○ temporary Volatile storage Read-only memory (ROM) ○ Start-up instructions stored here. ○ Permanent nonvolatile storage ○ When the power is off, the data stored in RAM is cleared out. ○ holds critical start-up instructions. ★ Hard drives provide the largest nonvolatile storage capacity. Evaluating the Memory Subsystem: The ram in your system Types of RAM: ○ Double data rate 3 (DDR3) ○ Double data rate 5 (DDR5): Found in high performance video graphic cards RAM appears in the system on memory modules: Dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) ○ small circuit boards that hold RAM chips and fit into slots on the motherboard Evaluating the Memory Subsystem: Mechanical Hard drives Coated platters stacked on a spindle Data saved as pattern of magnetized spots of 1s and 0s Patterns of spots are translated into data Evaluating the Memory Subsystem: Solid-state drives SSDs; uses electronic memory and have no mechanical motors or moving parts. Having no mechanical motors allows SSDs to offer incredibly fast access times. ○ Has no mechanical parts ○ 100 faster than mechanical HD ○ Run with no noise ○ Generate little heat ○ Require little power ○ Great option for ultrabooks ○ Up to 2 TB but very expensive Evaluating the Memory Subsystem: Optical drives Tiny pits burned into the disc by high-speed laser Blu-ray: Fastest optical device, delivers high definition quality, used by large displays and monitors Optical drives are disc drives that use a laser to store and read data Optical media Data is saved to a compact disc, digital video disc, or Blu-ray disc OOptical discs store data as tiny pits that are burned into the disc by a high-speed laser. Data is read from a disc by a laser beam, with the pits and non pits translating into 1s and 0s. Evaluating the Memory Subsystem: Your storage capacity and needs RAID Technology ○ Redundant Array of Independent Desks ○ Used in 2 Hard Drives ○ RAID 0: Provides Speed ○ RAID 1: Provides Security Evaluating the Memory Subsystem: Video cards Video display depends on two components ○ Video card ○ Monitor Ports ○ DVI (for LCD monitors) ○ HDMI (for high definition TV, Blu-ray players, or gaming consoles) ○ DisplayPort adapter (for digital monitors & projectors) Video Memory ○ Video systems include their own RAM ○ GDDR3 & GDDR 5 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Displaying graphics demands a lot of computational work from the CPU. Video cards come with their own Evaluating the Audio Subsystem Speakers and a sound card 3-D sound technology (can’t tell direction of the sound) Surround sound (sounds coming from all directions) Dolby Digital 7.1 Evaluating the Audio Subsystem Performance problems Proper upkeep and maintenance ○ Disk cleanup ○ Antivirus software ○ Spyware and adware removal software ○ Dish defragmenter utility ○ Windows refresh Making a Final decision: Getting rid of your old computer Benefits of maintaining two systems; ○ Environmental impact: Mercury, Cadmium ○ Donate ○ Remove all data before donating