ITE Reviewer Finals PDF

ITE REVIEWER FINALS IT Trends and Issues: Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) branch of computer science concerned in making computers behave like humans do. AI History Turing’s Test a test which analyzes or examines whether a computer has a humanlike intelligence. proposed by a B...

ITE REVIEWER FINALS IT Trends and Issues: Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) branch of computer science concerned in making computers behave like humans do. AI History Turing’s Test a test which analyzes or examines whether a computer has a humanlike intelligence. proposed by a British mathematician. Turing’s test is sometimes referred to behavioral tests for the presence of mind, or thought, or intelligence in putatively minded entities. It was in a 1951 paper that Alan Turing proposed a test called “The Imitation Game” which he thought would settle the issue of machine intelligence. The first version of the game involved no computer intelligence whatsoever. Imagine three rooms, each connected via computer screen and keyboard. In one room sits a man, in the second a woman, and in the third sits a person who will serve as the "judge" who will decide as to which of the two people talking to him through the computer is the man. The man will attempt to help the judge, offering whatever evidence he can (the computer terminals are used so that physical clues cannot be used) to prove his man_x0002_hood. The woman's job is to trick the judge, so she will attempt to deceive him, and counteract her opponent's claims, in hopes that the judge will erroneously identify her as the male. Later on, Turing proposed a modification of the game. Instead of a man and a woman as contestants, a human of either gender at one terminal, and/or a computer at the other terminal will participate. Now, the judge's responsibility is to decide which of the contestants is human, and which the machine is. Turing proposed that if, under these conditions, the judge were less than 50% accurate – that is, if a judge is as likely to pick either human or computer – then the computer must be a passable simulation of a human being and hence, intelligent. The game has recently been modified so that there is only one contestant, and the judge's job is not to choose between two contestants, but simply to decide whether the single contestant is human or machine. Application of AI Game playing refers to programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers. The most common AI for game playing is chess. IBM had developed a computer chess player named Deep Blue which won over the defending world champion Gary Kasparov in 1997. Speech recognition is a technology where computers recognize human language to perform such task. In later years, speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. This technology supposedly will replace the use of keyboard because you will just give instructions to the computer. Understanding natural language allows computers to understand natural human languages. Research are still working in progress in developing systems that converse in natural language, perceive and respond to their surroundings, and encode and provide useful access to all human knowledge and expertise. Computer vision makes useful decisions about real physical objects and scenes based on sensed images. This is to make images and objects as real as it can be Expert systems refer to programming computers to make decisions in real life situations such as helping doctors diagnose disease based on symptoms. In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date, however, they have not lived up to the expectations. Heuristic classification is one of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the present knowledge of AI. This will put some information in one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of information. An example is advising whether to accept a proposed credit card purchase. Information is available about the owner of the credit card, his record of payment and the item he is buying and about the establishment from which he is buying it. The following are various types of web sites to choose and search from. Perplexity AI – offers unlimited basic searchers and up to 5 Pro searchers per day for free. It provides quick answers and detailed insights from a wide range of sources. Consensus offers a free plan that allows users to search through over 200 million research papers and get AI-generated insights and summaries. Quizgecko – allows the user to create and share quizzes easily. It uses AI to generate quiz questions from any text, making it a great tool for studying and test preparation. Gamma AI – offers a free tier that allows users to create and share presentations, documents, and web pages. It includes AI-powered features for content editing, image search, and reformatting. Edpuzzle– allows users to create interactive video lessons by embedding questions, notes, and audio into videos. Podcastle AI – converts text into high-quality audio, which is great for turning readings into podcasts that you can listen to on the go. Mymap AI – generates mind maps from users notes and ideas, helping the user visualize and organize their thoughts more effectively. Socratic AI – designed by Google to help students with homework by providing explanations, videos, and step-by-step solutions. Fotor – allows the user to create images from text for free. FutureMe – is a unique tool that allows users to write letters, reminders or anything else to their future self. It can be a great way to set goals, reflect on your progress, and capture your thoughts for future reflection. The Rise of AI: Advancements and Adoption Rapid Progress- Breakthroughs in machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision have accelerated AI capabilities. Widespread Adoption- AI is now widely integrated into everyday technologies, from virtual assistants to autonomous vehicles. Transformative Potential- AI has the power to revolutionize industries, enhance decision-making, and solve complex global challenges. Machine Learning: Powering AI Applications Data Acquisition- Collecting and preprocessing large, diverse datasets to train machine Model Training- Applying advanced algorithms to enable machines to learn and improve from experience. Deployment- Integrating trained models into real-world applications to solve complex problems. Natural Language Processing: Improving Human-AI Interaction Language Understanding- Enabling AI systems to comprehend and interpret human language, including context and nuance. Conversational Abilities- Developing AI chatbots and virtual assistants that can engage in natural, intuitive dialogue. Multilingual Capabilities- Advancing NLP techniques to support a diverse range of languages and cultural contexts. Personalized Interactions- Tailoring AI responses to individual users' needs and preferences for a more personalized experience. Computer Vision: Revolutionizing Image and Video Analysis Image Recognition- Enabling AI to identify and classify objects, people, and scenes within digital images. Video Analysis- Applying computer vision to understand and interpret the content and context of video footage. Augmented Reality- Integrating computer vision with AR technology to overlay digital information on the physical world. Medical Imaging- Leveraging computer vision to assist in the analysis and diagnosis of medical scans and imagery. Autonomous Systems: From Vehicles to Robotics Perception- Enabling autonomous systems to perceive and interpret their surroundings through sensors and computer vision. Decision-Making- Developing robust AI algorithms to make real-time decisions and navigate complex environments. Control- Integrating autonomous control systems to precisely operate vehicles, robots, and other automated machinery. Ethical Considerations: Ensuring Responsible AI Development Bias and Fairness- Addressing potential biases in AI systems to ensure equitable and unbiased decision- making. Privacy and Security- Safeguarding personal data and implementing robust security measures for AI- powered applications. Transparency and Accountability- Developing AI systems with clear decision-making processes and mechanisms for oversight and responsibility. Human-AI Interaction- Ensuring AI technologies enhance and empower human capabilities, rather than replace or displace them. AI and the Future of Work: Opportunities and Disruptions Automation and Augmentation- AI-powered automation can enhance productivity and free up human workers for more strategic tasks Workforce Transformation- The integration of AI will require reskilling and upskilling to adapt to changing job requirements. New Job Creation- AI is also enabling the emergence of novel job roles and industries centered around its capabilities. Data Privacy and Security in the Age of AI Data Collection- Ensuring transparency and obtaining informed consent for the collection of personal data. Data Storage- Implementing robust security measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access or breaches. Data Usage- Establishing clear guidelines and policies for the ethical and responsible use of AI-powered data analysis. The Road Ahead: Navigating the AI Landscape Continuous Innovation- Breakthroughs in AI will continue to push the boundaries of what's possible Persisting Challenges- Issues like bias, privacy, and ethics require ongoing attention and mitigation. Collaborative Approach- Interdisciplinary collaboration between technologists, policymakers, and ethicists is crucial. IT Trends and Issues: E-Commerce Electronic commerce (EC) is an emerging model of new selling and merchandising tools in which buyers are able to participate in all phases of a purchase decision, while stepping through those processes electronically rather than in a physical store or by phone (with a physical catalog). Electronic commerce applications started in the early 1970’s, with such innovation as electronic fund transfers (EFT). However, the extent of the applications was limited to large corporations, financial institutions, and a few daring small businesses. Then EDI came, which expanded from financial transactions to other transaction processing and enlarged the participating companies from financial institutions to manufacturers, retailers, and services and so on. Many other applications followed, ranging from stock trading to travel reservation systems. With the commercialization of the Internet in the early 1990s and its rapid growth to millions of potential customers, the term electronic commerce was coined and C applications expanded rapidly. One reason for the rapid expansion of the technology was the development of networks, protocols, software, and specifications. The other reason is the increase in competition and other business pressures Ubiquity – Internet/Web technology is available everywhere: at work, at home, and elsewhere via mobile devices, anytime. Global Reach – The technology reaches across national boundaries and around the earth. Commerce is enabled across cultural and national boundaries seamlessly and without modification. Universal Standards – There is one set of technology standards, namely Internet standards. There is only one set of technical media standards across the globe. Richness – Video, audio, and text messages are possible. These are integrated into single marketing message and consuming experience. Interactivity – The technology works through interaction with the user. Consumers are engaged in a dialog that dynamically adjusts the experience to the individual and makes the consumer a co- participant in the process of delivering goods to the market. Information Density – The technology reduces information costs and raise quality. Information processing, storage, and communication costs drop dramatically, while currency, accuracy, and timeliness improve greatly. Information becomes plentiful, cheap, and accurate. Personalization/Customization – The technology allows personalized messages to be delivered to individuals as well as groups. The benefits of ecommerce to merchants or organizations are as follows: Electronic commerce expands the marketplace to national and international markets. Ecommerce decreases the cost of creating, processing, distributing, and retrieving paper-based information. Ecommerce reduces the time between the outlay of capital and the receipt of products and services. Other benefits include improved image, improved customer service, simplified processes, increased productivity, and increased flexibility. The benefits of ecommerce to consumers are as follows: Ecommerce enables customers to shop or do other transactions 24 hours a day, all year round, from almost any location. Ecommerce provides customers with more choices: Ecommerce frequently provides customers with less expensive products and services by allo Customers can receive relevant and detailed information in seconds, rather than days or weeks. The disadvantages of ecommerce are as follows: Cost and justification – The cost of developing EC in- house can be very high and any mistakes due to lack of experience may result in delays. Security and Privacy – These issues are especially important in the Business-toconsumers area, especially security issues which are perceived to be more serious than they really are when appropriate encryption is used. Lack of trust and user resistance – Customers do not trust an unknown faceless seller, paperless transaction, and electronic money. So, switching from physical to virtual stores may be difficult. Other limiting factors – Lack of touch and feel online. Some customers like to touch items such as clothes and like to know exactly what they are buying. Major types of ECommerce Business-to-Consumers (B2C) is a type of ecommerce that serves direct consumers. Business-to-Business (B2B) is a type of ecommerce that serves businesses. The important activity of B2B is purchasing. B2B Electronic Commerce: Areas of Growth Goods o computing and electronics o motor vehicles o petrochemicals o utilities Services o financial o professional o administration o travel o telecom Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) is a type of ecommerce that involves consumers selling directly to consumers. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a type of ecommerce that links users, enabling them to share files and common resources without a common server. Mobile Commerce is a type of ecommerce which uses wireless devices or transactions like cell phones, and Palms. Web Technology Internet refers to a collection of computers and cables forming a communications network, just like telephones and cables forming the telephone system The Web page contents are another type of data that is carried over the Internet. The Internet was envisioned by the Advanced Researched Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Government where they called it as ARPANET then. Intranet is a private network contained in an enterprise that includes connections through one or more gateway computers to the outside Internet. extranet is a private network that uses the Internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share a part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the company. A web browser is an application software allowing users to access and view web pages. A web page is a page consisting of HTML documents stored on a web server. web sites are a collection of connected web pages stored on a web server. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) are the two most important elements of the Web. Hypertext is a key concept for understanding the Web. An article called “As we may think” written by an engineer named Vannevar Bush, in 1945 described a microfilm-based machine called the Memex that could link associated information or ideas through “trails”. The idea became known in the mid-1960s when Harvard graduate, Ted Nelson, conceived the term “hypertext” to describe a computer system that could store literary documents, link them according to logical relationships, and permit readers to comment and annotate what they read. Every Web page is based on a document stored in a file identified by a unique address, called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or a web address. The two (2) major ingredients that define the Web are HTTP and HTML. You’ll have a pretty complete list of the basic technologies that make the Web work. Web server stores one or more Web pages of a Web site. Each page is saved as an HTML document. Web client software called a browser is used to surf the Web (as defined above). If you type a URL into the browser’s Address box, you are actually requesting an HTML document of the Web page that you want to view. The Web is only one of the services that the Internet offers. They almost changed our ways of communicating to others, such as through emails, discussion of certain topic, and the likes. Email, short for electronic mail, is the transmission of messages via a computer network. It is the original service that the Internet offers. Before, only the scientists and researchers that work for government- sponsored projects to communicate to their colleagues based on other locations uses this service. Today, email is said to be the primary source of communication whether for personal or business purposes. Email programs are used to create, send, received, forward, store, print, and delete messages. Such programs include Outlook and Outlook Express which are the popular among other email programs. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an Internet service that allows a user to upload and download files from other computers on the Internet. Newsgroups and Message Boards is an online area that allows a group of users to discuss a particular topic. In such a discussion, one will send a message to a group then the other group will read and respond to the message. Mailing Lists is another online service where email addresses are stored. All email addresses stored in it receives the message when a user uses it. Chat Rooms are a technology that consists of online and live communication over the Internet. It is a location in the Internet server that allows users to have almost like a real-time communication. Instant messaging is in essence a chat but you can choose certain users that you want to communicate with. Not like chat rooms that talk about a particular topic, IM allows you to communicate all the topics that you want. Internet Telephony, commonly known as Voice over IP (Internet Protocol), allows the user to speak to other users over the Internet using computers, mobile computer, or mobile devices. The following are various types of web sites to choose and search from. Portals are sites that offers you a variety of Internet services such as search engine/or subject directory, news, sports and weather News web sites provide you newsworthy material including stories and articles relating to current events, life, money, sports, and weather. Informational web sites contain factual information. Many government agencies provide information such as tax codes, loans you can mortgage from SSS. Business/Marketing web sites provide you marketing and business contents that promotes and sells products and services. Educational web sites offer you exciting and challenging course in formal and informal teaching and learning. Entertainment web sites offer users an interactive and engaging environment. Popular entertainment web sites offer music, videos, sports, games, ongoing web episodes, and the likes. Advocacy web sites provide contents that describe a cause, opinion, or idea. Its purpose is to convince the reader of the validity of the cause, opinion, or idea. Blog, short for web log, is a journal format regularly updated that reflect to the interests, opinions, and personalities of the author and sometimes the site visitors. Personal web sites are a private individual’s site usually not associated in any organization. A search engine is a program that finds web sites and pages. It helps the user find particular information about certain topics or locate particular web pages for which they do not know the exact web address. A search text box is available. It is where you enter a topic, a subject or a keyword which can be a simple word or phrases that will define the item about which you want information. Google is the largest search engine in the web whose purpose is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. Queries received by Google reaches several hundred million search day through its various services. As of February 2004, Google received 2.5 billion queries. Google uses an algorithm called PageRank that ranks web pages which matches a given search string. The algorithm computes a recursive figure of merit for web pages based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. Aside from indexes and HTML that Google caches, there are other 13 file types that it can search: PDF, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text files, among others. Yahoo! is the first navigational portal to the web created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, both electrical engineering graduates at Stanford University. They built this portal by creating and organizing their own favorite web sites in 1994. The next year, Yang and Filo, together with some fellow students named it Yahoo! and released it to the Internet community. Yahoo! stands for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle. What makes Yahoo! unique than the others is that its staff members build the directory by assuming the role of a typical web researcher. “SAGLIT LANG ANG FINALS PERO PARANG MAS SASAGLIT ANG BOHAII KO WAHHHH”