ITE Reviewer Midterm 1104-1 PDF

**[MODULE 1: ENGINEERING CAREERS AND PROFESSIONS]** **What is STEM?** **STEM**- Working together to solve problems based on societal needs and wants. **SCIENTIST-** Investigate our natural world **TECHNOLOGIST**- Apply science and math to designs **MATHEMATICIANS**- Use numbers and symbols to s...

**[MODULE 1: ENGINEERING CAREERS AND PROFESSIONS]** **What is STEM?** **STEM**- Working together to solve problems based on societal needs and wants. **SCIENTIST-** Investigate our natural world **TECHNOLOGIST**- Apply science and math to designs **MATHEMATICIANS**- Use numbers and symbols to solve problems. **ENGINEERS**- Create our designed world **How are they all needed to Create a Product?** **Engineering** is considered to be one of the most challenging and exciting career. It is the application of the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. It is the task of an engineer to link the scientific discoveries and the commercial applications that meet societal and consumer needs. **What is Engineering?** The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) defines engineering: **"the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind."** **Engineering** uses scientific, technological, and mathematical knowledge to solve practical problems. **Engineering** is a profession like medicine, law, etc. that aspires to high standards of conduct and recognizes its responsibility to the general public. A question that is usually being asked: How is engineering different from science? An excellent answer was provided by astronaut Neil Armstrong in the foreword of A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Changed Our Lives. **Engineering is often associated with science and understandably so. Both make extensive use of mathematics, and engineering requires a solid scientific basis. Yet as any scientist or engineer will tell you, they are quite different. Science is a quest for "truth for its own sake," for an ever more exact understanding of the natural world. It explains the change in the viscosity of a liquid as its temperature is varied, the release of heat when water vapor condenses, and the reproductive process of plants. It determines the speed of light. Engineering turns those explanations and understandings into new or improved machines, technologies, and processes -- to bring reality to ideas and to provide solutions to societal need.** **[Engineers Can Do Anything]** **Invent** -- Develop a new product, system, or process that has never existed before. **Innovate** -- Improve an existing technological product, system, or method. (Engineers work to make our daily personal and professional lives more comfortable, safer, and easier to navigate. There are several qualities that most engineers share: among them are curiosity, critical thinking, creativity, effective communication, and a collaborative spirit.) **[Qualities of Engineers]** **Curiosity** - Engineers are curious because they want to know how and why things work as they do. **Critical thinking** - Engineers need to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to make objective judgments and recommendations. They rely on these critical thinking skills in every stage of their work, particularly when it comes to decision-making. **Creativity**- the creative engineer is changing the way we live and work as creativity often spurs innovation! **Effective communication** - Effective engineers understand that clear, concise, written and verbal communication is the key to giving their ideas life and their team a competitive edge. **Collaborative spirit** - Engineers do not work in a vacuum. They work with other engineers, supply chain management, financial and project managers, and others from various business units. Engineers are tasked with contributing to collaborative and cross-functional teams to ensure integrated development. **Areas of Engineering Specialization** 1\. **Civil Engineering**. Civil Engineering is one of the oldest of the engineering fields. It emphasizes mathematical knowledge in geometry, calculus and physical sciences. Civil engineers oversee the construction of transportation systems, roads, architecture, construction sites. **2. Chemical Engineering**. Chemical engineering is the field of applied science that employs physical, chemical, and biochemical rate processes for the betterment of humanity. Chemical engineers apply their skills to fundamental problems in pharmaceuticals, medical devices and drugdelivery system, semiconductor manufacturing, and more. **3. Electrical Engineering**. Electrical engineering involves the conception, design, development, and production of the electrical or electronic products and systems. It involves the application of electricity, needed by our technological society. Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment such as electric motors, radar, and navigation systems. **4. Electronics Engineering.** Electronics Engineering integrates available and emerging technologies with knowledge of mathematics, natural, social and applied sciences to conceptualize, design, and implement new, improved, or innovative electronic, computer and communication systems, devices, goods, services and processes. **5. Mechanical Engineering.** Mechanical engineers research, develop, design, manufacture and test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. They work on power-producing machines such as electricity-producing generators, internal combustion engines, steam and gas turbines, and jet and rocket engines. **6. Industrial Engineering**. Industrial engineering focuses on the entrepreneurial and business aspect of engineering projects. Whether it is research and development or group projects, industrial engineers desire to create the most efficient plans for employee, scheduling, factory schedules, and a multitude of other factors. **7. Computer Engineering**. This discipline is referred to in a multitude of terms including computer hardware engineering, computer software engineering, and computer science., This field encompasses the development of the programming and the physical components of a computer system. Computer engineers work on computer hardware chips, circuit boards and keyboards. **8. Sanitary Engineering**. Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water. 9\. Petroleum Engineering. Petroleum Engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Exploration and production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Petroleum engineers specialize in the discovery and production of oil and natural gas. **10. Mechatronics Engineering**. Mechatronics engineering is a multidisciplinary branch of engineering that focuses on the engineering of both electrical and mechanical systems, and also includes a combination of robotics, electronics, computer, telecommunications, systems, control, and product engineering. **11. Instrumentation and Control Engineering**. Instrumentation and control engineering (ICE) is a branch of engineering that studies the measurement and control of process variables, and the design and implementation of systems that incorporate them. IC engineers focus on the implementation of control systems, mainly derived from mathematical modeling. **12. Food Engineering**. Food engineering is a multidisciplinary field which combines microbiology, applied physical sciences, chemistry and engineering for food and related industries. Food engineers provide the technological knowledge transfer essential to the cost-effective production and commercialization of food products and services. **Other Engineering Disciplines:** - Aerospace engineering - Automotive engineering - Ceramics engineering - Environmental engineering - Materials engineering - Manufacturing engineering - Mining engineering - Nuclear engineering - Transportation engineering - and many others **[Engineering Functions]** **Research** - explore, discover and apply new principles **Development** - transform ideas or concepts into production processes **Design** - link the generation of ideas and the production **Production and testing** - manufacture and assemble components or products **Sales** - market engineering products **Operations** - maintain equipment and facilities **Construction** - prior to construction organizes bids, during construction supervises certain components of process **Management** - optimize the use of resources (equipment, labor, finances) **Education** - teach engineering principles in university and industrial settings **Consulting** - provide specialized engineering services the clients. May work alone or in partnership other engineers. **What CpE's Do?** **Computer engineering** is defined as the discipline that embodies the science and technology of design, construction, implementation, and maintenance of software and hardware components of modern computing systems and computer controlled equipment. **Computer engineering** has traditionally been viewed as a combination of both computer science (CS) and electrical engineering (EE). **CAREER OPTIONS/OPPORTUNITIES in COMPUTER ENGINEERING** \- Computer Hardware Engineers \- Software Developers \- Computer System Analyst \- Network Engineer/Architect -Computer and Information Research Scientists \- Artificial Intelligence \- Data Analytics \- Academe **[MODULE 2: DESIGN THINKING (EMPHATIZE)]** **Design Thinking** is a design methodology and iterative process that provides a solution-based approach to solving problems. It's extremely useful in tackling complex problems that are ill-defined or unknown, by understanding the human needs involved, by re-framing the problem in human-centric ways, by creating many ideas in brainstorming sessions, and by adopting a hands-on approach in prototyping and testing. **What is Design Thinking?** **A Design Methodology.** It is a design methodology. It differs from traditional design approaches in specific ways. For example, some authors characterize Design Thinking as more creative and user-centered than traditional design approaches. **◦ A Problem-Solving Approach or Process**. As a solution-based approach to solving problems, Design Thinking is particularly useful for addressing so-called "wicked" problems. Wicked means that they are ill-defined or tricky. **◦ A Creativity Approach.** Design Thinking is a creative process based on the "building up" of ideas. Analytical approaches focus on narrowing the design choices, while Design Thinking focuses on going broad, at least during the early stages of the process. **◦ A User-Centered Approach**. The heart of the method is in understanding the customer. All ideas and subsequent work stem from knowing the customer. **What is Design Thinking?** ✓Encourages creative consideration of a wide array of innovative solutions. ✓Can be applied to any field, including higher education. ✓Approaches challenges from the point of view of the end user. ✓Calls for a deep understanding of that user's unmet needs. **Design Thinking** is the confidence that new, better things are possible and that you can make them happen. **Innovator's Mindset** (MODULE) **[EMPATHY]** The first stage of the Design Thinking process is to gain an empathic understanding of the problem you are trying to solve. ❑This involves consulting experts to find out more about the area of concern through observing, engaging and empathizing with people to understand their experiences and motivations, as well as immersing yourself in the physical environment so you can gain a deeper personal understanding of the issues involved. ❑Empathy is crucial to a human-centered design process such as Design Thinking, and empathy allows design thinkers to set aside their own assumptions about the world in order to gain insight into users and their needs. Depending on time constraints, a substantial amount of information is gathered at this stage to use during the next stage and to develop the best possible understanding of the users, their needs, and the problems that underlie the development of that particular product. **EMPATHY = GAINING INSIGHTS!!** **How do you develop empathy with the community?** You know how important it is to empathize with your users before designing for them. **HOW will you go about doing that?** **Need to use this 2 tools:** **Observation** **Interview** **[Observation]** ◦ Apply **POEMS** observation technique as one of the tools for empathy study P- People O- Objects E- Environment M- Messages S- Services **INTERVIEW** - understanding a person's thought, emotions and motivations to determine how to innovate for him or her - By understanding the choices that person makes and the behavior that person engages in, we can identify their needs and design for those needs. - Opportunity to dig & dive deeper into the inner thoughts & feelings - Clarify/rationalize observations **INTERVIEW ARE NOT SURVEY!!** **How to interview?** **Ask why.** Even when you think you know the answer, ask people why they do or say things. The answer will sometimes surprise you. A conversation started from one question should go as long as it needs to. **Never say "usually" when asking a question.** Instead, ask about a specific instance or occurrence, such as "tell me about the last time you \_\_\_\_" **Encourage Stories.** Whether or not the stories people tell are true, they reveal how they think about the world. Ask questions that get people telling stories. **Look for inconsistencies.** Sometimes what people say and what they do are different. Theses inconsistencies often hide interesting insights. **Pay attention to nonverbal cues.** Be aware of body language and emotions. **Don't suggest answers to your questions**. Even if they pause before answering, don't help them by suggesting an answer. This can unintentionally get people to say things that agree with your expectations. **Ask questions neutrally.** "What do your think about buying gifts for your love one?" is better question than "Don't you think shopping is great?" because the first question doesn't imply that there is a right answer. **Don't ask binary questions**. Binary questions can be answered in a word; you want to host a conversation built upon stories **Don't be afraid of silence**. Interviewers often feel the need to ask another question where there is a pause. If you allow for silence, a person can reflect on what they've just said and may reveal something deeper. **Only ten words to a question**. Your user will get lost inside long questions. **Make sure you're prepared to capture**. Always interview in team. If this is not possible, you should use a voice recorder -- it is impossible to engage a user and take detailed notes at the same time.  **[MODULE 3: DESIGN THINKING (DEFINE)]** **DEFINE-** to say the meaning of something, especially a word. **[During the DEFINE stage]** - you put together the information you have created and gathered during the Empathize stage. - This is where you will analyze your observations and synthesize them in order to define the core problems that you and your team have identified up to this point. - You should seek to define the problem as a problem statement in a human-centered manner. **[MAKING SENSE OF THE DATA GAINED FROM INTERVIEW]** **Transcribing**- Identify data point from the interview. One data point, one post it. **Sharing**- What was significant from the interview? **Synthesizing**- The top 5 (or more) discoveries, interesting findings or insights of the project/user. **Clustering**- Support the discoveries/findings with data points. Reduce assumptions **Generating**- Use insights to determine what the users need in relation to the project area. **INSIGHTS** what I found out and understood deeply about my target user in the context of my project scope. **What Is a Needs Statement?** A needs statement establishes the rationale for a project by clearly identifying the gap or problem within a specific community. A needs statement should determine the focus an organization will take by addressing the particular needs of a specific target audience through a very distinct project. The needs statement should also explain to a funder what the community requires or what it is lacking, and defines the underlying issues the applicant is addressing. Ultimately, the needs statement should answer the questions, \"What is the problem or need?\" and \"How do you know it\'s a problem?" **[ATTRIBUTES OF A GOOD NEED STATEMENT]** **It is not a solution.** Bad example: I need money to fund my projects with the community. Better example: I need opportunities to network to sustain my community projects. **It addresses a gap.** **It addresses your project statement.** **4 FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF A STRONG NEEDS STATEMENT** Focus On One Main Issue Use Data and Comparative Statistics Connect with The Heart Highlight the hurdles Examples of Poorly Written and Improved Needs Statement 1\. Vague and Unfocused Needs Statement: Poor Statement: \"We need better communication in the office." Improved Statement (Design Thinking): Empathy: \"After interviewing team members, we discovered that team collaboration is hindered by inconsistent communication tools.\" Define: \"The marketing team struggles with inefficient communication, leading to delays and misunderstandings that affect project timelines." **2. Too General Needs Statement:** Poor Statement: \"Our company needs to grow." Improved Statement (Design Thinking): Empathy: \"In discussions with stakeholders, we found frustration with the current stagnant sales numbers.\" Define: \"The sales team needs a better understanding of customer demands in new regions to expand the company's market reach. **3. Solution-Oriented Needs Statement:** Poor Statement: \"We need to buy new software for project management.\" Improved Statement (Design Thinking): Empathy: \"After observing workflows, we noticed that teams struggle to meet deadlines because of the outdated project tracking system.\" Define: \"The project management team faces difficulties in tracking deadlines and resource allocation, causing delays in project completion. **4. Unmeasurable Needs Statement:** Poor Statement: \"We need more customers.\" Improved Statement (Design Thinking): Empathy: \"Customer interviews reveal that awareness of our brand is low, resulting in fewer leads.\" Define: \"The business development team needs to attract a larger customer base to meet sales targets, as current efforts are not generating enough leads. **5. Assumption-Based Needs Statement:** Poor Statement: \"We need to hire more people because the workload is too high.\" Improved Statement (Design Thinking): Empathy: \"After shadowing the operations team, we found inefficiencies in processing customer orders due to a lack of resources.\" Define: \"The operations team is overwhelmed by a 30% increase in customer orders, leading to delays in processing and lower customer satisfaction.\" **[PERSONAS]** To create a profile which will serve as a reference & inspiration throughout the solution development. Personas are more than just demographic information, a persona needs to capture the person's **behaviour, beliefs, motivations & pain points.** **[IDEATION]** Creating a range of **ideas and concepts** around your relevant research findings using suitable ideation tools, then evaluate them and select the best possible design concept. **HOW TO PREPARE FOR AN IDEATION SESSION** 1\. **Introduce a change of scenery.** If you want to encourage outside the box thinking, its important to take yourself- and your team-quite literally outside the box. 2.Create a relaxed environment. The best ideation sessions are those where the participants feel at ease. The ideation phase should be safe space- but most people will need some coaxing before they feel comfortable sharing their wildest ideas. **3. Use what have you've learned from the Empathize and Define Stages:** Prepare a list of "How might we..?? While ideation is all about generating as many ideas as possible, it is important to steer this process in the right direction. Throughout these two phases, you'll have painted a clear picture of your users and their needs. You'll also have constructed a meaningful problem statementi.e the challenge you need to address in your ideation session. **KEY IDEATION TECHNIQUES** **ANALOGIES** By definition, **analogy** is "a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another". **ANALOGY TECHNIQUES USED IN IDEATION** - Bodystorming - Brainstorming - Brainwriting - Brainwalking - Challenging Assumptions **Bodystorming (**Act out scenarios to visualize ideas.) A technique used in design thinking and interaction design. It involves role-playing and simulation in a physical environment, allowing designers to empathize with users and imagine how a product would be used. It is a hands-on approach that allows design thinkers to better empathize with consumers. **Brainstorming** Brainstorming is a method design teams use to generate ideas to solve clearly defined design problems. In controlled conditions and a free-thinking environment, teams approach a problem by such means as "How Might We" questions. They produce a vast array of ideas and draw links between them to find potential solutions. Brainstorming may seem to lack constraints, but everyone must observe eight house rules and have someone acting as facilitator. 1\. **Set a time limit** -- Depending on the problem's complexity, 15--60 minutes is normal. 2\. **Begin with a target problem/brief** --Members should approach this sharply defined question, plan or goal and stay on topic. 3\. Refrain from judgment/criticism -- No one should be negative (including via body language) about any idea. 4\. **Encourage weird and wacky ideas** --Further to the ban on killer phrases like "too expensive", keep the floodgates open so everyone feels free to blurt out ideas (provided they're on topic). 5\. **Aim for quantity** -- Remember, "quantity breeds quality". The sifting-and sorting process comes later. **6. Build on others' ideas --** It's a process of association wheremembers expand on others' notions and reach new insights, allowing these ideas to trigger their own. Say "and"---rather than discourage with "but"---to get ideas closer to the problem. **7. Stay visual --** Diagrams and Post-Its help bring ideas to life and help others see things in different ways. **8. Allow one conversation at a time** -- To arrive at concrete results, it's essential to keep on track this way and show respect for everyone's ideas. **BRAINWRITING** **Brainwriting** is an effective ideation method in the ideation stage of the Design Thinking process. Participants analyze the problem statement individually, ideate, and write down their ideas on cards. These cards are then passed on to other participants, who are then expected to build on the previous person's ideas. **BRAINWALKING** Brainwalking is a **collaborative ideation technique** where participants generate ideas by moving around in a designated space. It is an extension of brainstorming. Designers aim to overcome the limitations of traditional idea generation methods by walking around, observing visual stimuli, and sharing their ideas. **Bodystorming**: Act out scenarios to visualize ideas. **Brainwriting**: Write ideas down silently before sharing. **Gamestorming**: Use games to encourage idea generation. **Storyboarding**: Create visual narratives to explain concepts. **SCAMPER**: A checklist method: Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to another use, Eliminate, Reverse. **Creative Pause**: Take a moment to reflect on ideas. **Role Play**: Act out user scenarios to identify needs. **Visualization**: Use sketches to illustrate ideas. **Sketching and Sketchstorming**: Rapidly draw ideas to explore concepts visually. **Other ideation methods you might** **like to explore:** ▪ Creative Pause ▪ Cheatstorming ▪ Crowdstorming ▪ Daydreaming ▪ Provocation ▪ Forced Relationships ▪ Role play ▪ Visualization ▪ Wishing ▪ Sketching and sketchstorming ▪ Synetics **Concept Development** **Definition**: The process of combining and refining disparate ideas into a cohesive concept. **Focus**: Create a big picture that connects insights and informs the design. **-END. GOOD LUCK!!-**